I-Biograge
U-Alexander Nevsky - inkosana yeNovgorod nenhlanganyelo. Prince Novgorod (1236-1240, 1241-1252 no-1257-1259), Grand Duke Kladimir (Grand Duke Vladimir (1252-1263). Enziwe ngesonto lama-orthodox laseRussia. Ngokwesiko, kubhekwa njengezazi-mlando zaseRussia ezineqhawe likazwelonke laseRussia, umbusi wamaKristu weqiniso, umgcini wenkululeko yobu-Orthodox nenkululeko yabantu.Ubuntwana nentsha
U-Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky wazalelwa ePererelavl-zalessky. I-Yaroslav vsevolodovich, ubaba ka-Alexander, wayesesikhathini sendodana yakhe pereyaslav Prince, futhi kamuva - uDide uBuke waseKiev noVladimir. URostislav Mstislavna, umama we-Commander odumile - iToropetskaya Princess. U-Alexandra wayenomfowethu ophakeme, owashona eneminyaka engu-13 ubudala, kanye nabafowabo abancane u-Andrei, uMikhail, uDaniel, konstantin, uYasily. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isikhulu esizayo sasinodadewethu uMaria no-Ulyana.
Eminyakeni engu-4 ubudala, umfana wadlula esontweni lesikhundla soMsindisi wesonto lokuzinikezela kumaqhawe futhi waba yinkosana. Ngo-1230, uyise wabeka u-Alexander kanye nomfowethu osemdala ukuba abe yinkosana eNovgorod. Kepha ngemuva kweminyaka emi-3, uFedor uyafa, futhi u-Alexander uhlala okuwukuphela komeluleki we-Princity. Ngo-1236, i-Yaroslav isuka eKiev, bese kuthi eVladimir, kanti isikhulu esineminyaka engu-15 ubudala sisaqhubeka nokuzimela ukuze sibuse uNovgorod.
Ukuhamba ngezinyawo kuqala
I-Biography ka-Alexander Nevsky ixhumeke kakhulu nezimpi. Umkhankaso wokuqala wamasosha, u-Alexander wathatha kanye nobaba wakhe ukuthi banciphise ukuze badumaze idolobha laseLivonians. Impi yaphela ngokunqoba kweNovgorod. Lapho-ke impi yaqala ukuSmolensk namaLithuania, ukunqoba okwashiywa ku-Alexander.
NgoJulayi 15, 1240, i-Nevskaya bar yenzeka, ibaluleke kakhulu ukuthi amabutho ka-Alexander ngaphandle kokuxhasa ibutho elikhulu lashona eMfuleni i-Izhora. Kepha umyeni waseNovgorod wesatshiswa yithonya elandayo lika-Alexander. Abamele abantu bobukhosi ngosizo lwe-Caverz ahlukahlukene kanye nokuvuselelwa kwathola iqiniso lokuthi umphathi waya eVladimir waya kuVladimir. Ngalesi sikhathi, amabutho amaJalimane enza umkhankaso eRussia, wathumba i-Psborsky, namazwe agcotshwa, ama-knights athatha idolobha laseKopory. Ibutho lesitha lisondela eduze kweNovgorod. Lapho-ke amaNovrororodian uqobo aqala ukucela inkosana ukuba ibuye.
Ngo-1241, u-Alexander Nevsky wafika eNovgorod, wabe esekhulula i-PSKOV, kwathi ngo-Ephreli 5, 1242 kwaba khona impi edumile - I-Ice War - eSontweni Lasechibini. Impi yenzeka echibini leqhwa. UPrince Alexander wasebenzisa iqhinga lobuhlakani, egcoba ama-knights, aphuthelwe ezihlotsheni ezisindayo, engxenyeni emncane yeqhwa. Amahhashi aseRussia ahlaselwe ama-flanks aqede ukuthuthumela. Ngemuva kwale mpi, umyalo we-knight wenqabile konke ukunqoba kwakamuva, futhi ingxenye ye-latgale nayo yasuswa.
