I-Biograge
U-Alexey Peshkov, owaziwa kangcono ngokuthi umbhali Maxim Gorky, ngezincwadi zaseRussia nezeSoviet inani le-Cult. Uqokwe amahlandla amahlanu kuya kuNobel emvuzweni kaNobel, bekungumbhali oshicilelwe kakhulu waseSoviet ubukhona be-USSR futhi wabhekwa njenge-par no-Alexander Sergeyevich pushkin noLviv Tolstoy Chief Creacing
Wazalelwa edolobheni laseCanvino, ngaleso sikhathi eyayisesifundazweni saseNizhny Novgorod, manje kungenye yezifunda zaseNizhny Novgorod. Uyise uMaxim Peshkov wayengumjoyine, futhi eminyakeni yamuva nje yokuphila waphatha ihhovisi lokuthumela. Umama kaVarvara Vasilyevna washona eChakhotka, ngakho abazali baka-Alyoshe Peshkov bathatha indawo enkulu ugogo we-Akulin Ivanovna. Kusukela ngeminyaka eyi-11, umfana waphoqeleka ukuthi aqale ukusebenza: UMaxim Gorky wayengumthunywa esitolo, ibhakede le-burst, umsizi wePapary kanye nomdwebi we-Icon kanye nomdwebi wesithonjana. UMaxim Gorky Biography uboniswa mathupha kumuntu uqobo ezindinganisweni "zobuntwana", "kubantu" kanye "namanyuvesi ami".
Ngemuva komzamo ongaphumelelanga wokuba ngumfundi weNyuvesi yaseKazan University ngenxa yokuxhumana nombuthano wamaMarxist, umlobi wesikhathi esizayo waba nogada ojantshile. Futhi ngo-23, insizwa izulazula ezweni futhi yakwazi ukufika eCaucasus. Kwakukhona phakathi nalolu hambo ukuya kuMaxim Gorky amarekhodi ambalwa imicabango yakhe, okuzoba yisisekelo semisebenzi yakhe yesikhathi esizayo. Ngendlela, izindaba zokuqala zikaMaxim Gorky zaqala ukushicilelwa, futhi, cishe ngesikhathi.
Usuvele waba ngumlobi odumile, u-Alexey Peshkov amaqabunga e-United States, wabe esethuthela e-Italy. Lokhu kwenzeke nakancane ngenxa yezinkinga neziphathimandla, njengoba kwesinye isikhathi ziveza eminye imithombo, kodwa ngenxa yezinguquko empilweni yomndeni. Yize kubuhlungu ukuqhubeka nokubhala izincwadi zokuguqula izinguquko. Ubuyele eRussia ngo-1913, wahlala eSt. Petersburg futhi waqala ukusebenzela abamemezeli abahlukahlukene.
Kunelukuluku lolo ngakho konke ukubukwa kweMarxist, ukuguqulwa kuka-Okthoba kwePeshKov kubonakale kukungabaza. Ngemuva kweMpi Yombango, uMaxim Gorky, owayenokungaboni ngaso linye nohulumeni omusha, futhi abuyele phesheya, kodwa ngo-1932 ekugcineni abuyele ekhaya.
Umlobi
Owokuqala kwezindaba ezishicilelwe uMaxim Gorky waba nguMakar Miranda odumile, owadedelwa ngo-1892. Futhi udumo kumlobi waletha ama-Essays kanye nezindaba ezimbili. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ukusakazwa kwalawa mavolumu kucishe kube kathathu kuvame ukwamukelwa kuleyo minyaka. Emisebenzini ethandwa kakhulu yaleso sikhathi, kufanelekile ukubheka izindaba "abesifazane asebekhulile", "kwangaphambilini kwangaphambilini", "Chelkash", "amashumi amabili nesithupha neyodwa", kanye nenkondlo ". Enye inkondlo "Ingoma yePetrel" yaba ukwethembeka. Okuningi okuningi maxim gorky okukhokhelwe izincwadi zezingane. Isibonelo, wabhala izindaba eziningi ezinganekwane, "i-vorobanyshko", "iSamovar", "Tales of Italy", yanyathelisa iphephabhuku lezingane lokuqala elikhethekile eSoviet Union kanye namaholide ahlelekile wezingane ezivela emindenini empofu.
Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuqonda umsebenzi womlobi wombhali uMaxim Gorky "ezansi", "Messenger" kanye "Egor Boylchov nabanye", lapho aveza khona ithalente lomdlandla futhi aveze ngayo impilo yakhe. Ukubaluleka okukhulu kwamasiko ngezincwadi zaseRussia kunendaba "ubuntwana" kanye "kubantu", amanoveli ezenhlalo "nomama" kanye "nebhizinisi le-artAmon". Umsebenzi wokugcina we-gorky yiqhaza elithi "impilo kaKlim Samgin", enegama lesibili elithi "iminyaka engamashumi amane". Ngale mbhalo wesandla, umlobi wasebenza iminyaka engu-11, kodwa akazange abe nesikhathi sokuqeda.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Impilo yomuntu siqu maxim i-gorky yayinesivunguvungu. Kweyokuqala nangokusemthethweni, wathatha iminyaka engama-28. Ngomkakhe uCatherine Volzhina, le nsizwa yahlangana endlini yokushicilela "iphephandaba laseSamara", lapho intombazane yasebenza khona njengeyisiqalo. Ngemuva konyaka emshadweni, indodana kaMaxim yavela emndenini, futhi maduze nendodakazi kaCatherine, yaqanjwa ngokuthi umama. Futhi ekukhulisweni kombhali kwakungu-sverdlov wakhe wobukhosi, owathatha igama lokugcina likaPeshkov.
