I-Biograge
Ezinye izazi-zezomlando kanye nezomnotho ziphikisana nokuthi lo muntu ekusebenzeni kwezinguquko ezenziwe nguNgqongqoshe wasebukhosini wasePeter Stolpin. Wabizwa ngokuthi intandokazi kaJoseph Stalin, oyikhadi elimpunga, kepha ngasikhathi sinye iNhloko enobungcweti kakhulu nephumelela kahulumeni waseSoviet.
Abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi uma elalele futhi bavumele ukuletha ekugcineni kokuguqulwa futhi baqala ngezinguquko eziphakathi kwemikha ka-1960 embonini, i-USSR ibingakwazi ukuba izwe elizimele ngempela elalikhiphe izimboni zezimpahla.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, abantu bazi ukuthi isisekelo somnotho, lapho iRussia ibambe khona namhlanje, wayidala. Futhi waba ngumnikazi wamarekhodi ngobude bokuhlala ekhanda likahulumeni waseSoviet Union.
Ngemuva kwaloko, kuneminyaka engu-16 ubudala kungumlando akekho ophukile ngemuva kwakhe. Ngasikhathi sinye, ngojenene weNikita Khrushchev noLeonid Brezhnev, lesi sikhulu sesixhumanisi esiphakeme kakhulu sasinobudlelwano obunzima. Kepha wabekezelelwa ngobungcweti obuphakeme kakhulu, engatholi indawo efanelekile.
Ubuntwana nentsha
U-Alexei Nikolaevich Koshigina ogqamile we-biography wezepolitiki waphenduka ngenxa ye-Okthoba Revolution. Ngemuva kwakho konke, amanye amathuba afike ku-olympus ebusayo avela kumfana owazalelwa emndenini wesisebenzi esilula, ngemodi yasebukhosini bekungeke kube khona.
U-Alexey Nikolaevich Kosygin uvele ngokukhanya kwa-21st, futhi ngokwesitayela esidala ngoFebhuwari 8, 1904 eSt. Petersburg. Mayelana nemininingwane yakhe yobuntwana i-Scanty. Kuyaziwa kuphela ukuthi abazali abasanda kuzalwa babhapathizwa e-Orthodox Rite ngoMashi wonyaka ofanayo eSontweni le-Self-Strikimenz.
Lapho eneminyaka engu-15, u-Alexey, ngaleso sikhathi, umfundi wePetrovsky Real School wathunyelwa ngokuzinikela embuthweni obomvu. Le nsizwa yakha izinhlaka zokuzivikela. Futhi ngemuva kweminyaka emithathu, yabuya yaya ePetrograd futhi yathola iziqu ekuqeqeshweni. Njengoba usuthole idiploma yesikole sobuchwepheshe sokubambisana, uchwepheshe osemusha waya eSiberia eyokwakha ukukhushulwa.
Inkambo
Ngomnotho wokuphromotha owayekhona kuleso sikhathi kwakuyi-oasis ethile, emingceleni yokuthi ubuntu babukhuthazeke ngalo. Futhi imibono yayo yokuqala njengosomnotho u-Alexei Kosygin wakhiwa kule "Oasis yenkululeko yezomnotho." Ukwazile ukuzibonakalisa kahle futhi akhombisa isekela lokuphatha elithembisayo. Ngakho-ke, yathunyelwa ukuze iqhubeke nokuqeqeshwa. Umfana ubuyela emuva eLeningrad, lapho athola khona imfundo ephakeme kwi-Textile Institute.
Ngo-1935, umsebenzi wochwepheshe osemusha waqala ukunyakaza okusheshayo. Iminyaka emi-2, u-Alexey wakwazi "ukukhula" kwi-Master of the Oktyabrskaya Texteile Factoct kuMqondisi wayo. Kepha wakwazile inhlangano isikhathi esingaphezu konyaka: Impumelelo yeKosygin kulesi sikhundla yaphenduka ihlelwe kangangokuba yabekwa nguSihlalo weKomidi eliPhezulu likaLeningrad Omkhandlu Wabasebenzi kanye.
I-Swessness Lomuntu owayeqhubekela phambili kulo msebenzi we-career emangalisayo: ngonyaka owedlule, waqokwa esikhundleni somlutha womkhakha wezindwangu weSoviet Union.
Abanye abagxeki bathi intuthuko efanelekile yomakhelwane "wefreyimu" yachazwa "ebhentshini elingenalutho." Kusolwa ukuthi u-Lenin-Stalinsky Terrory "uzisontekile" kubo bonke ochwepheshe abafuna ukuvelela, ngakho-ke kwadingeka ngisuse abafundi bebhizinisi abasebasha abaphucwa izifiso zezepolitiki.