Ngemuva kweminyaka emithathu, u-Alexander wakhukhulula i-torotz, iToropets kanye neBezhetsk, ethweswe ibutho le-Grand Duchy laseLithuania. Ngemuva kwalokho kuphela amabutho amabutho akhe, ngaphandle kokuxhaswa kweNovgorod naseVladimiTresev, abanjwe futhi abhubhise izinsalela zebutho laseLithuania, futhi endleleni ebuyayo, omunye umkhosi wamasosha waseLithu waphulwa.
Indikimba Ebusayo
Ngo-1247, uYaroslav uyafa. U-Alexander Nevsky uba yiSikhulu Kiev nalo lonke iRussia. Kepha kusukela ngemuva kokuhlaselwa kweTatar, iKiev elahlekile amasu, u-Alexander akazange aye lapho, kodwa wahlala waphila eNovgorod.
Ngo-1252, u-Andrei noYaroslav, abafowethu bakwa-Alexander, bamelana neHorde, kepha abahlaseli bakaTatar baphula abavikeli bomhlaba waseRussia. I-Yaroslav yahlala ePskov, u-Andrei waphoqeleka ukuba abalekele eSweden, ngakho-ke othi Prestririmirskoy waseVladimirirskoy wadluliselwa ku-Alexander. Masinyane nje emva kwalokho, kwalandelwa impi entsha ngama-Lithoania naseTeutons.
Iqhaza lika-Alexander Nevsky emlandweni litholwa ngokuqinile. Inkosana yeNovgorod ihlala ilwa namabutho aseNtshonalanga, kepha ngasikhathi sinye ekhothamela eKhan Golden Horde. Isikhulu siye kaninginingi eMbusweni waseMongolia ukuze sifunde lo mbusi, ikakhulukazi sasekela i-batya kanye nama-alliya aseKhan. Ngo-1257, bekuzenzeke nokuthi kusekelwe eNovgorod nge-Tatar Ambassadors ukuveza ukwesekwa kwama-orda.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, indodana kaVasily, eyamelana nokuhlaselwa kwamaTatar, u-Alexander wathungela emhlabeni osemhlabeni waseSuzdal, futhi uDmitry oneminyaka engu-7 wabeka endaweni yakhe. Umgomo weNkosana eRussia ngokwawo uvame ukubizwa ngokuthi unokhonkotha, ngoba ukubambisana nababusi be-Golde yegolide bacindezela ukumelana kwezikhulu zaseRussia iminyaka eminingi phambili. Njengenqubomgomo ka-Alexander, abaningi ababonwa, kepha iqhawe libhekwa njengelihle kakhulu, futhi ama-featus awakhohlwa.
Ngo-1259, u-Alexander, ngosizo lokusongelwa kokuhlaselwa kweTatar, uzuze izivumelwano zezakhamizi zaseNovgorod ekubalweni kwabantu kanye nokukhokhwa kwama-ordwan DANI, abantu baseRussia abaphika iminyaka eminingi. Leli elinye iqiniso elivela kwi-biography yeNevsky, engajabuli ngabasekeli bakaPrince.
Impi eqhweni
Ekupheleni kuka-Agasti 1240, ama-Crusaders e-Livonia Order ahlasela i-PSKOV GRECH. Ngemuva kokuvinjezelwa isikhashana, ama-Knights amaJalimane athumba izborsso. Lapho-ke abavikeli bokholo lwamaKatolika babuzwa yiPSKOV futhi bahlala ngosizo lwezitimela zabafana. Ngokulandelayo kwalandela ukuhlasela kweNogorod Earth.
Ngokuka-Alexander Nevsky, amabutho asuka eVladimir naseSuzdal ngaphansi komyalo wenkosana u-Andrei, umfowabo kaNovgorod wafika ezosiza ama-Novgorod. I-United Novgorod-Vladimir Army yathatha uhambo oluya ePskov Earth futhi, igawule umgwaqo isuka eLivonia iye ePskov, yavunguza lo muzi onikezwe lo muzi, kanye ne-izborsso.
