I-Biograge
UMikhail Bulgakov ungumbhali waseRussia kanye ne-PlayWright, umbhali wemisebenzi eminingi namuhla ebhekwa ama-Classics ezincwadi zaseRussia. Kwanele ukuqamba amanoveli anjengokuthi "MASTER neMargarita", "umqaphi omhlophe" kanye nenganekwane ye "devidia", "ku-Cuffs", "kuphawula izinhliziyo zenja". Izincwadi eziningi futhi zidlala ama-bulgakov.Ubuntwana nentsha
UMikhail wazalelwa eKiev emndenini kaProfesa-Bogosla Athanasius Ivanovich nomkakhe uVarvara Mikhailovna, owayebandakanyekile ekukhulisweni kwezingane eziyisikhombisa. UMisha wayeyingane enda kunazo zonke futhi, uma kungenzeka, wasiza abazali ukuba baphathe nomnotho. Kuzo zonke ezinye izingane zaseBulgakov, uNikolai azitholile, ezaba yisazi sezinto eziphilayo, u-Ivan, odume ngokufuduka njengomculi uBalala ebuya, kanye ne-barbar, eyaba yi-prototype ka-Elena Turbine e-White Turbine e-White Guard Voveline.
Ngemuva kokuphothula iziqu kwi-Gymnasium, uMikhail Bulgakov ungena eyunivesithi yezokwelapha. Ukukhetha kwakhe kwaxhunywa kuphela ngesifiso se-mercantile - womabili amayunithi omlobi wesikhathi esizayo ayengodokotela futhi atholwe kahle kakhulu. Okomfana okhule emndenini omkhulu, le nkinga yayisisekelo.
Ngesikhathi seMpi Yezwe II, uMikhail Afanasyevich wakhonza endaweni yangaphambili yomugqa njengodokotela, ngemuva kwalokho udokotela wakhe eVyazma, kamuva - eKiev, njengodokotela we-veve. Ekuqaleni kwama-20s, wathuthela eMoscow futhi waqala imisebenzi yemibhalo, eyokuqala njengomfazi we-fagothonist, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi - njengoMqondisi weThala Womdlalo we-MKAT kanye nethiyetha yeshashalashi esebenza phambili.
Izincwadi
Incwadi yokuqala eshicilelwe uMikhail Bulgakov kwakuyindaba ye- "Chichikov's Adventures", ebhalwe ngendlela ye-Satirical. Kwalandelwa amanothi athile azenzakalelayo "amanothi ku-cuffs", idrama yezenhlalo "uDeveliad" kanye nomsebenzi wokuqala omkhulu wombhali - inoveli ethi "White Guard". Ngokumangazayo, owokuqala waseRoma Bulgakov wagxekwa kuzo zonke izinhlangothi: Ukucwaninga kwendawo kwamenza waveza uKhomanisi, kanti nabadlali bakwamanye amazwe baphendula bathembekile kakhulu emandleni aseSoviet.
UMikhail Afanasyevich utshele uMikhail Afanasyevich ngokuqala komsebenzi wakhe wezokwelapha eqoqweni lezindaba zenothi lodokotela osemusha, osafundwa ngentshisekelo enkulu. Iqokomise ikakhulukazi indaba ye- "morphy". Ngomuthi, zombili izincwadi ezidumile zomlobi zixhunyiwe - "inhliziyo yenja", yize empeleni kuyinto yakwa-satire emincane ngeqiniso lesimanje le-bulgakov. Ngemuva kwalokho indaba emnandi ethi "Amaqanda Amafutha" nawo abhaliwe.
Ngo-1930, uMikhail Afanasyevich wayeka ukuphrinta. Isibonelo, "inhliziyo yenja" yanyatheliswa okokuqala ngo-1987 kuphela, "impilo kaMnu De Moliere" ne- "Theatre Roman" - ngo-1965. Kanye nenoveli enamandla futhi enkulu kakhulu futhi enkulu "ne-margarita", okuyi-bulgakov yabhala kusukela ngo-1929 kuze kube sekufeni, okokuqala wabona ukukhanya kuphela kwa-60s kuphela nakulefomu.
Ngo-Mashi 1930, umlobi olahlekelwe yinhlabathi ngaphansi kwezinyawo zakhe uthumele incwadi kuhulumeni, lapho acela khona ukuxazulula ikusasa lakhe - noma axazulule ithuba lokufuduka, noma anikeze ithuba lokusebenza. Ngenxa yalokhu, u-Iosif Stalin wambiza mathupha futhi wathi uzovunyelwa ukubeka okwenziwe. Kepha ukushicilelwa kwezincwadi ze-Bulgakov empilweni yakhe akuzange kuqale kabusha.
Ithiyeta
Emuva ngo-1925, imidlalo yaseMikhail Bulgakov yafakwa esiteji sethretha yeshashalazi yaseMoscow - "Ifulethi le-Zoyikina", "Izinsuku Zombhalo" Ngemuva konyaka, inkonzo yafuna ukwenqabela ukukhiqizwa "kwezinsuku zeTurbine" njengendlela "ye-anti-soviet", kepha kwanqunywa ukuthi ukungakwenzi lokhu, ngoba ukusebenza kuwuthande ngempela uStalin, owamvakashela kaninginingi.
