I-Biograge
Enye yezimbongi ezigqamile, ezihlukile nethalentekile zekhulu lesiliva u-Anna Gorenko, wazi kangcono abahlonishwayo abanjenge-Akhmatov, bephila impilo ende futhi bacebile ezenzakalweni ezibucayi. Lokhu kuyaziqhenya futhi ngasikhathi sinye owesifazane onobuthakathaka kwakungufakazi wezinguquko ezimbili kanye nezimpi zezwe ezimbili. Umphefumulo wakhe wawela ukucindezelwa nokufa kwabantu abasondele kakhulu. I-Biography ka-Anna Akhmatova ifanelwe yinoveli noma i-adapt ephinde ngayo futhi yamenza waphila ngesikhathi, kanye nesizukulwane esizayo sokudlala, abaqondisi nababhali.
U-Anna Gorenko wazalwa ehlobo lika-1889 emndenini wezeluleko eziyifa kanye nonjiniyela osethathe umhlalaphansi we-Fleet Andrei Andreevich Gorenko kanye noNga Erasmovna Stack, ongowabadala abadala be-Odessa. Intombazane yazalelwa engxenyeni eseningizimu yedolobha, endlini, eyayisendaweni enkulu emthonjeni. Kwavela ukuthi kungokwesithathu kusuka ezinganeni eziyisithupha.
Lapho nje ingane ibinomnyaka owodwa ubudala, abazali bathuthela eSt. Petersburg, lapho inhloko yomndeni ithola khona isikhundla sabahloli bekolishi futhi yaba yisikhulu sokulawulwa kombuso ngemiyalo ekhethekile. Umndeni wazinza edolobhaneni lasebukhosini, zonke izinkumbulo zezingane ze-Akhmatova ezixhunyiwe kuzo. I-nanny yaxosha intombazane ukuba ihambe iye epaki le-tsarskoyel nakwezinye izindawo ezazikhunjulwa ngu-Alexander Pushkin. Izingane ziqeqeshe inhlonipho yezwe. U-Anya wafunda ngezinhlamvu zebhubesi uTolstoy, futhi isiFulentshi sifunde ngisho nasebuntwaneni, silalele othisha abafundisi abantwana bakhe abadala.
Izinkondlo zesikhathi esizayo zezemfundo ezitholwe eMariinsky Women Gymnasium. Izinkondlo zika-Anna Akhmatova zaqala ukubhala, ngokusho kwakhe, eminyakeni eyi-11. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi izinkondlo zakhe azizange zivulwe yimisebenzi ka-Alexander Pushkin noMikhail Lermontov, kanye ne-Oodas yaseNicriel Derzhavin kanye nenkondlo kaNicholas Nekrasov "Frost, ekhaleni ebomvu", okwakukhona iphindwane umama.
UGorenko Gorenko wathandana noSt. Petersburg kuze kube phakade futhi wambheka njengomuzi omkhulu wempilo yakhe. Wayelungele kakhulu imigwaqo yakhe, amapaki noNeva, lapho kwadingeka ngihambe nomama e-Evpatoria, bese eKiev. Abazali bahlukanisile lapho intombazane ineminyaka engu-16.
Ikilasi eliphakeme, waqedwa ekhaya, e-Evpatoria, kanti owokugcina waphela eKielic FunikleevSkaya Gymnasium. Ngemuva kokuqeda isifundo, iGorenko iba ngumfundi wesifazane wezifundo eziphakeme zesifazane ngokukhetha ubuhlakani bezomthetho. Kepha uma iLatyn nomlando welungelo kubangele ukuba nentshisekelo kunayo, khona-ke amandla abonakala enesifo esidikibazayo, ngakho-ke le ntombazane yaqhubeka isidina ku-Petersburg, ezifundweni zabesifazane ezingokomlando nasezibhalweni zeBhayibheli uN. P. Izifundo zabesifazane uN. P. I-RAEVA.
Izinkondlo
Akekho owenze emndenini we-Gorenko Poetry, "Mangaki iso elibona iso nxazonke." Ngomugqa weMama Inna Stogova uthole isihlobo esisezingeni eliphakeme u-Anna Bunin - umhumushi kanye nezimbongi. Ubaba akazange avume uthando lwendodakazi yezinkondlo futhi acelwe ukuba anganciphisi igama lakhe lokugcina. Ngakho-ke, izinkondlo zika-Anna Akhmatova azikaze zisayine igama langempela. Esihlahleni salo sohlu lozalo, wathola uPrababook-Tatarka, okusolakala ukuthi wawahola e-Ortane Khan Ahmat, futhi ngenxa yalokho waphenduka i-Akhmatov.