Emva kwalokho, ukunqotshwa kweLivonian Knights, ukuqoqa ibutho elikhulu, kwenziwa kuPSKOV nasezinganeni. Isisekelo samabutho we-oda laseLivonia sasiyisimo sezulu esisindayo, kanye nezinsana, ezadlula kaningi ngama-knights ngamanani. Ngo-Ephreli 1242, le mpi yenzeka, eyayisemlandweni njengohlangothi lweqhwa.
Izazi-mlando isikhathi eside zazingakwazi ukuthola indawo eqondile yempi, ngoba i-hyddrography yenduna yechibi yayivame ukuguquka, kepha izixhumanisi zempi kasosayensi kamuva zakwazi ukukhombisa ebalazweni. Ochwepheshe bavumile ukuthi uyichaza kahle impi yempi yeLivonian Chronicle.
Esimweni esithi "Rhronical esinezinkomo" kuboniswa ukuthi uNovgorod wayenenani elikhulu labacibishelayo ababengowokuqala ukushaya ama-knights. Ama-knights akha "ingulube" - ikholomu ejulile, iqala i-blunt wedge. Le mfundo enjalo ivunyelwe i-cavalry ekhangayo yokufaka i-than are blow eceleni komugqa wesitha, ukwephula i-oda lokulwa, kodwa kulokhu isu elinjalo elinjalo laphenduka iphutha.
Ngenkathi amabutho athuthukile eLivonia azama ukuhlukana nokwakhiwa okuqinile kwe-Novgorod infantry, iqembu elikhulu lasala. Ngokushesha amaqhawe ashaye amalangabi esitha, echoboza futhi axuse amazinga amabutho amaJalimane. Izakhamizi zeNovgorod zanqoba ukunqoba okunqumayo.
Ezinye izazi-mlando zithi amakhompiyutha amakhambi aqukethe amasosha ayizinkulungwane eziyi-12-14, kanti amabutho izakhamizi zeNovgorod zabalwa abantu abayizinkulungwane eziyi-15-16. Abanye ochwepheshe babheka lezi zinombolo ezenziwa ngenqabela.
Umphumela wempi wanquma umphumela wempi. I-oda liphetha umhlaba, lishiya ama-pskov ne-novgorod anqobile. Le mpi yadlala indima enkulu emlandweni, yathonya intuthuko yesifunda, yagcina inkululeko yeNovgorod.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
U-Alexander Nevsky washada ngo-1239, ngokushesha nje ngemuva kokunqoba amaLithuania eduzane naseSmolensky. Unkosikazi weNkosana waba ngu-Alexander, indodakazi kaBryackheva Polotsk. Intsha ithweswe umqhele ethempelini laseSt. George eToroptz. Ngemuva konyaka, babenendodana kaVasily.
Kamuva, umfazi wanikeza u-Alexander ukuthola amanye amadodana amathathu: uDitric, ikusasa lenkosana uNovgorod, u-pereyaslavsky noVladimirsky, u-Andrei, ozoba yinkosana yaseMorodetsk ne-Gorodetsky, noDaniel, inkosana yokuqala yaseMoscow. Futhi, umbhangqwana wenkosana waba nendodakazi ka-Evdokia, kamuva eyashada noKonstantin Rostislavich smolensky.
Ukushona
Ngo-1262, u-Alexander Nevsky waya eHorde ukuzama ukuvimba umkhankaso wakwaTatar ochaziwe. Ukuhlaselwa okusha kwavusa ukubulawa kwamaqembu kaDani eSuzdal, eRostov, ePereyaslavl, yaroslavl naseVladimir. Embusweni waseMongolia, isikhulu sawela ngokungathi sína, futhi wabuyela eRussia esevele efa.
Lapho ebuyela ekhaya, u-Alexander Nevsky uthatha isifungo esiqinile sezindela zama-Orthodox ngaphansi kwegama elithi Alexy. Ngenxa yalo mthetho, kanye nokwehluleka njalo, amapapa amaRoma athatha ubuKatolika, iGrand Duke Alexandent yaba yiNkosana yabafundisi baseRussia. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngo-1543, wahlelwa yiSonto LaseRussia Orthodox lapho ebhekene nabasebenza emangalisayo.