Ngokwezinga elithile, lokhu kuyiqiniso: isici esihlukile sawo wonke umsebenzi ka-Alethei Koshygin ubenokungabaza okuphelele ukubamba iqhaza kuma-intrigies nakumzabalazo ongenalutho wamandla. Kepha iqiniso ukuthi wayengumsebenzi wesigaba esiphakeme kakhulu.
UStalin, owayengamethembi ozakwethu abaningi futhi wesaba ukuphendukela kubo ngomhlane wakhe, wabonga amagama e-kosygin kakhulu. Lo ngcweti osemusha wasabela ngokuphelele kule mibandela, okuthi, ngokusho kukaJoseph Vissariovich, kufanele abe nosomabhizinisi ofanele waseSoviet.
Impi enkulu yokuthanda izwe lonke yayiwumphathi weminyaka engu-37 ye- "Isikhathi Sokuhlolwa", lapho kwakwethusa khona ukuyonakalisa amakhulukhulu, uma kungenjalo izinkulungwane eziningi, izimpilo. U-Alexey Kosygin ngoJuni 1941 waqokwa ngusihlalo weStalin weStalin woMkhandlu wokuphuma kwamabhizinisi wezimboni. Lesi sikhulu sasiholwa yiqembu labahloli, elikwazile ukuthumela ekuhambeni empumalanga izitshalo ezibalulekile ezingaphezu kuka-1,500 namafektri ezwe. Futhi akazange akwehlise phansi.
Ngakho-ke, kuyasiza ukumangala ukuthi ebusika bango-1942 kwakuyinselele enzima kunazo zonke emahlombe aso: nikeza inselelo ye-leningrad yayo futhi yakhe "indlela yokuphila" eLadoga Lake. Izazi-mlando, zihlaziya izenzo ze-kosygin encane, ziguqula ngokombono wokuthi wenza konke okusemandleni. Kwathi ngo-1943, u-Alexey Nikolayevich wayevele eholwa nguMkhandlu Wabantu Bantu BaseRSFSR. Lokhu kuqokwa kwakuwubufakazi bokuhola okuphezulu kakhulu kwezethemba.
UStalin, odumisa abathile abelindele ngeze, bangena obala iKosygin. Cishe, ukuzethemba okuphezulu kukaGeneralissimus kwavela ukuthi ngabe imbangela yokucindezelwa iwine kuphela ikhanda lika-Alexei Nikoleyevich eduze kwekhanda.
Lapho kubulawe "ibhizinisi le-leningrad", ngenxa yophenyo lwalo "izinhloko zekhanda" zeqembu lonke elisolwa ngokuhlukaniswa nezinye izono zabaholi beqembu, iKosygin ingangena kahle kwinani elicindezelwe. Yize kunjalo, induna "yabasebenzi" ye-WCP (B) kanye noNobhala weKomidi eliCentral, u-Alexey Kuznetov, uhlobene no-Alexey Kosygin. Wayeshade nomzala womkakhe.
Entwasahlobo yango-1946, i-Alethei Koshygin Biography iyaqhubeka nokuvela. Manje useyiphini likasihlalo woMkhandlu WeziNgqongqoshe be-USSR. Kungekudala unqunywe ngumuntu okhethwayo kumalungu e-portro yeKomidi eliseCentral of the CPSU (B).
Mayelana nememori emihle kanye nekhono elimangalisayo lika-Alexey Koshygin likhuliswe ngokushesha emqondweni wezinombolo ezibucayi zibe sezinganekwane. UStalin wambiza ngokuthi "Arithmometer". Wayeyisikhulu se-atypical. Akathandanga ukuthanda futhi wagwema imikhosi. Imihlangano yakhe yayihlale imfushane futhi ithi "yomile": wagcizelela ngokushesha umongo futhi "akazange acabange emzimbeni," ngaphandle kokuvumela ukuba kwenziwe ngaphansi.
Lapho uJoseph Vissariovich efa, futhi akazange abe nesikhathi sokufeza i-ELITE's Reged Shift, iKosygin yakwazi ukumelana namandla. "Ukuqapha okudala" ngemuva kokufa kukaGeneralissimus kwaqala ngokushesha 'ukuhlukumeza' ozimele abasebasha abekwe uStalin.
