I-Biograge
I-Sigmund Freud - i-Psychoanalystst yase-Austrian, udokotela wezifo zengqondo no-neurologist. Umsunguli we-psychoanalysis. Imibono ephakamisayo ephakamisayo ebangela ukubabaza emibuthanweni yesayensi nanamuhla.
USigmund Freud wazalelwa edolobheni laseFreiberg (manje - uPerseibhor, eCzech Republic) ngoMeyi 6, 1856, waba ingane yesithathu emndenini. Unina kaSigmund - umkaJakobe uFredu, owayesenamadodana amabili emshadweni wokuqala. Ukuhweba kwezindwangu kwaletha inzuzo ngumndeni, eyakwanele empilweni. Kepha ukuguqulwa okusongwe kwakuthulisa ngisho nesibopho esincane esinjalo ngokumelene nesizinda seminye imibono, futhi umndeni kwadingeka uphume ekhaya lomdabu. Ekuqaleni, umndeni kaFreudu wathuthela eLeipzig, kwathi ngonyaka olandelayo eVienna.
Indawo empofu, ukungcola, umsindo kanye nomakhelwane abangathandeki yilezo zizathu ezingazange zidale isimo esihle endlini yososayensi wesikhathi esizayo. USigmunder uqobo akazange athande ukukhumbula ubuntwana esemncane, kubalwa leyo minyaka engakufanelekeli ukunaka kwabo.
Abazali babeyithanda kakhulu indodana yakhe, ibeka ithemba elikhulu kuye. Intshisekelo yezincwadi nemisebenzi yefilosofi yakhuthaza kuphela. Futhi funda uSigmund Freud akuyona izincwadi ezibucayi ezibucayi. Emtapoweni wakho womfana, indawo ehlonishwayo yayihlalwa nguShakespeare, Kant, Nietzsche naseHegel. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Psychoanalyst yayithanda ukufunda izilimi zakwamanye amazwe, kanye nesiLatini esiyinkimbinkimbi sanikezwa umusho omncane.
Ukutadisha endaweni yasekhaya kwavumela umfana ukuthi angenele indawo yokuzivocavoca ngaphambi kwalokho obekufanele. Eminyakeni yesikole, uSigmund usungule izimo zokugcwaliseka okungenakuqhathaniswa kwemisebenzi ngezihloko ezahlukahlukene. Uthando olunjalo lwabazali lwaluqondiswe ngokuphelele, futhi indawo yokuzivocavoca eFreudu iqedwe ngempumelelo.
Ngemuva kwesikole, uSigmund wachitha izinsuku eziningi kuphela, ecabanga ngekusasa lakhe. Imithetho eqinile futhi engalungile ayizange inikezwe ukukhethwa okukhulu okunjalo komfana wamaJuda: umuthi, i-jurisprudence, ezentengiselwano kanye nomkhakha. Zonke izinketho, ngaphandle kokuqala, uSigmund wehla ngokushesha, ecabanga ukuthi angafanele umuntu ofundile onjalo. Kepha uFreud akazange athole inzalo enkulu kwezokwelapha. Ekugcineni, umsunguli wesikhathi esizayo we-psychoanalysis wamisa ukukhetha kulesayensi, futhi i-psychology izoba yisisekelo esifundweni semibono ehlukahlukene.
Inkulumo yayingumkhohlisi wesinqumo sokugcina, umsebenzi wafundwa yiBeethe obizwa ngokuthi yindalo. Umuthi wefilosofi wekusasa wafunda ngaphandle kwentshiseko evamile nentshisekelo. Ukuhlala eminyakeni yabafundi elabhorethri lamaqhinga, uFreudu ashicilelwe izindatshana ezithokozisayo nezinolwazi ngohlelo lwezinzwa zezilwane ezithile.
Ngemuva kokuthola iziqu ekufundeni, uSigmund wahlela ukuqhubeka nomsebenzi wokufunda, kepha isimo esiseduze sasidinga amandla okwenza imali. Ngakho-ke, lapho ususebenze iminyaka eminingana ngaphansi kokuqala kwabanye abaziwayo besikhathi, ngo-1885 Sigmund Freud wafaka isicelo sokuvulwa kwekhabethe lakhe leNeuropathology. Ngenxa yezincomo, usosayensi wathola imvume.
