I-Biograge
UMarina Ivanovna Tsvetaeva - Izinkondlo ZaseRussia, umhumushi, uMlobi Wezinto Eziyimpikiswano Nezindatshana Ezibucayi. Kubhekwa njengenye yezibalo ezibalulekile ezinkondlo zomhlaba zekhulu lama-20. Namuhla babizwa ngokuthi yiShittitTomatiay lezo zinkondlo ezinjalo zikaMarina Tsvetaeva ngothando, 'njengoba "zinikine ngekhanda ngenhlanziso elihlazo ...", "izolo ngibheke emehlweni ami ..." nabanye abaningi.
Usuku lokuzalwa kukaMarina Tsvetaeva luwela eholidini lama-Orthodox lenkumbulo yomphostoli uJohane waseBogoslov. Lesi simo sezinkondlo kamuva sibonisa kaninginingi emisebenzini yakhe. Intombazane eMoscow yazalwa, emndenini kaProfessor Moscow University, isazi sezombusazwe saseFilologinalififiloholi saseFilologina nezempi u-Ivan Vladimirovich Tsvetaeva, nonkosikazi wakhe wesibili uMariya uRubinstein uqobo. KuBaba, uMarina wayene-tract-tract ka-Andrei noDadewethu, kanye nodadewabo omncane wendabuko u-Anastasia. Ubuchwepheshe bokudala babazali babeka iminwe kanye nobuntwana bakwaTSVETAEVA. Umama waqeqesha umdlalo wakhe epiyano futhi waphupha ngokubona indodakazi enomculi, futhi uyise wafaka uthando ngezincwadi eziseqophelweni eliphezulu nezilimi zakwamanye amazwe.
Kwenzeka ukuthi uMarina noMama bavame ukuhlala phesheya, ngakho-ke yakhuluma ngokukhululeka hhayi ngesiRussia kuphela, kodwa nasesiFulentshi nesiJalimane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lapho uMarina Tsvevaeva oneminyaka eyisithupha eqala ukubhala izinkondlo, wahlanganisa kubo bonke abathathu, futhi iningi labo - ngesiFulentshi. Izinkondlo ezidumile zemfundo edumile zaqala ukuthola eMoscow Private Women Gymnasium, futhi kamuva wafunda ezindlini zezivakashi zamantombazane eSwitzerland naseJalimane. Lapho eneminyaka engu-16, wazama ukulalela inkambo yezincwadi ezincwadini ze-StaroFrances eParis Sorbonne, kodwa ukuqeqeshwa akuphumelela lapho.
Lapho uPheeters Tsvetaeva aqala ukushicilela izinkondlo zakhe, waqala ukuxhumana ngokusondelana nombuthano wezimpawu zeMoscow futhi wamba iqhaza ngenkuthalo empilweni yemibuthano ebhaliwe kanye ne-studios ngaphansi kwendlu yokushicilela "yomsubathi". Maduze nje impi yombango iqala. Le minyaka ibinzima kakhulu esimweni sokuziphatha sowesifazane osemusha. Igebe lendawo azalelwa lapho limhlophe kanye nezinto ezibomvu ayengazange azamukele futhi azange zivume. Entwasahlobo ka-1922, Marina Olegovna ephumelelisa imvume bathutha Russia bese uya eCzech Republic, lapho umyeni wakhe Ran, Sergey Efron, wakhonza phakathi kwababusi White Army, futhi manje wafunda ePrague University.
Isikhathi eside, impilo kaMarina Tsvetaeva ayixhunyiwe hhayi ngePrague kuphela, kodwa nangeBerlin, kwathi ngeminyaka emithathu umndeni wakhe wakwazi ukufika enhlokodolobha yaseFrance. Kepha lapho, injabulo, lona wesifazane akazange azuze. Ngokudabukisa kwabantu benze lokho okwenze ngakho ukuthi umyeni wakhe wabamba iqhaza ekulweni nendodana yebhubesi iTrotsky nokuthi waqashwa nguhulumeni waseSoviet. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uMarina wabona ukuthi kuMoya wakhe wayengeyena ongumfuduki, futhi iRussia ayivumeli imicabango nezinhliziyo zakhe.