U-Alexei Nikoleyevich naye "wathuthala": yize asuswe esikhundleni soMkhandlu woMkhandlu futhi akhetha uMnyango Wezembobo engenalutho, kodwa azange amthethelele ngokuphelele emandleni - banikeza isivilo sezivumelwano. Manje uKosygin wayenesibopho sokukhiqizwa kwezimpahla zabathengi.
Wazihlukanisa nalapha, ekhombisa indlela ecabangayo ebhizinisini eliqinisiwe. Ngakho-ke, ehlobo lika-1953, u-Alexey Nikolaevich wayeholwa yinkonzo ehlelwe kabusha yemikhiqizo yokudla, edalwe yi-drain yeminyango eminingana edlule. Futhi ngoDisemba wonyaka ofanayo, wabuyela ekutheni iPhini likaSihlalo woMkhandlu Wabafundisi.
Ungqongqoshe waya emisebenzini yakhe, waya ezinganekwaneni. Isibonelo, ngemuva kokuphela kwempi, u-Alexey Kosygin waphonsa ukubhema. Kepha ngolunye usuku wahamba wayothatha ifektri entsha kagwayi eGeorgia. Ngesikhathi sengxoxo nomqondisi waso, wamcela ukuba abheme. Wamnika ugwayi owazithoba - welula iphakethe lokukhiqizwa kwaseMelika. UNgqongqoshe wenzeka wahamba. Umqondisi wefektri washintsha.
Ngesikhathi sokubusa kweKhrushchev Kosygin futhi futhi. Ngawo-1960, uba yiSekela lokuqala nguSihlalo weSovmina we-USSR. Futhi ngemuva kwe- "Palace Pup" ngo-1964, uLeonid Brezhnev wandisa iKosygin ekhanda likahulumeni. Ngasikhathi sinye, uBrezhnev akathandi abaphathi abanolwazi kakhulu. Futhi kuphela okungukungabi nalo okubangelwa yilusizo nokungabikho kwesifiso sokuhlala phansi nokumangala kwaba imbangela yokuqhubeka nokukhula komsebenzi.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi i-Alexey Kosygin, okuwukuphela kwe-portburo evotele ukwethulwa kwamasosha aseSoviet e-Afghanistan, lapho inxusa lukaLeonid Ilyich, yena uqobo wambheka.
Wayengabaphathi abaqhakazile owakwazi ukuxazulula ngokushesha izinkinga ezahlukahlukene zamazwe omhlaba. Ngokuzibandakanya kwakhe ngqo, izingxabano ze-Arab-Israel zango-1967 kwathi ngo-1973 zaxazululwa. Wasiza ekutholeni ukuqedwa kwezikhwebu zamabhomu amaMelika e-Indochina ekuqaleni kweminyaka yo-1970. Kepha ukunqoba kwakhe okuyinhloko emkhakheni wezombusazwe kubhekwa njengemvume yengxabano enkulu yeSoviet-Chinese. Bathi, kubonga izingxoxo ezingama-4 eziqhakazile, u-Alexei Nikoleyevich esikhungweni saseBeijing wavinjelwa impi yaseSoviet-Chinese.
Ngaphezu kokuphumelela ukubiza izinguquko zayo zezomnotho embonini. Babizwa nangokuthi "Kosyginsky". Inhloko yeSovmina yatshela ukwanda kokuzimela kwamabhizinisi nokubalwa kokuhlukaniswa komnotho wezwe. Ngibonga yena, into enjalo njengoba ukukhiqizwa okukhulu kwahanjiswa esikhathini esedlule, okwathathelwa indawo yinkomba yemikhiqizo ebonakalayo.
U-Alexey Koshyna wabalwa kanzima. Ngemuva kwakho konke, umbono wakhe wokuthuthuka kwezomnotho ngokufanele wasuswa ngenhloso "nemigomo ye-lenin" futhi waze washaya "indlela enonhlobo". Ngokunokwenzeka, izinguquko zesahluko sesemin zihlangabezane nokumelana okukhulu kwezikhulu ezindala ezigudluzayo futhi azilethwanga ekuqedeni okunengqondo. Kepha into esemqoka ukuthi, ngenxa yokuwohloka kwezempilo, u-Alexey Nikolayevich akakwazanga ukufezekiswa, kuyenzeka ukwenza umugqa oyinhloko wesabelomali ungathumelenga uwoyela ongahluziwe kanye negesi, kepha imikhiqizo yabo iyacutshungulwa.