Kepha uthando lwegalofu lunyamalala ngokushesha. Waqala ukwenza impilo yomndeni kanye nomshado wabo noCatherine Volzhina waphenduka inyunyana yabazali: bahlala ngokubambisana ngenxa yezingane. Lapho indodakazi encane uKatya yafa kungazelelwe, lo mcimbi odabukisayo wawungumfutho wokuphuka kwezibopho zomndeni. Kodwa-ke, uMaxim Gorky nomkakhe, kuze kube sekupheleni kwempilo, bahlala abangane futhi bayisekela ukuxhumana.
Ngemuva kokuhlukana nonkosikazi wakhe, uMaxim Gorky no-Anton Pavlovich Chekhov wahlangana nomlingisi wethitali we-Mkhatov Theatre Maria Andreva, owaba umkakhe uqobo eminyakeni eyi-16 eyalandela. Kwakungenxa yomsebenzi wakhe ukuthi umbhali wayesuka eMelika nase-Italy. Indodakazi ka-Catherine nendodana ka-Andrei, eyazibandakanya noMaxim Peshkov-Gorky, yahlala ebudlelwaneni obudlule bomlingisi. Kepha ngemuva kwenguquko, u-Andreev wahlatshwa umxhwele umsebenzi weqembu, kwaba ukunakwa kakhulu emndenini, ngakho ngo-1919 kwaphela nalobu buhlobo.
Iqiniso lakha umunyu, lithi wayelala uMaria Budberg, owayenguBarness noBreen-isikhathi unobhala wakhe. Nalona wesifazane, umlobi waphila iminyaka engu-13 ubudala. Umshado, njengaleyo eyedlule, ayibhalisiwe. Umfazi wokugcina uMaxim Gorky wayeneminyaka engama-24 ubudala kunaye, futhi bonke abajwayelekile babekwazi ukuthi "'wayengumanoveli avukelayo' ohlangothini. Omunye wabathandi bakankosikazi kaGorky kwakungu-Englication Herbert Wells, lapho ashiye khona masinyane ngemuva kokushona komlingani wangempela. Kunethuba elikhulu lokuthi uMaria Budberg, owayenedumela labasubisi futhi ahlanganyele ngokungalingani nemizimba ye-NKVD, angaba yi-ejenti ephindwe kabili futhi asebenze kubuhlakani besiNgisi.
Ukushona
Ngemuva kokubuyela kokugcina e-Motherland ngo-1932, iMaxim Gorky isebenza emaphephandabeni nakumamagazini, yakha uchungechunge lwezincwadi "umlando wefekthri", "umlando wempi yempi", "umlando wempi yombango", uhlela futhi ubambe owokuqala Yonke inhlangano yengqungquthela yababhali baseSoviet. Ngemuva kokushona kweNdodana engalindelekile kusuka ekuvuvukeni kwamaphaphu omlobi. Kokunye ukuvakashela ethuneni likaMaxim, wayebanda kakhulu. Amasonto amathathu kaGorky abenomkhuhlane, aholele ekufeni ngoJuni 18, 1936. Isidumbu somlobi waseSoviet sashiswa, kwafakwa uthuli odongeni lwesiKremlin esikwele esibomvu. Kepha i-Gorky yase-Pre-Brain Maxim yasuswa yadluliselwa kwiSikhungo Sokucwaninga ngesikhungo sokuqhubeka nokufunda.
Kamuva, lo mbuzo waphakanyiswa kaningana kangangokuba umlobi odumile nendodana yakhe benganobuthi. Kulokhu, kwakunguDenry Yagoda we-Henry Henry Henry Henry, owayengubani umthandi womkakhe uMaxim Peshkov. Futhi kwasolisa ukubandakanyeka kwebhubesi iTrotsky ngisho noJoseph Stalin. Ngesikhathi sokucindezelwa kanye nokucatshangelwa kodokotela abadumile ", odokotela bakwaTroim babebhekwa benecala, kubandakanya nokufa kukaMaxim Gorky.
Izincwadi Maxim Gorky
- 1899 - UThomas Gordev
- 1902 - ezansi
- 1906 - Umama
- Ngo-1908 - Impilo yendoda engenasidingo
- 1914 - Ingane
- Ngo-1916 - Kubantu
- 1923 - Amanyuvesi ami
- Ngo-1925 - Indaba ye-Aramonov
- Ngo-1931 - I-EGOR BOYCHOV nabanye
- Ngo-1936 - Impilo Klim Samgin