Emusha wokuqala, lapho intombazane ifunda eMariinianium Gymnasium, wahlangana nensizwa enethalente, ngemuva kwalokho imbongi edumile uNikolai Gumilyev. Futhi e-Evpatoria, naseKiev, le ntombazane yahambelana naye. Entwasahlobo yango-1910, bashada neSonto laseNikolaev, namhlanje emi edolobhaneni laseNikolskaya Slobodka eduze naseKiev. Ngaleso sikhathi, uGumilyev wayesephethwe yimbonde eyaziwa ngemibuthano ebhala.
Abasanda kushada baye bagubha i-honeymoon yabo eParis. Kwakuwumhlangano wokuqala we-Akhmatova ngeYurophu. Lapho esebuya, umyeni wethu wethula umfazi wakhe onethalente waba yimibuthano ebhaliwe kanye neyemibuthano yaseSt. Petersburg, wabona ngokushesha. Ekuqaleni wonke umuntu washaya ubuhle bakhe obungajwayelekile, obumangalisayo nesimo sasebukhosini. Phinda kabili, nge-hubber ecacile ekhaleni, "ngokuhlalwa" ukubonakala u-Akhmatova we-Ankna Akhmatova unqobe uNkulunkulu obhaliwe.
Ngokushesha, abalobi baseSt. Petersburg baphenduka ukuba bathunjwe ngobuhlakani balobu buhle bokuqala. U-Anna Akhmatova izinkondlo zothando, okungukuthi, lo muzwa omkhulu, waxosha impilo yakhe yonke, ubhala ngesikhathi senhlekelele yophawu. Izimbongi ezincane zizama zona kwamanye amakhempa okugeleza - ikusasa kanye ne-aqme. UGumileva-Akhmatova uthola udumo njengohlelo lwe-ACME.
I-1912 iba yi-Breakthrough nge-biography yayo. Lo nyaka ongalibaleki akagciniwe kuphela ngendodana yezinkondlo - uLev Gumilyov, kodwa kuphuma nokujikeleza okuncane kokuhlanganiswa kwakhe kokuqala okubizwa ngokuthi "kusihlwa". Ethafeni leminyaka, owesifazane owadlula ngaso sonke isikhathi lapho azelwe khona ukuthi azalwe adale, azobiza le ndalo yokuqala ngokuthi "amavesi ampofu entombazane engenalutho." Kepha izinkondlo zika-Akhmatova zathola owokuqala wabahlonishwa zazo zaletha udumo.
Ngemuva kweminyaka emibili, ukuhlanganiswa kwesibili kuphuma, okubizwa nge- "Knutka". Futhi bekuvele kunqotshwe kwangempela. Abalandeli kanye nabagxeki baphendula ngentshiseko ngomsebenzi wakhe, baphakamisela izinkomba zemfashini eziningi zesikhathi sazo esigabeni. U-Ahmatova akasakudingeli ukubhekelwa ngumyeni wakhe. Igama lakhe lizwakala lizwakala kakhulu kunegama likaGumileva. Ku-Revolutionary 1917, u-Anna ukhiqiza incwadi yakhe yesithathu - "White Farn". Kuphuma ukusakazwa okuhlaba umxhwele kwamakhophi ayizinkulungwane ezi-2. Lo mbhangqwana wahlukaniswa ngenkinga ka-1918.
Futhi ehlobo lika-1921, ukudubula uNikolai Gumileva. U-Ahmatova wakhathazeka kakhulu ngokufa kukaYise weNdodana yakhe nalowo muntu owaletha emhlabeni wezinkondlo.
Kusukela maphakathi nawo-1920s, izikhathi ezinzima ukuncintisana ngezinkondlo. Unaka eduze kwe-NKVD. Ayiphrintiwe. Izinkondlo ze-Akhmatova zibhalwe "etafuleni". Abaningi babo balahlekile lapho behamba. Ukuhlanganiswa kokugcina kwakhishwa ngo-1924. "Okuvusa inkanuko", "Falcon", "Izinkondlo ze-Anti-Commist" - isitembu esinjalo ngobuhlakani sasifaneleka-Anna Andreevna ebiza.
Isigaba esisha sobuhlakani bakhe sixhumene kakhulu nokuthola umphefumulo ngokuhlangenwe nakho kwabangabolwa babo bomdabu. Okokuqala, ngemuva kwendodana kaLoev. Ekwindla sekwephuzile ngo-1935, insimbi yokuqala ethusayo izwakale kowesifazane: Ngaso leso sikhathi indoda yesibili uNikolai Punti nendodana iboshiwe. Bazodedelwa ezinsukwini ezimbalwa, kepha izinkondlo ngeke zisaphumule empilweni. Kusukela manje kuqhubeke, kuzozizwa sengathi indandatho yokushushiswa ezungeze iyancipha.