Akunjalo kudala, inguqulo emangalisayo yaqala ukuhamba nge-Intanethi, okuyi-Alexey Kosygin Son Nicholas II. Lokho wukuthi, uSinda uTsarevich Alethei Nikolayevich, indlalifa yendlu kaRomanov. Okushiwoyo yingakho ingane u-Alexei Koshigina iyisikhwama esiqinile. Labo abakholelwa kule nguqulo yezinganekwane bakhomba uhlobo oluthile lokufana ezithombeni zezingane zika-Alexey Kosygin no-Alexey Romanova. Akusho ukuthi akekho noyedwa owayezwa isikhulu seSoviet sihlushwa i-hemophilia.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Le ndoda yaze yazethemba futhi inesizotha. Futhi - unesibindi esijulile. Kukhishwe yiposi, kwathi owake waba yisikhulu se-VIP kamuva washiya uMbuso uDacha waya efulethini lakhe elinesizotha, ethatha izinto zomuntu siqu kuphela nezincwadi. Indlu yakhe yezwe ayikaze ivele.
Akazange anikeze ingcebo ebaluleke kakhulu, yize ayengakwazi. Isibonelo, ngesikhathi sokuhambela amazwe ahlukahlukene, izipho zazivame ukumletha. Uma evuma ukubathatha, wangena ngokushesha emhlanganweni wombuso noma esikoleni esiphakeme. Isibonelo, emazweni angama-Arabhu isikhulu esivelele saseSoviet sinezinkemba eziphindaphindwayo nama-sabers, ahlotshiswe ngamadayimane namanye amatshe ayigugu. Kepha angikaze uKosygin wasishiya yena isipho.
Impilo yomuntu siqu ka-Alexey Koshigina ngunkosikazi wakhe kuphela kaClaudia Andreyevna Krivoshein. Basho lo wesifazane ohlonishwa nguStalin uqobo. Emhlanganweni wakhe, akakaze azizwe enobugwale.
Ngo-1968, u-Alexey Nikolaevich waba ngumfelokazi: Umlingani othandekayo washona ngoMeyi 1, lapho emi kwiPodium yeMausoleum. UClaudia Andreevna uqobo wathumela umyeni wakhe, wachitha ubusuku ewadini yakhe, esikwele esikwele, ebona ukubaluleka kwakhe emcimbini.
Akakaze azishade. Futhi indaba enezimpawu ezizwakalayo noLyudmila Zykina kwakuwukulahlekelwa yinhlebo. Kamuva kwenye yezingxoxo, umshayeli weKosygin wathi uChef wakhe wethula kumuntu oshonile unkosikazi wakhe waya kuwo wonke amabhizinisi ahamba njenge-talisman.
Emshadweni ojabulayo kaKoshigin noKrivoshein, indodakazi kaLyudmila yazalwa, kamuva waba ngumqondisi womtapo wezincwadi wezinto zakwamanye amazwe futhi waveza abazali babazukulu ababili - uTatiana no-Alexey Gwishiani. Namuhla, u-Alexey Jermenovich Gwishiani ungusosayensi odumile we-geoinformatics, i-Academian RAS kanye nomqondisi we-Geophysical Center of the Russian Academy of Science.
Ukushona
U-Alexey Kosygin wayithanda impilo yakhe yonke impilo yakhe futhi wazama ukukwenza uma kungenzeka. Wathandana nge-ski ebusika nangomugqa weKayak ehlobo. Kepha ngemuva kwengozi eyodwa, lapho isikebhe saphenduka kwathi u-Alethei Nikolavich akakwazi ukusindisa, wayeka ukusengozini.
Ngo-1974 waba ne-microinsinti. Kwakuyinto yokuqala "yensimbi." Inhliziyo yaqala ukufingqa ngemuva kokuthi umzimba ujwayele imithwalo "ekhishwe" kuyo. Futhi ngemuva kweminyaka engu-5, iKosygin yathola ukuhlaselwa kwenhliziyo okubanzi.
Ngo-Okthoba, wakhululwa emisebenzini yelungu lezepolitiki kanye noSihlalo woMkhandlu WeziNgqongqoshe. Wafaka isitatimende ngokwakhe, abaningi ozakwabo abangazange benze, babambelele esihlalweni kuze kube sekupheleni.
Ngemuva kokuhlaselwa yinhliziyo yesibili kwacaca ukuthi kwabhekwa izinsuku zalo muntu. Washona ekuseni ngoDisemba 18, 1980, ngo-Eva wosuku lokuzalwa lukaBrezhnev. Ukuze ungagugi imfihlo ephezulu, umngcwabo wahlelwa kuphela ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyi-6, ngoDisemba 24, 1980. Isidumbu sika-Alexei nikolayevich sishiswe futhi sishiswe odongeni lweKremlin.