I-Biograge
UNikita Khrushchev ungenye yezinombolo eziphikisanayo kakhulu emlandweni we-USSR. 'Wayeyindodana yabampofu', evuka esiqongweni seziphathimandla, engavimbanga ipolitiki ukuthi igubhe impumelelo e "Ukuhlelwa kabusha" komphakathi waseSoviet ngemuva kwezinhlelo zemibono yalowo owandulelayo kaJoseph Stalin. UNikita Sergeevich waba ngumguquki okhanyayo weSoviet Union, ukwehluleka kanye nezimpumelelo zazo futhi namuhla ezixoxa ngazo namhlanje.
UNikita Sergeevich Khrushchev wazalwa ngo-Ephreli 15, 1894 edolobhaneni laseKalinovka Kursk esifundazweni emndenini wezimayini ezimpofu. Ubuntwana be-nikita ngeke bubizwa ngokuthi bujabule, kusukela eneminyaka emincane isahluko esizayo isahluko sesahluko sazo kwadingeka sisebenze ukusiza abazali ukuthi banciphise ama-Exs ahlangana.
Imfundo yokuqala yeKhrushchev etholwe esikoleni sasePheduli-Parish, lapho ayifunda khona. Eholidini ehlobo, umfana wasebenza njengomalusi, futhi ebusika wafunda ukubhala nokufunda. Ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-1900s, umndeni woMnyango wombuso wathuthela eYuzku, lapho uNikita Sergeevich eqala ukusebenza esingubeni yokwakha umshini kusukela ngo-14. Lapha, le nsizwa yafundiswa isikhiya. Ngemuva kweminyaka engu-4, uNikita wathuthela emsebenzini emayini yamalahle futhi wajoyina iqembu leBolsheviks, ezikhundleni ezihlanganyele empini yombango.
Ngo-1918, uNikita Khrushchev wathola ubulungu ephathini yamaKhomanisi, kwathi eminyakeni emibili waba yinhloko yezepolitiki yemayini yeDonbas Rutchenkovsky. Ngaleso sikhathi, umholi wesikhathi esizayo weSoviet Union ungena uchwepheshe wezimboni zeDonbass e-Bustern kanye nasezindongeni zesikhungo semfundo aqala ukuhola umsebenzi weqembu, esivumela ukuthi sithole i-aphoyintimenti yokuqokwa kwe-Partiescet.
Ngo-1927, uNikita Sergeyevich waba nenhlanhla ngokwanele yokungena "ekudleni kwe-yuzovka kwamenyelwa ku-CSP Congress, lapho ayejwayelene ne-stalin ye-Cardinal" nguLazar Kaganovich. Wabona amandla epolitiki eKhrushchev futhi enomthelela emsebenzini wakhe ngokushesha.
Ipolitiki
I-bikitagraphy enkulu yezepolitiki yeNikita Khrushchev iqala ngo-1928. Ngemuva kwalokho uKaganovich wayisondeza ehhovisi eliphakathi leqembu lamaKhomanisi e-Ukraine. Kulokhu, uNikita Sergeyevich kwadingeka ukuba afake i-Moscow Academy, njengoba imfundo yasesekondari yayinganele isikhulu seRiphabhulikhi.
E-Academy of Khrushchev yaqala ukwenza imisebenzi yeqembu ngenkuthalo futhi ngokushesha kwaholela ekutheni i-polsonburo yesikhungo semfundo, ngoba inqubomgomo yakhe ihehwa kakhulu kunenqubo yemfundo. Ukucacisa nokukhuthala kukaNikita Sergeyevich emacaleni eqembu kwaziswa iziphathimandla zaseSoviet, futhi ngokushesha waqokwa ngunobhala wesibili wentaba yedolobha laseMoscow ye-WCP. Ngo-1934, iKhrushchev iba yinhloko yenhlangano yeqembu laseMoscow, isungule ikompanini kaKaganovich kulokhu okuthunyelwe.
