I-Biograge
UNikolay osesibili uMbusi wokugcina waseRussia, owaba yindaba njengeNkosi ebuthaka kakhulu. Ngokusho kwezazi-mlando, ukuphathwa kwezwe kwale monarch kwakungu "ukunqampula okusindayo", kepha lokhu akuzange kumvimbele ekwenzeni imali ebambisekweni eRussia nasezomnotho eRussia, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ezweni laseNicholas II, ukunyakaza kwezinguquko kwanda ngenkuthalo, futhi isimo senqubomgomo yakwelinye izwe sasinzima.. Emlandweni wanamuhla, uMbusi waseRussia ukhulunywa ngegazi elithi "Nikolai Blood" kanye ne- "Nikolai Martyr", njengoba ukuhlolwa kwemisebenzi kanye nohlobo lwenkosi ludidayo futhi luyaphikisana.
UNikolai II wazalwa ngoMeyi 18, 1868 edolobhaneni lasebukhosini loMbuso WaseRussia emndenini wombuso. Kubazali babo, u-Alexander III noMariya Fedorovna, waba yindodana endala nelokuphela kwendlalifa esihlalweni sobukhosi, owayefundiswe ngokuphila kwakhe kwasekuqaleni. I-Englishman Karl yakhe yathuthumela ekukhulisweni kweNkosi yesikhathi esizayo kusukela ekuzalweni, okwaqeqesha uNikolay Alexandrovich ngokukhululeka ngesiNgisi.
Ubuntwana bendlalifa esihlalweni sobukhosi sasebukhosini senzeka ezindongeni zaseGatchina Palace ngaphansi koholwa nguyise u-Alexander III, owavusa izingane zakhe ngomoya wezokwelapha - Kepha ngasikhathi sinye asizanga ukubonakaliswa kobuvila ezifundweni zabo, kulondolozwe yonke imicabango yamadodana ngesihlalo sobukhosi esizayo.
Eminyakeni yesi-8, uNikolai Second waqala ukuthola imfundo ejwayelekile ekhaya. Ukuqeqeshwa kwakhe kwenziwa ngaphakathi kohlaka lwe-General Genasic Course, kepha inkosi yesikhathi esizayo ayikhombisanga i-zerry ekhethekile nesifiso sokutadisha. Uthando lwakhe lwaluyibhizinisi lezempi - vele selineminyaka engu-5 waba yinduna ye-Life Guard of the Reserve Infantry Muchment futhi waqonda kahle i-geography yamasosha, isimo sezomthetho kanye necebo. Izinkulumo EseMonarch yesikhathi esizayo Funda ososayensi abahamba phambili abanamagama omhlaba, abathathwa mathupha indodana kaTsar Alexander III nomkakhe uMaria Fedorovna.
Ikakhulu indlalifa yaphumelela ekufundweni kwezilimi zakwamanye amazwe, ngakho-ke ngaphezu kwesiNgisi, wayenezilimi zaseFrance, izilimi zaseJalimane nezesiDanishi. Ngemuva kweminyaka eyisishiyagalombili, uhlelo lwe-General Gymnasium, uNicholas, waqala ukufundisa isayensi ephakeme ephakeme yemfokazi yesikhathi esizayo, ingxenye yoMnyango Wezomnotho weNyuvesi Yezomthetho.
Ngo-1884, ekuzuzeni iningi, uNicholas II waletha isifungo esigodlweni sasebusika, okwathi ngemva kwalokho wangena empini yangempela, kwathi ngeminyaka emithathu waqala ukuya empini, wanikezwa isihloko sikaColoneli. Ukusuka ngokuphelele endabeni yezempi, inkosi yesikhathi esizayo ivumelane kalula nokuphazamiseka kwempilo yempi futhi yadlulisela inkonzo ebuthweni.
