I-Biograge
Engxoxweni mayelana nezimbongi ezinkulu zekhulu lama-20, akunakwenzeka ukuthi ungasaphathwa umsebenzi kaJoseph Brodsky. Ungumuntu obaluleke kakhulu emhlabeni wezinkondlo. IBrodsky yayine-biography enzima - ukushushiswa, ukungaqondi, enkantolo kanye nereferensi. Kwangicindezela umbhali ukuthi ahambe e-USA, lapho athola khona ukuqashelwa komphakathi.
Imbongi-Dissident Joseph Brodsky yazalwa ngoMeyi 24, 1940 eLeningrad. Ubaba womfana wasebenza umthwebuli wezithombe zamasosha, i-accountant mama. Lapho ngangokusema-1950s ezikhundleni zezikhulu, "ukuhlanza" kwamaJuda kwabanjwa amanani amaphoyisa, ubaba wathuthela ukuze asebenze ne-PhotoConduct ephephandabeni.
Iminyaka yezingane kaJoseph yahlangana nempi, ukuvimba kweLeningrad, indlala. Umndeni wasinda, njengamakhulu ezinkulungwane zabantu. Ngo-1942, umama wakhe wamthatha uJosefa waphuthunyiswa eCherepovets. ELeningrad, babuyela emuva kwempi.
I-Brodsky yaphonsa isikole, ngokungena ku-8. Wayefuna ukusizakala ngokwezezimali, ngakho-ke ngaya emsebenzini emshinini womsizi wefektri. UJosefa wabe esefuna ukuba ngumqhubi wesifundo - akuzange kusebenze. Ngesinye isikhathi wayezimisele ngokuba udokotela futhi waze wasebenza eMorgio, kodwa washeshe washintsha umqondo wakhe. Iminyaka eminingana, uJosephy Brodsky washintsha ubuchwepheshe obuningi: Njalo sonke ngalesi sikhathi washo izinkondlo, iziphambeko zefilosofi, waqoqa izilimi zakwamanye amazwe futhi waqoqana nabangane bendiza ukuze baphunyuke eSoviet Union. Kuliqiniso, leli cala alizange lihambe emibonweni.
Into yokufunda
IBroDSKY yatshela ukuthi izinkondlo zaqala ukubhala zivela eminyakeni eyi-18, yize kukhona izinkondlo eziningana ezibhalwe eminyakeni eyi-16-17. Esikhathini sokuqala sobuciko, wabhala "ezothando lukaKhisimusi", "kusho isikhumbuzo sokusunduza", "kusuka emaphethelweni aya esikhungweni" nezinye izinkondlo. Esikhathini esizayo, isitayela salowo mlobi saba nethonya elinamandla lezinkondlo uM. Tsvetaeva, O. UMandelstam, A. AKhmatova no-B. Pasternak - baba ngumomona wezinsizwa.
Nge-Ahmatova Brodsky yahlangana ngo-1961. Akakaze akungabaze ithalente lembongi encane futhi wasekela ubuhlakani bakaJosefa, ekholelwa kukho ukukholwa. Izinkondlo ze-brodsky kakhulu u-Ana norereesna zazingahlaba umxhwele kakhulu, kodwa isilinganiselo sobuntu beSoviet Poink.
Umsebenzi wokuqala owethuswa ngamandla eSoviet, wathandana ngo-1958. Le nkondlo yabizwa ngokuthi "Pilgrim". Ukulandela wabhala "isizungu." Lapho, uBrodsky wazama ukuphinda acabange ukuthi kwenzekani kuye nokuthi ungaphuma kanjani esimweni samanje, lapho amaphephandaba nomagazini evale iminyango ngaphambi kwembongi.