Ngemuva kweminyaka emithathu, indodana iboshiwe. Ugwetshwe iminyaka engu-5 yamakamu okusebenza ngokusemthethweni. Ngonyaka ofanayo wesabekayo, u-Anna Andreevna noNikolai Puntin baphela. Umama okhathele uthwala ukudluliselwa eNdodaneni eziphambanweni. Eminyakeni efanayo, "isicelo" esidumile u-Anna Akhmatova uyaphuma.
Ukuze adambise impilo yendodana yakhe futhi ayikhiphe emakamu, izinkondlo eziphambi kwempi uqobo, ngawo-1940, ngawo-1940, zishicilela iqoqo "ezincwadini eziyisithupha". Nazi ziqoqiwe izinkondlo ezindala eziqinile futhi ezintsha, "zilungile" kusuka endaweni yokubukwa kwemibono ebusayo.
U-Anna Andreevna wahlanganisa impi enkulu yokuthanda izwe echithwe ekuhambeni eTashkent. Masinyane ngemuva kokunqoba, babuyela eLeningrad ekhululiwe futhi ebhujisiwe. Ukusuka lapho kuthuthela ngokushesha eMoscow.
Kepha akhulume namafu, iNdodana yadedelwa emakamu - yaphinde yavunyelwa. Ngo-1946, ubuqambi bakhe banqotshwa emhlanganweni olandelayo we-Writers Union, kwathi ngo-1949, uLev Gumilyev waphinde waboshwa. Kulokhu wagwetshwa iminyaka eyi-10. Owesifazane ongajabuli waphuka. Ubhala izicelo nezincwadi eziphendukayo enqoleni yezepolitiki, kodwa akekho ozwayo.
Ngemuva kokushiya ukuboshwa okulandelayo, ubudlelwano phakathi kukamama neNdodana iminyaka eminingi bahlala bushubile: Ibhubesi lalikholelwa ukuthi umama wafakwa endaweni yokuqala, ayemthanda kakhulu kunaye. Usuka kuye.
Amafu amnyama ngenhla kwekhanda lalesi simo esidumile, kodwa esijulile sowesifazane owayengajabule aphambuka kuphela ngaphansi kokuphela kwempilo yakhe. Ngo-1951 wabuyiselwa ebangeni lababhali. Izinkondlo akhmatova ephrintiwe. Maphakathi no-1960, u-Anna Andreeevna uthola umklomelo ohlonishwayo wase-Italy futhi ukhiqiza iqoqo elisha "isikhathi sokugijima". Futhi izinkondlo ezidumile i-Oxford University zabela iziqu zobudokotela.
Ekupheleni kweminyaka, imbongi kanye nomlobi wegama lomhlaba bagcina bavele bafika ekhaya lakhe. ILeningrad "Litfondlond" yaqhakambisa indlu enesizotha ehlathini eKomarovo. Kwakuyindlu encane, eyayihlanganisa i-veranda, iCorridor negumbi elilodwa.
Lonke "Ukunikezwa" kungumbhede oqinile, lapho izitini zasongelwa khona njengomlenze, itafula, eyakhiwe ngomnyango, ukudweba moduliani odongeni kanye nesithonjana sokuqala.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Lo mfazi wasebukhosini waba namandla amangalisayo phezu kwabesilisa. Ebusheni bakhe, u-Ana wayevumelana nezimo. Bathi bangavinjwa emuva, badonsele ikhanda phansi. Ngisho neMariins Ballerina yathinta leplastiki yemvelo emangalisayo. Futhi wayenamehlo amangalisayo ashintshile umbala. Abanye bathi amehlo e-akhmatova grey, abanye baphikisana lelo luhlaza, kanti okwesithathu kwaqinisekiswa ukuthi baluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
UNikolai Gumilyev wathandana no-Anna Gorenko ekuqaleni kokubona. Kepha intombazane yayihlanya ngoVladimir Glenchev-Kutuzov, umfundi ongazange anake. I-gymnasium esencane yahlupheka yaze yazama ukulengisa esipikili. Ngenhlanhla, wehla odongeni lobumba.