Inkondlo
Iqoqo lokuqala likaMarina Tsvetaeva elibizwa ngokuthi "i-albhamu yakusihlwa" sabona ukukhanya ngo-1910. Ngokuvamile wahlanganisa indalo yakhe ebhalwe eminyakeni yesikole. Ngokushesha ubuhlakani bezinkondlo ezisencane badonsela ukunaka kwabalobi abadumile, uVoloshian kaMaximilian waba nesithakazelo kulo, umyeni ka-Anna Akhmatova, uNikolai Gumilyev, kanye nomsunguli wophawu lwesiRussia lwaseValery Bryusov. Egagasi lempumelelo, uMarina ubhala umlando wokuqala we-prosaic "emavesini e-blyysov". Ngendlela, iqiniso eliphawuleka ukuthi lezo zincwadi zokuqala anyathelisa ngemali yazo.
Maduze nje "umlingo wamalansi" kaMarina Tsvetaeva washicilelwa, ukuhlanganiswa kwakhe kwesibili kwenkondlo, khona-ke kwashicilelwa umsebenzi olandelayo - "wezincwadi ezimbili." Ngaphambi nje kokuba inguquko, i-biography kaMarina Tsvetaeva yaxhunyaniswa nedolobha lase-Alexandrov, lapho lafika khona ukuvakashela udadewabo ka-Anastasia nomlingani wakhe. Ngokombono wobuciko, le nkathi ibalulekile ngoba igcwele ukuzinikela ekuthandeni abantu nezindawo ezithandekayo futhi kamuva yaqanjwa ngochwepheshe "Alexander Summer Tsvetaeva." Kungaleso sikhathi lapho lona wesifazane adale imijikelezo edumile yezinkondlo "ku-Akhmatova" kanye "nezinkondlo ezikhuluma ngeMoscow".
Ngesikhathi sempi yombango, uMarina wangena uzwela ngokunyakaza okumhlophe, noma kunjalo, njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, ngokuvamile, ukuhlukaniswa kwezwe ngemibala enemibandela akuvunyelwe. Ngaleso sikhathi, ubhala izinkondlo zeqoqo elithi "Swan Stan", kanye nezinkondlo ezinkulu "I-Tsar-Maiden", "EGRORUSH", "eRed Kone Play" nemidlalo yothando. Ngemuva kokuthuthela kwelinye izwe, izinkondlo zibonisa umsebenzi owodwa omkhulu - inkondlo yentaba "kanye" nenkondlo yokuphela ", okuzoba phakathi kwemisebenzi yayo eyinhloko. Kepha amavesi amaningi enkathi yokufuduka ashicilelwanga. Lesi sakamuva sashicilelwa iqoqo "ngemuva kweRussia", elalihlanganisa nemibhalo kaMarina Tsvetaeva kuze kube ngu-1925. Yize akakaze ayeke ukubhala.