NgoFebhuwari 14, 1960, uJoseph Brodsky waqala wenziwa ekuqaleni komqhudelwano weLeningrad "Poets". Wafunda "amathuna angamaJuda", okwadala ihlazo elikhulu emibuthanweni emibhalo nasezindaweni zomphakathi. Ngemuva kweminyaka emithathu, isihloko esifakwe uphawu nge-brodsky sashicilelwa ku- "kusihlwa saseLeningrad", izingcaphuno ezivela kuJoseph " Abalobi bePaskville bahlwitha imigqa kusuka kumongo, obezwakala njengokumangalelwa kwembongi othandweni lwezwe lalowo muntu. UJoseph Brodsky waqala ukuphishekela kuwo wonke amazinga.
NgoJanuwari 1964, "uLeningrad ofanayo", izincwadi "zezakhamizi ezicasulayo" zanyatheliswa, zifuna ukujezisa imbongi, kwathi ngoFebhuwari 13, abalobi baboshwa ngenjongo. Ngosuku olulandelayo, eChamber wahlaselwa yisifo senhliziyo. Imicabango ye-brodsky yaleso sikhathi iqagelwe ngokusobala emavesini "Sawubona, ukuguga kwami" nokuthi "yini engingangitshela ngokuphila?".
Ukulimala okuqala kwalala umthwalo osindayo embongi. Isimo sakhula ngenxa yokwephulwa kobudlelwano noMarina Basmanova othandekayo. Ngenxa yalokhu, uBrodsky wazama ukuzama ukushiya impilo, kodwa ngempumelelo.
Ngo-1970, umbhali wabhala le nkondlo "Ungaphumi egumbini", lapho kwabhekwa khona ukuthi umuntu unikezwa yiphi indawo umuntu eSoviet.
Ukushushiswa kwaqhubeka kuze kube nguMeyi 1972, lapho uBrodsky enikeza ukukhetha - isibhedlela sezingqondo noma ukuthuthelwa. UJoseph Alexandrovich wayesevele esesibhedlela yezengqondo, futhi, njengoba eshilo, wayembi kakhulu kunejele. I-Brodsky yakhetha ukufuduka. Ngo-1977, imbongi yamukela ukuba yisakhamuzi saseMelika.
Ngaphambi kokusuka kwelinye izwe, imbongi izame ukuhlala eRussia. Wathumela incwadi eya kuLeonid Brezhnev uqobo ngesicelo sokuzimisela ukuhlala ezweni okungenani njengomhumushi. Kepha ikusasa leNobel Laureate alizwanga.
UJoseph Brodsky wabamba iqhaza emcimbini wenkondlo wamazwe omhlaba eLondon. Wabe esefundisa umlando wezincwadi zaseRussia nezinkondlo eMichigan, eColombia naseNew York emanyuvesi. Ngokufana, wabhala indatshana ngesiNgisi futhi wahunyushelwa ezinkondlweni zesiNgisi uVladimir Nabokov. Ngo-1986, iqoqo leBroDSKY "Ubumbano Obuncane" lwaphuma, futhi ngonyaka olandelayo wathola umklomelo kaNobel emkhakheni wezincwadi.
Ngesikhathi sika-1985 kuya ku-1989, imbongi yabhala "inkumbulo kababa", "isethulo" ne-eseyi "Igumbi eliphakeme". Kula mavesi kanye neprose - bonke ubuhlungu bomuntu obengavunyelwe ukuchitha endleleni yokugcina yabazali.
Lapho i-perestroika iqala e-USSR, izinkondlo zikaJoseph Alexandrovich ezinyatheliswe ngentshiseko omagazini namaphephandaba. Ngo-1990, eSoviet Union yaqala ukushicilela izincwadi zenkondlo. IBroDSKY isithole kaningi isimemo esivela ezweni lakuleli, kodwa njalo sangabaza nalokhu kuvakashelwa - akafuni ukunakwa kwabezindaba kanye nomphakathi. Ubunzima bokuthi le mbuyiselo buboniswa ezinkondlweni "iTaka", "incwadi eya e-Oasis" nabanye.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Umculi Marina Basmanova, ahlangana naye ngo-1962, waba uthando lokuqala olukhulu lukaJoseph Brodsky. Bahlangane isikhathi eside, babese behlala ndawonye. Ngo-1968, uMarina noJosefa babenendodana u-Andrei, kodwa ngokuzalwa kwengane, ubudlelwane buyanda. Ngawo lowo nyaka bahlukana.