Kubonakala sengathi, indodakazi yazuzwa njengefa ukwehluleka kukamama. Umshado awuzange ulethe izinkondlo zenjabulo nomunye wabayeni abathathu abasemthethweni. Impilo yomuntu siqu ka-Anna Akhmatova kwakuwukudideka nohlobo oluthile lwe-rashpatnaya. Bamshintsha, washintsha. Umyeni wokuqala wathwalwa uthando luka-Ana kuyo yonke impilo yakhe emfushane, kodwa ngasikhathi sinye wayenengane ebabazekayo, wonke umuntu ayemazi ngayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uNikolai Gumilyev akazange aqonde ukuthi kungani umkakhe amthandayo, ngombono wakhe, kwakungeyona inkondlo ebabazekayo, ibangela injabulo enjalo nokuphakanyiswa kwabantu abasha. Izinkondlo zika-Anna Akhmatova mayelana nothando zazibonakala zide kakhulu futhi zikhudlwana.
Ekugcineni, bahlukana.
Ngemuva kokuhlukana, u-Anna Andreevna wayengenayo ipeni evela kwabalandeli. Amazinyo kaValentin amnika i-oakhali yama-roses abizayo futhi aqhaqhazela komunye ebusweni bakhe, kepha okuthandwayo kobuhle kunikeze uNikolay Nicholas. Kodwa-ke, washeshe wamshintsha.
Umshado wesibili noVladimir Shileiko wachaza u-Anama, wawela: "Isehlukaniso ... Umuzwa omuhle!".
Ngonyaka ngemuva kokushona komyeni wokuqala, wahlukana nowesibili. Futhi ezinyangeni eziyisithupha kamuva bashada okwesithathu. UNikolai Punin - isazi-mlando sobuciko. Kepha impilo yomuntu siqu ka-Anna Akhmatova ayisebenzanga naye.
IPhini likaMnumzane wabantu wokukhanyiselwa kweLunacharsky Pun, owavikela abangenamakhaya ahmatov ngemuva kwesehlukaniso, futhi akazange ajabule. Lona umkaN omusha wayehlala efulethini nomfazi wangaphambilini uPunin nendodakazi yakhe, bedlula imali bebe ebhulukwe elijwayelekile lokudla. Indodana ezayo indodana uLeo yabekwa ebusuku ephareji elibandayo futhi yazizwa iyintandane, yanakwa yaphakade.
Impilo yomuntu siqu ka-Anna Akhmatova kwakuwukushintsha ngemuva komhlangano nodokotela wendoda ye-patonaanan, kodwa ngaphambi komshado uqobo, umama oshonile, akazange athathe umthakathi endlini. Umshado ukhanseliwe.
Ukushona
Ukufa kuka-Anna Akhmatova ngoMashi 5, 1966, kubonakala sengathi kwashaqeka wonke umuntu. Yize wayeseneminyaka engama-76 ngaleso sikhathi. Yebo, wayegula isikhathi eside futhi kanzima. Izinkondlo zafa eSanatorium eduze naseMoscow to DoDedovo. Ngobusuku bokufa, wacela ukuba alethe isivumelwano esisha, esifuna ukuhlanganisa nemibhalo yesandla yeKumrani.
Umzimba we-Akhmatova waseMoscow waphuthuma waphuthuma ukuthumela kuLeningrad: Iziphathimandla azizange zikufune ukungaziphathi. Wamngcwaba emathuneni amaKomarovsky. Ngaphambi kokuba afe, indodana noMama abakwazanga ukudideka: Abazange bakhulume iminyaka eminingana.
Ethuneni likaMama, uLev Gumilylv wakhipha udonga lwamatshe ngewindi, okwakufanele afanekisela udonga eziphambanweni, lapho amgqokisa khona ukuba adlulise. Ekuqaleni, ethuneni kwakumi isiphambano sokhuni, lapho ebuza u-Ana noRereevna, kodwa ngo-1969 kwavela itshe.
I-Anna Akhmatova Museum itholakala eSt. Petersburg emgwaqweni ngu-Avtovskaya. Okunye okukodwa kuvulwa endlini ethile lapho ayehlala khona iminyaka engama-30. Iminyuziyamu eyalandela kamuva, amabhodi angalibaleki kanye nokukhululeka kwavela eMoscow, eTashkent, eKiev, u-Odessa nakwamanye amadolobha amaningi lapho kwakuhlala khona uMnyuziyamu.
Izinkondlo
- 1912 - "Kusihlwa"
- Ngo-1914 - "Ukuhlanzwa"
- 1922 - "I-White Farn"
- Ngo-1921 - "Plantain"
- Ngo-1923 - "U-Anno Domini mcMXXI"
- 1940 - "Kusuka ezincwadini eziyisithupha"
- Ngo-1943 - "U-Anna Akhmatova. Izintandokazi "
- 1958 - "U-Anna Akhmatova. Inkondlo "
- Ngo-1963 - "Requiem"
- 1965 - "Isikhathi esisebenzayo"