Abezinye izizwe bawazisa kakhulu i-PROSE ye-TSVEEVA - izinkumbulo zakhe ze-Russian Poet andrei White, i-maximilian Voloshin, uMikhail Kuzmin, "umama wami", "umama wami", "i-push kanye ne-pimen yakudala" nabanye. Kepha izinkondlo azizange zithenge, yize uMarina wabhala umjikelezo omuhle kaMayakovsky, "imnyuziyamu emnyama" lapho ukuzibulala kwembongi yaseSoviet kwakukhona. Ukufa kukaVladimir Vladimirovich kwashaqeka ngokoqobo owesifazane ukuthi eminyakeni eminingi ungazizwa, ufunde lezi zinkondlo zikaMarina Tsvetaeva.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Ngomyeni wakhe wesikhathi esizayo, uSergei Efron wezinkondlo wahlangana ngo-1911 endlini yomngane wakhe uMaximilian Voloshin eKoktebel. Ezinyangeni eziyisithupha kamuva, baba ngumyeni nonkosikazi wakhe, futhi ngokushesha indodakazi yabo endala u-Ariadne yavela. Kepha uMarina wayengowesifazane othanda kakhulu futhi ngezikhathi ezihlukile, amanye amadoda adlale inhliziyo yakhe. Isibonelo, imbongi enkulu yaseRussia uBoris Pasternak, uTsvetaeva wayenabo cishe ubuhlobo obuneminyaka engu-10 ubudala, akakaze aphelelwe ukufuduka kwawo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ePrague, izinkondlo zaqala inoveli enesivunguvungu nommeli kanye noSculptor Konstantin Rodzevich. Ukuxhumana kwabo kwakuhlala izinyanga ezingaba yisithupha, bese uMarina, owanikezela isithandwa sakhe esigcwele inkanuko engenele nothando olungaqondile "inkondlo yasentabeni", ngaleyo nkondlo azomvivinya ingubo yomshado, ngaleyo ndlela ebeka iphuzu ebudlelwaneni bomshado .
Kepha impilo yomuntu siqu kaMarina Tsvetaeva ayixhunyiwe hhayi kuphela amadoda. Ngisho nangaphambi kokufuduka, ngo-1914 wahlangana noMug wezemibhalo onombhalo kanye nomhumushi uSophia Gamanker. Amantombazane asheshe athola uzwela komunye nomunye, ngokushesha okwaphenduka okunye. UMarina unikezelwe umjikelezo othandekayo wezinkondlo "intombi", ngemuva kwalokho ubuhlobo babo baphuma emathunzini. U-Efron wayazi ngenoveli yomkakhe, wamcabangela omkhulu, wanelisa izigcawu, kanti uTsvetaeva waphoqeleka ukuba aphunyuke kuye eSofia. Kodwa-ke, ngo-1916 wahlukanisa kulo mdlalo, ubuyela kumlingani nendodakazi yakhe u-Irina babelethe umkakhe. Mayelana nokuxhumana kwakhe okuxakile kwezinkondlo kuzosho ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ukuthi owesifazane uyamthanda owesifazane owayesendle, kodwa amadoda athile kuphela ayisidina. Noma kunjalo, uthando lukaMarina Garina lubonakaliswa 'njengenhlekelele yokuqala empilweni yakhe.'
Ngemuva kokuzalwa kwendodakazi yesibili, uMarina Tsvetaeva ubhekene nomugqa omnyama empilweni. Ukuguqulwa, ukubalekela umyeni waphesheya, isidingo esikhulu, indlala. Indodakazi endala ka-Ariadne yagula kakhulu, futhi uTsvetaeva unikeza izingane indawo yokukhosela edolobhaneni laseKuntoso eduzane naseMoscove eduzane naseMoscow. U-Ariadna walulama, kodwa ogulayo futhi u-Irina wafa eneminyaka emithathu yobudala.
Kamuva, ngemva kokuhlangana nomyeni wakhe ePrague, izinkondlo zabeletha ingane yesithathu - indodana kaGeorge, eyabizwa ngokuthi "Moore" emndenini. Umfana wayebuhlungu futhi entekenteke, nokho, phakathi neMpi Yezwe II waya phambili, lapho afela khona ehlobo lika-1944. UGeorgy Efron wangcwatshwa ethuneni eliningi esifundeni seVitebsk. Ngenxa yokuthi ayikho i-ariadna noma uGeorge ayenazo, namuhla ayikho inzalo eqondile yecala elikhulu.
Ukushona
Ekuthukeni, uMarina nomndeni wakhe baphila cishe ebuphofini. Umyeni kaTsvetaee akakwazanga ukusebenza ngenxa yalesi sifo, uGeorgy wavinjelwa ngokuphelele, u-Ariadne wazama ukusizakala ngokwezezimali, izigqoko zomfebe, kepha empeleni imali engenayo yayiyimali ebekiwe yezindatshana nezindatshana ezibhalwe nguMarina Tsvetaeva. Ubize ngokufa okunjalo okwenziwa kancane ngaphakathi kwendlala. Ngakho-ke, wonke amalungu omndeni ahlala aphendukela enxusa laseSoviet ngesicelo sokubuyela ezweni lakubo.