Ngo-1990, wahlangana noMaria SoC. - I-Aristocrat yase-Italiya ngezimpande zaseRussia emugqeni womama. Ngawo lowo nyaka, uBrodsky wamshada, kwathi ngeminyaka emithathu banendodakazi ka-Ana. Ngeshwa, ukubona ukuthi indodakazi ikhula kanjani, uJoseph Brodsky akazange amiselwe.
Imbongi yaziwa ngokuthi umbhemayo odumile. Naphezu kwalezi zinto ezidlulisiwe ezine enhliziyweni, akazange aphonse ukubhema. Odokotela balulese ngokuqinile uBrodsky ngokubopha ngomkhuba olimazayo, wawuphendula wathi: "Impilo iyaphawuleka ngokunembile ngoba ayikho iziqinisekiso, cha."
Namanje uJoseph Brodsky wabonga amakati. Uveze ukuthi lezi zidalwa azinakunyakaza kabi. Ezithombeni eziningi, uMdali udutshulwa ngekati ezingalweni zakhe.
Ngokusekelwa komlobi eNew York, kwavulwa indawo yokudlela yaseRussia eSamovar. Abanikazi bezesikhungo baba amaRoma Kaplan noMikhail Baryshnikov. UJoseph Brodsky utshale imali kule phrojekthi ingxenye yemali evela kumklomelo kaNobel. Indawo yokudlela isibe uphawu lweNew York yaseRussia.
Ukushona
Wahlushwa i-angina, ngaphambi kokufuduka. Isimo sempilo yenkondlo sasingazinzile. Ngo-1978, wahlinzwa inhliziyo, umtholampilo waseMelika uthumele incwadi esemthethweni eya e-USSR ngesicelo sokuvumela abazali bakaJosefu ukuba bashiye ukunakekelwa okuhlwanyelwe. Abazali ngokwabo bafake isicelo sezikhathi eziyi-12, kodwa isikhathi ngasinye benqaba. Kusukela ngo-1964 kuya ku-1994, ama-brodsky ahlupheka ngo-4, akazange ambone nabazali bakhe. Umama womlobi washona ngo-1983, kwathi ngemuva konyaka azange nobaba. Iziphathimandla zaseSoviet zenqabile ukuza emngcwabeni ngesicelo. Ukufa kwabazali kwayisingatha impilo yembongi.
NgoJanuwari 27, 1996, uJoseph Brodsky wagoqa iphothifoliyo, wafisa umfazi wobusuku obuhle futhi wasukuma ehhovisi - kwakudingeka asebenze ngaphambi kwesemester yasentwasahlobo. Ekuseni ngoJanuwari 28, 1996, unkosikazi wathola umlingani ongenazo izibonakaliso zokuphila. Odokotela basho ukufa ngenxa yokuhlaselwa yinhliziyo.
Emasontweni amabili ngaphambi kokufa, imbongi yathenga indawo emathuneni eNew York, hhayi kude nomthengisi. Lapho, wangcwatshwa, ngemuva kokwenza intando yokugcina yenkondlo ephuculwe, okwathi, kuze kube sekupheleni kokububula, walithanda izwe lakubo.
NgoJuni 1997, isidumbu sikaJoseph Brodsky savuswa eVenice eSan Michele Cemetery.
Ngo-2005, isikhumbuzo sokuqala esisembongini sasivulwa eSt. Petersburg.
I-Bibliography
- 1965 - "Inkondlo nezinkondlo"
- 1982 - "I-Roman Egancences"
- 1984 - "Mabula"
- 1987 - "U-Uranius"
- 1988 - "Yima ogwadule"
- 1990 - "Amanothi Fern"
- 1991 - "Inkondlo"
- 1993 - "Cappadocia. Izinkondlo "
- 1995 - "Eduze nase-Atlantis. Izinkondlo Ezintsha "
- Ngo-1992-1995 - "Imisebenzi KaJoseph Brodsky"