Ukujwayelana kokuqala nezindaba zombuso kuleliveli esihlalweni sobukhosi kwenzeka ngonyaka we-1889. Wabe eseqala ukuya emihlanganweni yoMkhandlu Wombuso kanye neKhabhinethi Yesikhonzi, lapho uYise amelezela khona kuleli cala futhi wabelana ngamava indlela yokuphatha izwe. Ngaleso sikhathi esifanayo, u-Alexander III wenza uhambo oluningi nendodana yakhe, eyaqala e-Oyili Empumalanga. Ezinyangeni eziyi-9 ezalandela, bahamba amaGrisi, India, eGibhithe, iJapan naseChina ngasolwandle, kwabe sekufika eSiberia, babuyela enhlokodolobha yaseRussia.
Ekhuphukela esihlalweni sobukhosi
Ngo-1894, ngemuva kokufa kuka-Alexander III, uNikolai, owesibili wajoyina isihlalo sobukhosi futhi wathembisa ngokuqinile ukuqapha i-autocracy futhi ngokuqinile njengomzali wakhe we-sete. Ukucekelwa phansi koMbusi Wangempela waseRussia kwenzeka ngo-1896 eMoscow. Le micimbi eqinile yaphawulwa yimicimbi ebuhlungu emkhakheni we-Khodynsky, lapho ngesikhathi sokusatshalaliswa kwezipho zasebukhosini kwakukhona izimbangi eziningi, zithola impilo izinkulungwane zezakhamizi.
Ngenxa ye-crush enkulu, inkosi eyafika emandleni yafuna ukusula ngisho nebhola lakusihlwa lapho ekhuphuka esihlalweni sobukhosi, kodwa kamuva inqume ukuthi inhlekelele yaseKhodlan iyinhlekelele yangempela, kepha akufanelekele ukusifumaza iholide le ukugcotshwa. Le micimbi, umphakathi ofundile wabonwa njengenselelo, kwakuyindawo yokubekisa ibhukumaka leSisekelo ekudalweni kwenhlangano yenkululeko eRussia ubunikazi benkosi.
Ngokuphikisana nalesi sizinda salokhu, uMbusi ezweni wethule inqubomgomo enzima yangaphakathi, ngakho noma yikuphi ukuphikisana phakathi kwabantu kulandelwa. Eminyakeni embalwa yokuqala yokubusa kukaNikolai Okwesibili eRussia, kwaqhutshwa abantu ukubalwa kwabantu, futhi kwaqubuka izinguquko zegolide, ezazisungulwa indinganiso yegolide ye-ruble. IGolden Ruble Nicholas II yalingana nama-gramu ayi-0.77 ngegolide elihlanzekile futhi lalingumkhiqizo "onzima", kepha kabili "idola" elilula "ngesilinganiso sezimali zamazwe aphesheya.
Ngaleso sikhathi esifanayo, "ama-stolyppin" aqhutshwa izinguquko zezolimo eRussia, kwethulwa imithetho yefektri, imithetho eminingana emshuwalense oyisisekelo yabasebenzi kanye nenkululeko yamabanga aphansi yamukelwa, kanye nemali yentela evela kubanini bomhlaba basePoland futhi ikhanselwe Izinhlawulo, njengokubhekisele eSiberia.
Ebusisweni baseRussia, kwaqhutshwa izimboni eziphezulu ezikhangelini ngesikhathi saseNicholas, amanani okukhiqizwa kwezolimo akhuphukile, amalahle kanye nokukhiqizwa kawoyela kwaqala. Ngasikhathi sinye, ngenxa yombusi wokugcina waseRussia, kwakhiwa amakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane ezingama-70 eRussia.
Ibhodi nokulahlwa kabusha
Ukubusa kukaNikolai Okwesibili esigabeni sesibili kudlule ngesikhathi sokukhuphuka kwempilo yangaphakathi yezepolitiki yaseRussia kanye nesimo senqubomgomo esiyinkimbinkimbi yakwamanye amazwe. Ngasikhathi sinye, ekuqaleni kwakuwukuqala kwe-Eastern. Isithiyo esiyinhloko eMonalch yaseRussia ukuyokuqala eMpumalanga Ekude kwakunguJapan, okuthi, ngaphandle kwesixwayiso ngo-1904, kwahlaselwa isixwayiso sedolobha lasePort Arthur futhi ngenxa yokungasebenzi kwebutho laseRussia.