Kuyaziwa ukuthi uSigmund naye wazama i-cocaine. Isenzo somuthi sahlasela isazi sefilosofi, futhi wabhala inqwaba yemisebenzi, lapho kwambukisa khona izakhiwo zempuphu ebhubhisayo. Omunye wabangani abaseduze kakhulu kaFreud ngenxa yokwelashwa kwe-cocaine, kepha umcwaningi oshisekayo wezimfihlo zokwazi abantu akazange anake leli qiniso. Ekugcineni, uSigmund Freud kanye naye wahlushwa umlutha we-cocaine. Ngemuva kweminyaka eminingi nesisindo semizamo, uprofesa othile wangabaza emkhuba olimazayo. Sonke lesi sikhathi, uFreudu akazange ashiye amakilasi efilosofi, evakashela izinkulumo ezahlukahlukene futhi ehola okufakiwe kwawo.
I-Psychotherapy ne-Psychoanalysis
Ngo-1885, ngenxa yokwesekwa kwabangane, umuthi othosiwe omisiwe, uSigmund Freud weza e-internship kuFreen Psychiatrist Jean Charco. Ukuzijwayeza kwavula amehlo akhe ku-psychoanalyst yesikhathi esizayo emehluko phakathi kwezifo. I-Sharcot Freud ifunde ukusebenzisa i-hypnosis ekwelapheni, akwazi ngayo ukwelapha iziguli noma adambisa ukuhlupheka.
USigmund Freud waqala ukufaka isicelo ekwelashweni kwengxoxo neziguli, okuvumela abantu ukuthi bakhulume, bashintshe ukwazi. Le ndlela ithole igama elithi "Indlela yezinhlangano zamahhala". Lezi zingxoxo ezivela emithanweni nasemithini engahleliwe zisize udokotela wezengqondo onokuqonda ukuba aqonde izinkinga zeziguli futhi athole isisombululo. Le ndlela isize ekushiseni ukusetshenziswa kwe-hypnosis futhi yacindezela ukuxhumana neziguli ngokuqondile nokuhlanzekile.
UFreud wethule umhlaba ukuthi noma yimuphi psychosis umphumela wezinkumbulo zomuntu, okunzima ukuqeda. Ngasikhathi sinye, usosayensi waletha umbono wokuthi i-psychosis iningi lisuselwa kwisakhiwo esiphuthumayo kanye nocansi lwezingane zezinsana. Ubulili, njengoba uFreud wayekholelwa, lokhu kuyisici esinquma inani elikhulu lezinkinga zobuntu zengqondo. "Ama-Essays amathathu emcabangweni wobulili" wagcwalisa umbono wososayensi. Isitatimende esinjalo ngesisekelo somsebenzi ohlelekile sabangela amahlazo kanye nokungaboni ngaso linye phakathi kozakwethu beFreud bakhuluma ngokumelene nombono. Abamele umphakathi wezesayensi bathi uSigmund akwenzi lutho, futhi yena uqobo, njengoba ochwepheshe becabanga, baba yisisulu se-psychosis.
Ukungena ekukhanyeni kwencwadi ethi "Ukuhunyushwa kwamaphupho" ekuqaleni akuzange kubuyiselwe umlobi, kepha kwathi kamuva ama-psychoanalysts kanye nezengqondo babona ukubaluleka kwamaphupho ekwelapheni iziguli. Njengoba usosayensi ekholelwa, iphupho liyisici esibalulekile sethonya esimweni somzimba somuntu. Ngemuva kokumenywa kokukhululwa kwencwadi kaSolwazi Freud kwamenyelwa enkulumweni emanyuvesi eJalimane nase-United States, eyamele imishanguzo ngokwakhe icubungula impumelelo enkulu.
"I-psychopathology yempilo yansuku zonke" kungenye umsebenzi weFreud. Le ncwadi ibhekwa njengomsebenzi wesibili ngemuva kwe- "Ukuhunyushwa kwamaphupho", okuthonye ekwakhiweni kwemodeli yezenkolo ye-psyche ethuthukiswe usosayensi.
Incwadi "Isingeniso se-Psychoanalysis" sathatha indawo ekhethekile phakathi kwemisebenzi yesayensi. Leli phepha liqukethe umnyombo womqondo, izindlela zokuhumusha izimiso zethiyori kanye nezindlela ze-psychoanalysis, kanye nefilosofi yokucabanga komlobi. Esikhathini esizayo, izisekelo zefilosofi zizoba yisisekelo sokwenza iqoqo lezinqubo zengqondo kanye nezimo ezazithola incazelo entsha - "engazi."