U-Alexander Nevsky ushone ngoNovemba 14, 1263, wangcwatshwa esigodini saseKhisimusi eVladimir. Ngo-1724, uMbusi uPeter ngiyakuyalela ukuvukelwa kwamandla wenkosana engcwele e-Alexander Nevsky Monastery eSt. Petersburg. Isikhumbuzo esisenkolweni sifakwa esigcawini esiqanjwe ngo-Alexander Nevsky ngaphambi kokungena e-Alexander Nevsky Lavra. Lesi sikhumbuzo sivezwa esithombeni ezincwadini nakumagazini angokomlando.
Kuyaziwa ukuthi ingxenye yezingcweli zika-Alexander Nevsky itholakala ethempelini lika-Alexander Nevsky eSofia (Bulgaria), kanye naseCathedral Cathedral yaseVladimir. Ngo-2011, isithombe esinezinhlayiyana sezingcwelazi sanikezwa ethempelini lase-Alexander Nevsky le-Ural Sela Shiraral. Isithonjana seSt. Babusisiwe Prince Alexander Nevsky ngokuvamile angatholakala emathempelini aseRussia.
Amaqiniso athakazelisayo
- Ukunqoba kwamasosha okuyinhloko u-Alexander Alexander wawina ebusheni bakhe. Ngesikhathi sempi yaseNevskaya, umkhuzi wawuneminyaka engama-20 ubudala, futhi ngesikhathi senkanuko yeqhwa, isikhulu sasineminyaka engama-22. Kamuva, uNevsky wabhekwa njengosopolitiki kanye nesifokazi, kodwa futhi kuseyimpi enkulu. Ngokuphila, uPrince Alexander akazange alahlekelwe yimpi eyodwa.
- U-Alexander Nevsky ukuphela kombusi wezwe wama-Orthodox kulo lonke elaseYurophu naseRussia, ongazange aqhubeke nokuyekethisa nesonto lamaKatolika ngenxa yokugcina amandla.
- Ngemuva kokufa kombusi, "indaba yokuphila nangesibindi senkosana emnandi nenhle u-Alexander", umsebenzi wokubhala we-Agiographic hlobo lwekhulu le-XIII. Kucatshangwa ukuthi ukuhlanganiswa 'kodlame luka-Alexander Nevsky kwenziwa emgodleni wokuzalwa kwentombi kaVladimir, lapho isidumbu sesikhulu sengcwatshwa khona.
- Mayelana ne-Alexandra Nevsky ivame ukufaka amafilimu wezobuciko. Ngo-1938, kwadedelwa ifilimu elidume kakhulu, elibizwa nge-Alexander Nevsky. USergey Eisenstein waba ngumqondisi wokupenda, futhi uCantata "Alexander Nevsky" wadalelwa ikwaya kanye ne-soviet nomqambi weSoviet uSergey Prokofiev.
- Ngo-2008, umncintiswano "igama laseRussia" wenzeka. Lo mcimbi wahlelwa ngabamele isiteshi sethelevishini sikahulumeni esithi "Russia" kanye neSikhungo Somlando WaseRussia weRussia Academy of Sciences of Sciences of Sciences kanye nesisekelo "umbono womphakathi".
- Abasebenzisi benethiwekhi bakhetha "Igama leRussia" kusuka ohlwini oluphelile lwabaholi "abangamakhulu amahlanu abakhulu bezwe". Ngenxa yalokho, umncintiswano ucishe waqeda ihlazo, ngoba uJoseph Stalin wathatha isikhundla esiholayo. Abahleli bathi amavoti athi "ama-spammers amaningi" anikezwe umholi wamaKhomanisi. Ngenxa yalokho, u-Alexander Nevsky wabiza ophumelele ngokusemthethweni. Ngokusho kwabaningi, kwakuwuphawu lwenkosana yeNovgorod okwakufanele ukuhlela umphakathi wama-Orthodox, kanye nama-slavophili, kanye nabathandi nje bomlando waseRussia.