Ngenxa yokwehluleka kwempi yaseRussia - yaseJapan ezweni kwaqala ukuthuthukisa ngokushesha isimo sezinguquko, neRussia kwadingeka ukuthi inikeze iJapan Southern ingxenye yeSakhelin namalungelo ePeninsula yeLadan. Kungemva kwalokhu ukuthi uMbusi waseRussia walahlekelwa yiziphathimandla ezihlakaniphile emibuthanweni ehlakaniphile futhi ebusayo, wasola inkosi ngokwehlulwa futhi uxhumane ne-Gregory Rasputin, kodwa ebhekwa "emphakathini weCharlatan futhi Umkhohlisi owayenomthelela ophelele kuNikolai Second.
IMpi Yezwe Yokuqala yango-1914 kwaba yinguquko e-Biography yaseNicholas II. Lapho-ke umbusi wayezama ukugwema ukubulawa kwamagazi nawo wonke amabutho ngeseluleko se-raspuputin, kepha iJalimane laya eRussia eya eRussia, eyaphoqeleka ukuba izivikele. Ngo-1915, inkosi yathatha umyalo wamasosha webutho laseRussia futhi uqobo lwaya ngaphambili, ahlole amayunithi amasosha. Ngasikhathi sinye, wenza amaphutha amaningi okubulala, aholela ekuweni kombuso weRomanov noMbuso WaseRussia.
Le mpi yanda izinkinga zangaphakathi zezwe, wonke amaphutha ezempi azungezwe uNicholas owesibili abelwe kuye. Kwathi kuhulumeni waleli lizwe kwaqala "isidleke somvuthumela", kepha naphezu kwalokhu, umbusi, kanye neNgilandi naseFrance, waba necebo lokuhlangana kwezempi ehlobo le-Russia, okwakufanele aqede ukuxabana kwamasosha ngehlobo 1917.
Izinhlelo zikaNikolai zazingamiselwe ukuba zifezeke - ngasekupheleni kukaFebhuwari 1917, izivukala ezinkulu ngokumelene nobukhosi obusebukhosini nohulumeni wamanje baqala ePetrograd, ekuqaleni wayehlose ukumisa izindlela zamandla. Kepha amasosha awazange athobele imiyalo yenkosi, futhi amalungu e-monarch amnandi ancenga ukuba amlahle esihlalweni sobukhosi, okusolakala ukuthi kusiza ukucindezela izithiyo. Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa zokubonakaliswa kobuhlungu, uNicholas II wanquma ukulahla umfowabo, uPrince Mikhail Alexandrovich, owenqabile ukuthatha umqhele, obekusho ukuphela kobukhosi beRomanov.
Ukudutshulwa kukaNicholas II nomndeni wakhe
Ngemuva kokusayina inkosi ye-manifesto ngokulahla kabusha, uhulumeni wesikhashana waseRussia wakhipha umyalo wokuboshwa komndeni wasebukhosini futhi ulinganiswe. Lapho-ke abaningi bakhashele umbusi futhi basinda, ngakho-ke kuphela amayunithi abathandekayo avela endaweni yakhe avuma ukuhlukanisa isiphetho esibuhlungu senkosi, eyathunyelwa kanye nenkosi, lapho, umndeni osolwa khona, umndeni osolwa ngayo, umndeni wakwaNicholas kufanele kuthunyelwe e-United States.
Ngemuva kwe-Okthoba Revolution futhi uza emandleni, amaBolsheviks, aholwa nguVladimir Lenin, umndeni weTsarimist wathuthela eYakaterinburg futhi waphetha "endlini yamabutho akhethekile". Lapho-ke amaBolshevikik aqala ukungena ohlelweni lwecala lempi ngenxa yenkosi, kepha impi yombango ayikuvumeli inhloso yazo.