Ngo-1938, uNikita Khrushchev wabuyela e-Ukraine aqoke uNobhala wokuqala we-Ukraine SSR. Njengoba usuthole udumo lokuqala "i-Trophy Esemthethweni", uNikita Sergeevich waqala ukubuyisela ihhovisi labaphathi e-Ukraine, elabhujiswa ngokungcebleka ka-1937. Ngasikhathi sinye, wazibonakalisa njengesihlaselwa esingenamusa esithi "Izitha" - abantu abayizinkulungwane eziyishumi nantathu abanentshonalanga ye-Ukraine, bathunyelwa ekuphrintiwe kwabo, ngokoqobo onyakeni.
Iminyaka yohulumeni base-Uhulumeni base-Ukraine, uKrushchev waba nempi enkulu yokuthanda izwe, lapho usopolitiki nawo akazange ahlelelwe. Uhole ukunyakaza kwengxenye ngemuva komugqa wangaphambili nangokuthi isiphelo sempi, wajwayela esihlokweni sikaLieutenant General, nakuba mhlonishwa enesibopho sokunqotshwa kwamasosha abomvu ensimini yase-Ukraine eNikita Sergeevich.
Ngemuva kwempi, uNikita Khrushchev wasala umholi we-Ukraine SSR, kodwa ngo-1949 waya ekwandeni - wadluliselwa eMoscow ngenxa yesikhundla senhlangano yeqembu elikhulu kunazo zonke e-USSR.
Ngo-1953, uNikita Khrushchev wafinyelela i-vertex yamandla. Kwathi lapho izwe lonke lingena ekulileni emcimbini wokufa kukaStalin, kanye noComrades, phakathi kwalo kwakunguMarshal Zhukov, iVeruso yashaya izimbangi zayo ekhanda le-USSR. UKhrushchev waqeda umphonse oyinhloko eposini leNhloko yeNhlolomu kaLawrence Beria, owasola isitha sabantu wadubula ubuhlakani.
NgoSepthemba 1953, uKhrushchev waqokwa unobhala wokuqala wekomidi eliphakeme le-CPSU, okwaba ithuba elingalindelekanga labantu baseSoviet, ngoba ngesikhathi sokubusa kukaStalin bahlala bebeka uNikita Sergeyevich nge-spacecraft encane.
Iminyaka yeKHrushchev Reagn yaphawulwa ngempumelelo enkulu kanye nodayiwe emnothweni weSoviet Union. Izwi lazo kwakungu "ummbila we-corn" - umholi weSoviet wanquma ukwenza "indlovukazi yamasimu" i-cereria enkulu ye-USSR, yayala ukuthi ikhule kuyo yonke indawo, nalapho kuqinisekiswa khona ukuvuna kungakunikanga isivuno, ngokwesibonelo , eSiberia.
Phakathi "kwezimpumelelo", izinguquko ze-Khrushchev ezishaya ukhiye kuzo akufanele ziphawulwe. Banalo igama elithi "Khrushchev Thaw" futhi bahlotshaniswa kakhulu nokuvezwa kwehlelo lobuntu bukaStalin.
Izinguquko ze-Nikita Khrushchev zibonakaliswa ukuqedwa kwemiphumela eyinhlekelele yengcindezelo yamaStalisast ama-1930s, ukuvela kwezinkulungwane zenkululeko yezombusazwe, ukuvuleleka ezweni laseNtshonalanga kanye nokwethulwa kwentando yeningi kwezenhlalo impilo yomphakathi nezepolitiki yezwe.
Kodwa-ke, inqubomgomo yezomnotho yeKHrushchev kwakungeyona nje ukwehluleka, kepha inhlekelele yenhlangano. Umholi onesifiso se-USSR wanquma ukuthi "wakhulisa iMelika" futhi wandise izinkomba zezomnotho zezwe amahlandla amaningi, eziholele ekuweni okungalindelekile kwezolimo nasendlala.
Ngasikhathi sinye, phakathi kwempumelelo yeKhrushchev, kungenzeka ukuthi uqaphele impumelelo engenakuphikwa - Ukwakha ngokushesha futhi wakhulisa izigidi zezakhamizi zaseSoviet ezindlini zabo. Amakamelo athi "Khrushchev" ayesehleleke futhi ahlele ngokufanele, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi adlula induduzo yomphakathi, eyaneliseke inani labantu.