Ngo-1937, uthola ilungelo lika-Ariadne, ngemuva kwezinyanga eziyisithupha, uSergey Efron ushukumisela ngasese eMoscow, kusukela eFrance wasongela ukuboshwa kwakhe njengokuphambukiswa kokubulawa kwezepolitiki. Emva kwesikhashana, ngokusemthethweni uwela umngcele kaMarina nendodana yakhe. Kepha ukubuya kwaphenduka inhlekelele. Maduze nje, ababoshwa beNKVD baboshwa indodakazi, futhi kuye nomyeni wakhe ngombala. Futhi uma u-Ariadne ngemuva kokufa kukaJoseph Stalin, kwakungekho ngaphezu kweminyaka engu-15 ubudala, kwavuselelwa, khona-ke i-Efron yadutshulwa ngo-Okthoba 1941.
Kodwa-ke, umkakhe wayengazi ngakho. Lapho kuqala impi enkulu yokuthanda izwe, owesifazane owayenendodana esencane waya emzinikela edolobheni lase-Elabuga emfuleni iKame. Ukuthola ukubhaliswa kwesikhashana, izinkondlo ziphoqeleka ukuthola umsebenzi wokugeza izitsha. Isitatimende sakhe sasinasolwa ngo-Agasti 28, 1941, kwathi ezinsukwini ezintathu kamuva, uTsvetaeva wazibulala, wazijabulisa endlini lapho babezimisele khona ngoGeorge. UMarina washiya amanothi amathathu wokuzibulala. Wakhuluma nendodana yakhe enye yawo futhi wacela intethelelo, kanti kwezinye ezimbili kwancenga abantu abanesicelo sokunakekela umfana.
Kuyathakazelisa kakhulu ukuthi lapho uMarina Tsvetaeva ezofika kuphela ekulengisweni, umngani wesikhathi eside uBoris Pasternak wamsiza ekuphaketheni kwezinto, okwakuthengile ngokukhethekile ngezinto ezibopha izinto. Owesilisa wancoma ukuthi wakhipha intambo eqinile enjalo - "... nguyena owaba yithuluzi lokuzibulala kukaMarina Ivanovna. Ngangcwaba uTsvetaeva e-Elabuga, kodwa njengoba impi ihambe, indawo eqondile yokungcwaba ihlala ingekho kuze kube manje. Amasiko ama-Orthodox awavumeli ukuzibulala, kepha umbhishobhi obusayo angenza okuhlukile. Kanye nenzalamizi alexy II ngo-1991, ngonyaka wama-50 wokufa, kwasebenzisa leli lungelo. Isiko lesonto lalibanjelwe eSontweni laseMoscow lokukhuphuka kweNkosi eSangweni laseNikitsky.
Ngokukhumbula izinkondlo ezinkulu zaseRussia, iMnyuziyamu kaMarina Tsvetaeva yavulwa, hhayi eyodwa. Kunendlu efanayo yokukhumbula emadolobheni aseTire, iKorolev, u-Ivanov, i-Feodosia nezinye izindawo eziningi. Emabhange e-Oekey River, sekusungulwe itshe lesikhumbuzo somsebenzi weBoris mesmer. Kunezikhumbuzo eziqoqiwe nakwamanye amadolobha aseRussia, eduze naseZaphesheya.
Amaqoqo
- 1910 - I-albhamu yakusihlwa
- Ngo-1912 - I-Magic Lantern
- 1913 - Kusuka ezincwadini ezimbili
- 1920 - Tsar-Maiden
- Ngo-1921 - Swan Stan
- 1923 - Psyche. Inganekwane
- Ngo-1924 - Inkondlo Yezintaba
- Ngo-1924 - inkondlo yokugcina
- Ngo-1928 - Ngemuva kweRussia
- 1930 - Siberia.