I-Freud izama ukuchaza kanye nezehlakalo zenhlalo. Encwadini ethi "Psychology of Mass kanye nokuhlaziywa komuntu, mina", i-psychoanalyst yacabanga ngezinto ezithonya isixuku, indlela yokuziphatha komholi, "isikhundla" esiphumela ngenxa yokuhlala emandleni. Zonke lezi zincwadi zombhali zise - abathengisi.
Ngo-1910, kwaba khona okuhlukaniswe ngezigaba zabafundi nabalandeli bakaFreud. Ukungavumelani kwabafundi ngeqiniso lokuthi i-psychosis kanye ne-hysteria kuhlotshaniswa nokucindezelwa kwamandla ocansi womuntu (uFreud olandelwe emcabangweni onjalo) - imbangela yokuphikisana okuholele ekuhlukaniseni. Ukungavumelani nokusetha kabusha kukhathele udokotela wezengqondo omkhulu. I-Psychoanalyst inqume ukuhlanganisa ngokwayo yilabo kuphela abanamathela izisekelo zethiyori yakhe. Ngakho-ke, ngo-1913, iKomidi Lomphakathi Lwemfihlo Nemfihlo Elicishe libe yimfihlo "
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Amashumi eminyaka kaSigmund Freud azange anake phansi kwabesifazane. Empeleni, usosayensi wesaba abesifazane. Leli qiniso libangela amahlaya amaningi futhi likuqede, okudidekile udokotela wezengqondo. UFreud wazikholisa ukuthi impilo yakhe yonke ingenza ngaphandle kokungenelela kwabesifazane esikhaleni somuntu siqu. Kepha izimo ziye zathuthukile ukuze ososayensi abakhulu bakwazi ethonyeni lobukholo bendawo enhle.
Lapho selisendleleni eya endlini yokuphrinta, uFreud wacishe wawa ngaphansi kwamasondo enkohliso. Umgibeli, azisole ngalesi sigameko, njengophawu lokubuyisana athumela isimemo sososayensi ebholeni. Sekuvele kulo mcimbi, uSigmund Freud wahlangana nonkosikazi wakhe wesikhathi esizayo uMartha Beyrneis, kanye nodadewabo. Ngemuva kwesikhashana, ukubandakanyeka okuxakile kwenzeka, nangemva komshado. Impilo eshadile yayivame ukuba amahlaya, umhawu kaMashi wagcizelela ukuthi umyeni uphazamisa ukuxhumana nemayini. Ukungafuni ukufunga nonkosikazi wakhe, uFreud wakwenza.
Iminyaka engu-8 yempilo yomndeni, uMarta wanikeza umyeni wakhe izingane eziyisithupha. Ngemuva kokuzalwa kwendodakazi encane kunazo zonke, u-Anna Sigmund Freud wanquma ukulahla ngokuphelele impilo yocansi. Umaqondana neqiniso lokuthi u-Ana waba yingane yokugcina, i-psychoanalyst enkulu yagcina izwi. Kwakuyindodakazi encane enakekela uFreud ekushoneni kwelanga kwempilo yasosayensi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, u-Ana ukuphela kwezingane eziqhubeka nomsebenzi kaYise odumile. Amagama ka-Ana Freud aqanjwe nge-PsychotherapeApeapeutic Center eLondon.
Amaqiniso athakazelisayo
I-biography kaFreud's Sigmund igcwele izindaba ezithokozisayo.
- Kuyaziwa ukuthi i-Psychoanalystst yesaba amanani 6 no-2. Ososayensi abakaze baqiniswe emahhotela lapho kufakwe kuhlu lwamakamelo angaphezu kuka-61. Ngakho-ke, uFreud wakugwema ukushaya "igumbi lesihogo" ngaphansi kwenombolo "62". Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngaphansi kwanoma isiphi isizekeli ngoFebhuwari 6, isi-Austrian asiphumanga ngaphandle, ngokwesaba izehlakalo ezingezinhle, okuthi, njengoba usosayensi ethathwa njengalolu suku.
- UFreud ulalele kuphela, ecabanga uqobo lwakhe umbono owena kuphela weqiniso nolulungile. Usosayensi wafuna ukuthi labo ababelalele izinkulumo ngokucophelela. Impela, hhayi umbono owodwa wesosayensi ohambisana nalezi zikhathi, futhi izidingo ezinjalo zakwama-psychoanalyst zizamile ukubonisa ukuphazamiseka, ziyenelisa ukuziqhenya kwaso.