Futhi iKhrushchev yaqala ukuthuthukiswa komkhakha wesikhala - phakathi neminyaka yokubusa kwayo, kwasungulwa i-satellite yokuqala kanye nendiza edumile yaseYuri Gagarin yabanjwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uNikita Sergeevich wathola inkazimulo nanjenge-artron of art. Wakhulula ukucwaninga ezincwadini, wethule uhlelo lwe-telecast iningi lenyunyana futhi lisebenze imboni yamafilimu. Amafilimu okuqala e-Khrushchev Thaw "entwasahlobo eZarechnaya Street", "ubusuku be-carnival", "Indoda ye-Amphibian" nabanye.
Umgomo wangaphandle weKhrushchev waholela ekuqiniseni impi ebandayo, kepha ngasikhathi sinye waqinisa isimo seSoviet Union enkundleni yezwe lonke. Okokuqala, sebengenile amandla, iKhrushchev yaqala ukwakhiwa kwenhlangano yesivumelwano seWarsaw (ASS), okwakufanele kubekezelele amandla aseNyakatho ye-Atlantic. Isivumelwano esisha esihlangene ne-USSR, amazwe aseMpumalanga Yurophu kanye ne-GDR. Ngemuva konyaka, ukuvukelwa kokuqala ngokumelene namandla eSoviet kwenzeka eHungary.
Ngo-1957, ngokuhleleka kweKhrushchev, uMkhosi Womkhosi Wentsha kanye nabafundi kwenzeka enhloko-dolobha yase-USSR, lapho abahlanganyeli bendawo ababambiqhaza ababuthene khona. Lo mcimbi unomphumela omuhle emfanekisweni womuntu waseSoviet emehlweni abantu bakwamanye amazwe, kodwa ukwehla ukungezwani ebudlelwaneni ne-United States akuzange kusize.
Ngo-1961, kwathiwa inhlekelele yezepolitiki eJalimane, eyaholela ekuqubukeni kodonga lweBerlin. Ngawo lowo nyaka, ukuphela komhlangano weKhrushchev noJohn Kennedy kwenzeka. Ngonyaka we-United States kanye ne-USSR Eshintshiwe izinsongo - IMelika yathumela ama-Warheads enuzi okuhlose eSoviet Union, eTurkey, nase-USSR - eCuba - eCuba. Inkinga yeCaribbean isiqalile, ecishe yagcwala eMpini Yezwe Yesithathu. Kodwa izingxoxo zezombusazwe zisize ekususeni ukungezwani. Ngo-1963, zombili izinhlangothi zisayina isivumelwano ngokuvinjwa kokuhlolwa kwenukliya emoyeni, isikhala nangaphansi kwamanzi.
Ukushona kwelanga kwekhono lezepolitiki uNikita Khrushchev wawela ngo-1964. Ngokuphikisana nesizinda samaphutha nokuziphatha kabi, usopolitiki wasuswa emandleni amaKhomanisi. ULeonid Brezhnev weza esikhundleni sakhe. UNikita Sergeevich waba ukuphela komholi waseSoviet oshiye eposini lesahluko se-USSR ephila.
UNikita Khrushchev ungene emlandweni waseSoviet esithombeni sezombusazwe esimangazayo. Noma kunjalo, ngisho nangaphezulu kweminyaka engama-70 ngemuva kwebhodi lakhe le-USSR, izinqubomgomo zamagama ezinamaphiko zihlala ezindebeni zomphakathi wanamuhla. "Sikungcwabe" futhi "Ku-Kuzkin mama" Nikita Khrushchev usakhunjulwa kahle e-USA, kusukela ekuqondeni kweNtshonalanga, umholi waseSoviet wanikezwa "izinsongo" ezinjalo ". Ibinzana lesibili laletha ithimba labaseMelika eliholwa yiPhini likaMongameli uRichard Nixon ukudideka, ngoba ukuhunyushwa kwale nkulumo ye-idiomatic ezwakala ngokweqiniso ngokoqobo: "Umama kaKuzma."
Futhi isithombe seNikita Khrushchev, siguqa izicathulo, saze sathola isimo se-caricature emazweni asentshonalanga. Yize kamuva lesi sithombe sendodana kaKhrushchev, uSergey wabiza isithombe. Eqinisweni, uNikita Sergeyevich wasusela phansi i-Pebble Boot, ekuhlanganeni kwe-UN, lapho kubhekwa impikiswano yesivumelwano saseHungary.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Impilo yomuntu siqu ye-Nikita Khrushchev ayithokozi kahle kunomsebenzi wakhe wezepolitiki. Inhloko yesithathu ye-USSR yashada kabili futhi yaba nezingane ezinhlanu.