Ngenxa yalokhu, ema-echeloni aphezulu amandla aseSoviet, kwanqunywa ukudubula inkosi nomndeni wakhe. Ngobusuku bango-Julayi 16, Julayi 17, 1918, umndeni wombumbise wokugcina waseRussia wadutshulwa egumbini elingaphansi lendlu, lapho uNicholas II eboshwa khona. Inkosi, umkakhe nezingane, kanye nengxenye yakhe ebanzi, ilethwe engaphansi kwalesi sisekelo sokungatholwa futhi yadutshulwa ngaphandle kokuchazwa, ngemuva kwalokho izisulu zasuswa ngaphandle komuzi, izidumbu zazo zishiswe nophalafini, nangemva kokungcwatshwa Emhlabeni.
Impilo yomuntu siqu nomndeni wasebukhosini
Impilo yomuntu siqu yamaNicholas owesibili, ngokungafani nezinye izinye izikhathi eziningi zaseRussia, kwakuyindinganiso yobuhle obuphakeme kakhulu bomndeni. Ngo-1889, ngesikhathi sokuvakasha kwenkosazana yaseJalimane u-Alice Hesse Darmstadt eya eRussia, uZesarevich Nikolay Alexandrovich wanaka kakhulu intombazane futhi wacela uBaba wesibusiso ukuze amshade naye. Kepha abazali bebengavumelani nokukhethwa kwendlalifa, ngakho iNdodana yenqaba indodana. Akuzange kuyeke uNikolai II, ongalahlekelwa yithemba lomshado no-Alice. Basizwa yiNkosazana enkulu u-Elizabeth Fedorovna, udadewabo wenkosazana yaseJalimane, enze izincwadi eziyimfihlo nabancane othandweni.
Ngemuva kweminyaka engu-5, uZesarevich Nikolai waphinda wabuza imvume kaYise ukuthi ashade nenkosazana yaseJalimane. U-Alexander III ngokubheka impilo ewohloka kakhulu evunyelwe indodana ukuthi ishada u-Alice, owaba ngu-Alexander FedoroRovna ngemuva kokuhlangana komhlaba. NgoNovemba 1894, umshado kaNikolayi owesibili no-Alexandra wenzeka esigodlweni sasebusika, kwathi ngo-1896, abashadikazi bamukele ukubuyana futhi ngokusemthethweni baba ababusi bezwe.
Emshadweni u-Alexandra Fedorovna noNikolai II, izingane ezinhlanu zazalwa - amadodakazi amahlanu (u-Olga, uTatiana, uMaria no-Alastasia) kanye nendlalifa elithi Alexei, owayenesifo esibi kakhulu - i-hemophilia ehlotshaniswa nenqubo yokuhlangana negazi. Isifo sikaTsearevich u-Alerei Nikoleyevich saphoqa umkhaya wasebukhosini ukuthi sajwayelana ne-Gregory Raspuputin eyaziwa kabanzi ngaleso sikhathi, owasiza indlalifa ye-Tsarist ukuba ilwele nokuhlaselwa yisifo, okwamvumela ukuthi athole umthelela omkhulu ku-Alexander FedoroRovna kanye noMbusi uNicholas Okwesibili.
Izazi-mlando zibika ukuthi umndeni wombumbise wokugcina waseRussia wawungumqondo obaluleke kakhulu wempilo. Wayehlala echitha isikhathi esiningi embuthanweni womndeni, akazange athande ubumnandi bakhe bezwe, ikakhulukazi wakuthanda ngokuthula, imikhuba, impilo kanye nenhlala-kahle yezihlobo. Ngasikhathi sinye, lo mbusi wawungeyena umfokazi enkanzweni yezwe - wakujabulela ukuzingela, wabamba iqhaza emiqhudelwaneni egibele, wagibela iceke futhi wadlala hockey ne-azart.