Ngokushesha imidlalo ye-bulgakov yayisasuswa emperco yazo zonke izinkundla zemidlalo yezwe futhi ngo-1930 kuphela, ngemuva kokungenelela komuntu siqu komholi, uMikhail Afanasyevich wabuyiselwa njenge-playwright kanye nomqondisi.
Ubeka "imiphefumulo efile" kaGogol "kanye ne-Dickens" Pickwick Club ", kepha imidlalo yayo yombhali" u-Alexander Pushkin "," I-Bliss "," u-Ivan Vasilyevich "nabanye ngesikhathi sokuphila abakaze bangene ezweni.
Ukuphela kokuphela kwaba umdlalo "Kabala Svyatosh", okulethwa ngokudlala i-Bulgakov "Moliere" ngo-1936 ngemuva kokuphela kweminyaka emihlanu yokwehluleka. Induna yempumelelo enkulu, kepha i-Troupe yakwazi ukunikeza imibukiso engu-7 kuphela, okwathi lapho umdlalo wenqatshelwe. Emva kwalokho, uMikhail Avanasyevich uxosha kusuka kweshashalazi futhi esikhathini esizayo uhola imali njengomhumushi.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Umfazi wokuqala wombhali omkhulu kwakunguTatyana Lapta. Umshado wabo wawungaphezu kwabampofu - uMlobokazi akazange abe noFafa, futhi ngaleso sikhathi ayenesizotha. Ngendlela, kwakunguTatyana owaba yiPrototype ka-Anna Kirillovna endabeni ethi "Morphy".
Ngo-1925, uBulgakov wahlangana nothando lweBolarskaya, ovela ezinhlobonhlobo zezikhulu. Wayezithanda izincwadi futhi waqonda ngokuphelele uMikhail Afanasyevich njengoMdali. Umbhali wahlukanisa ngokushesha i-lappe futhi ashade neBelozerskaya.
Futhi ngo-1932 uhlangana no-Elena Sergeevna Shilovskaya, uNee Nuremberg. Indoda ilahla umlingani wesibili futhi iholele owesithathu emqheleni. Ngendlela, u-Elena wasuswa enoveli edume kakhulu esithombeni seMargarita. Ngowesifazane wesithathu, uBulgakov waphila ngaphambi kokuphela kokuphila kwakhe, futhi nguyena owabeka imizamo yeTitanic yokusenza umsebenzi womuntu amthandayo wanyatheliswa. Izingane zikaMikhail zazalwa zinabafazi bakhe.
Kunesimo esimnandi se-arithmetic-esiyimfihlakalo nabalingani be-bulgakov. Ngamunye wabo wayenomshado amathathu asemthethweni, njengaye uqobo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kumfazi wokuqala, uTatiana Mikhail wayengumlingani wokuqala, othandweni lwesibili - owesibili, no-Elena wesithathu, ngokulandelana, owesithathu. Ngakho-ke imfihlakalo eBulgakov ayikhona ezincwadini kuphela, kodwa nasekufeni.
Ukushona
Ngo-1939, umbhali wasebenza edlalweni "ku-batum" ngoJoseph Stalin, ngethemba lokuthi umsebenzi onjalo wawungeke uvinjelwe. Ukudlala bekuvele kulungiselelwe ukwakhiwa lapho inkomba yeza ukuvimba ukuziqhelana. Emva kwalokho, uBulgakov waqala impilo yakhe ewohloka kakhulu - wagcina ukulahlekelwa, wazenzela isifo sozinso.
UMikhail Afanasyevich wabuyela ekusetshenzisweni kwe-morphine ukususa izimpawu zobuhlungu. Kusukela ebusika bango-1940, i-playwright yayeka ukuvuka embhedeni, kwathi ngoMashi 10, umlobi omkhulu akazange. UMikhail Bulgakov wangcwatshwa emathuneni ama-Novodevichy, ethubeni lakhe ekugcizeleleni komngane womshado, kwabekwa itshe, elalifakwe ngaphambili ethuneni likaNikolai Gogol.
I-Bibliography
- 1922 - "" I-Chichikov's Adventure "
- 1923 - "Qaphela Udokotela Omncane"
- Ngo-1923 - "UDevivied"
- 1923 - "Amanothi ku-Cuffs"
- Ngo-1924 - "I-White Guard"
- 1924 - "Amaqanda Amafutha"
- 1925 - "Inhliziyo Yenja"
- 1925 - Zoykina efulethini
- 1928 - "Run"
- Ngo-1929 - "Umngani Wemfihlo"
- 1929 - "Kabala svyatosh"
- 1929-1940 - "Inkosi neMargarita"
- Ngo-1933 - "Impilo kaMnu De Moliere"
- Ngo-1936 - "U-Ivan Vasilyevich"
- Ngo-1937 - "Theatre Roman"