Ngokokuqala ngqa uNikita Sergeevich washada ekuqaleni komsebenzi weqembu we-efrosini Pisareva, ngabo-1920 babulawa yi-typhus. Iminyaka eyisithupha yomshado, umka-Khrushkev wokuqala wambubele izingane ezimbili - uLeonid noJulia. Ngo-1922, iKhrushchev yaqala ukuhlala nentombazane egama linguMarusya. Ubudlelwano bungethulwa iminyaka engaphezu kwemibili. Intombazane isivele yakhulisa ingane emshadweni owedlule, uKhrushchev waqhubeka nokusiza ngokwezinto ezibonakalayo.
Unkosikazi wesibili uNikita Sergeyevich waba nguNina Kukharchuk, u-Ukraine ngobuzwe, owangena endabeni njengowokuqala owashawa naye womholi waseSoviet, ehamba naye ezenzakalweni ezisemthethweni. NgoNina Petrovna, inhloko ye-USSR yaphila iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-40 emshadweni wombango futhi ngo-1965 ubudlelwano obubhaliswe ngokusemthethweni.
UNina wayeyindodakazi yabalimi, eYuzovka wasebenza njengothisha wesikole sephathi, lapho ahlangana khona noNikita Khrushchev. Naphezu kwemvelaphi, uNina Petrovna wachitha ngokushelelayo ngesiRussia, isi-Ukraine, ePoland kanye nesiFulentshi, njengoba efundile esikoleni sabesifazane baseMariinsky. Ukuzifukulela kukaNina Petrovna akuzange kume ngesikhathi somshado. Ngasekupheleni kwawo-1930s, njengoba nje ungomama wezingane ezintathu, waqala wafunda isiNgisi. Emshadweni wesibili emndenini walowo mholi waseSoviet, kwazalwa izingane ezintathu - uRada, uSergey no-Elena.
Ukushona
NgoNina KuKharchuk Khrushchev waphila kuze kube sekupheleni kwempilo yakhe. Ngemuva kokwesula kukaNikitu Sergeyevich "ususe" kude neMoscow futhi wathuthela ekhishini e-Zhukovka-2 eSifundeni saseMoscow. Osopolitiki abakwazanga ukujwayela ukuphoqelelwa i-ascetic. Njengoba umphathi wangaphambilini weKhrushchev wayevame ukuthuka ama-oda amasha, okwaholela, ngombono wakhe, ekuweni kancane kancane kwezolimo. Ngokuphazima kweso, ngoba i-Nikita Nikita, uSergeevich wayengumlutha wokulalela izinhlelo zeziteshi zomsakazo zakwamanye amazwe "Izwi leMelika", "BBC", "igagasi laseJalimane", laqala ukwakha ingadi. Kepha ngezinye izikhathi, le nhloko yombuso yawela ekucindezelekeni, eyayingakwazi ukuthinta impilo.
Washona ngoSepthemba 11, 1971 ekuhlaselweni yinhliziyo. Ngangcwaba u-Nikita Sergeevich emathuneni aseNovodevichy Mosch. Ngemuva kokushona kweKhrushchev, uNina Petrovna wafika ama-telegraphs ngamazwi okunduduzo okuvela emhlabeni wonke. Kamuva ethuneni lekhanda le-USSR, kwavela itshe lesikhumbuzo ngu-Ernst akwaziwa.
Ukukhumbula
- 1989 - "Stalingrad"
- Ngo-1992 - "Ku-Deribasovskaya, isimo sezulu esihle, noma eBrighton Beach futhi kuza imvula"
- 1992 - "Stalin"
- 1993 - "Izimpisi ezimpunga"
- 1996 - "Izingane Zenguquko"
- 2005 - "Impi Yecosmos"
- Ngo-2009 - "Isimangaliso"
- 2011 - "Clan Kennedy"
- 2012 - "Zhukov"
- 2013 - "Gagarin. Okokuqala esikhaleni »
- 2015 - "Main"
- 2016 - "Uthando Olumangalisayo"
- 2017 - "Ukufa kukaStalin"