- Imemori yezengqondo yodokotela wezengqondo ingesinye isikhathi esingaqondakali e-biography kadokotela wase-Austrian. Usosayensi kusukela ebuntwaneni wakhumbula okuqukethwe izincwadi, amanothi nezithombe azithandayo. Amakhono anjalo asiza uFreud ngezilimi zokufunda. Odumile wase-Austrian ngaphandle kokuthi iJalimane yayazi inani elikhulu lezinye izilimi.
- USigmund Freud akakaze abuke abantu emehlweni. Lesi sici sabona ngokusobala abantu abaseduze nabahlangabezana nodokotela ngesikhathi sokuphila. Usosayensi uvikele imibono, ngakho-ke abamele umphakathi wezesayensi bacabanga ukuthi umbhede odumile uvele egumbini le-psychoanalyst lihlotshaniswa nalomzuzu.
Ukushona
Imisebenzi yokufunda yezokwelapha nezefilosofi, inqubo ejulile yosuku nomsebenzi womcabangi washiya umlondo osindayo empilweni yeSigmund Freud. I-Psychoanalyy yase-Austrian yagula ngomdlavuza.
Inani elikhulu lokusebenza futhi elingatholi umphumela ofiselekayo, uFreud wacela udokotela ozohamba ukuba anikeze insizakalo futhi asize ekufeni, ukuqeda uMuk. NgoSeptemba 1939, umthamo uMorphia waphazamisa impilo yososayensi, wakhaphela isidumbu sohlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
Ukuhlonipha uFreud, kudalwe inqwaba yeminyuziyamu. Into esemqoka yisikhungo esihlelekile eLondon, esakhiweni lapho usosayensi ehlala khona ngemuva kokufuduka okuphoqelelwe eVienna. Futhi, i-Museum neMemory Hall ye-Zigmund Freud itholakala edolobheni lase-Prchip (Czech Republic), ezweni lasesosayensi. Izithombe ze-Founder of Psychoanalysis zivame ukutholakala emicimbini yezinga lamazwe aphesheya ezinikezelwe kwi-Psychology.
Amacaphuna
- "Uthando nomsebenzi yitshe lesitsheni sobuntu bethu."
- "Umsebenzi wokwenza umuntu akazange ajabule ngohlelo lokudalwa komhlaba."
- "Izwi lobuhlakani lithule, kepha alikhathali ukuphinda - futhi izilaleli zitholakala."
- "Awuyeki ukubheka amandla nokuzethemba ngaphakathi, kepha ukuze uzibheke. Babehlala bekhona. "
- "Ngokuvamile, amacala amaningi, uthando akulutho kodwa ukuthwebula kwengqondo kwento eyamenyezelwa izifiso eziyinhloko ngokocansi ukuze kuqondiswe ukwaneliseka ngokocansi kanye nokuthola le nhloso ne-fuse; Lokhu yilokho okubizwa ngokuthi ama-Lowlands, uthando lwengqondo. Kepha, njengoba wazi, isimo se-libiditional akuvamile ukuthi silula. Ukuzethemba esidlweni esisha esisanda kufiphala nje kwakuyisisusa esiseduze kakhulu, kungani ukuthathwa kwento yocansi kuphenduke isikhathi eside futhi "sithandwa" nakulezo zikhathi lapho kukhanga. "
- "Namuhla nje indodakazi yami yomufi ibingaguqula iminyaka engamashumi amathathu nesithupha ... sithola indawo yalowo olahlekelwe. Yize sazi ukuthi ukudabuka okunamandla ngemuva kokulahlekelwa okunjalo kuzosusa, kepha, sizohlala singakhululekile futhi asisoze sakwazi ukuthola okunye esikhundleni. Konke lokho kuba yindawo engenalutho, noma ngabe iyakwazi ukugcwalisa, ihlala enye into. Ngakho-ke kufanele kube. Le ukuphela kwendlela yokwelula uthando lapho esingafuni ukulahla khona. " - Kusuka encwadini Ludwig Binswanger, Ephreli 12, 1929.
I-Bibliography
- Ukuhunyushwa kwamaphupho
- Izindatshana ezintathu emcabangweni wobulili
- Totem ne-taboo
- Psychology of the masses kanye nokuhlaziywa komuntu "Mina"
- Ikusasa lokukhohlisa okukodwa
- Ngakolunye uhlangothi lomgomo wenjabulo
- Mina kanye naso
- Isingeniso se-Psychoanalysis