I-Biograge
UPaul ngingumbusi onesiphetho esinzima. Akukona ngengozi ukuthi ummeleli we-russist Desnasty Dynasty wathola igama lesidlaliso hamlet. I-biography yombusi yaphenduka yagcwala izehlakalo ezinkulu, kusukela ezintabeni nasekupheleni ngokufa okuthe xaxa lapho eba isisulu sokwenza uzungu lwesigodlo. IBhodi elenziwe nguPaul nganginokuphikisana kangangokuba ososayensi babuza ukuthi ngabe unguMguquli noma udelela.Ubuntwana nentsha
UMbusi wonke-Russian Paul kuqala ungumlandeli weRoyal Genes Romanov, indodana ka-Catherine II noPeter III. Yize ngenxa yamahlaya kayise esihlokweni esingesihloko esithi "Akukaziwa ukuthi unkosikazi kumkakhe" akaziwa ", abaningi babheka uYise kaPaul ngithandwa uCatherine Alekseevna Sergey Saltykov. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izibulo lazalwa kuphela ngemuva kweminyaka eyishumi yomshado.
Kodwa-ke, ukufana kwangaphandle kukaPawulu noPhetro kufanele kubhekwe njengempendulo emahlelweni anjalo. Ubuntwana bokuzifaka okuzayo akunakubizwa ngokuthi ujabule. Ngenxa yomzabalazo wezepolitiki, i-Empress Empress Yamanje i Petrovna yayasaba okokuqala kukaPawuli, umzukulu wokuxhumana nabazali bakhe futhi wazungeza amabutho amaNanny nothisha, abamiswa kakhulu ngaphambi kwabantu abasezingeni eliphakeme kakhulu kunokuba akhathazeke emfana.
Izazi zezimbali zikaPawulu zithi le nsizwa yathola imfundo engcono, eyayingenzeka kuphela ngaleso sikhathi. Ukulahlwa kwayo kwanikezwa umtapo wezincwadi obanzi we-Acadomian Johann Korf. Othisha bafundise indlalifa esihlalweni sobukhosi ngomthetho kaNkulunkulu, izilimi zakwamanye amazwe, imidanso kanye nobisi, ukupenda nezinye izinto zesayensi.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi azikho izifundo ezingekho lutho oluhlangene nezindaba zezempi, kodwa osemusha ofunayo ngokwakhe waqala ukubandakanyeka kubo. Catherine II, wajoyina isihlalo sobukhosi, wasayina isibopho sokudlulisela eNdodaneni kaPavel ngibusa ekufezeni izinsizwa zentsha.
Kodwa-ke, lo mbhalo awugcinwanga: Mhlawumbe ukucindezela kwabhubhisa iphepha, futhi mhlawumbe kuyinganekwane nje. Kepha babhekise ebhodini elibi kakhulu lamaJalimane e-Iron, kufaka phakathi i-Emely Pugachev, abhekiswe esitatimendeni esinjalo.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Ngokusemthethweni, uPaul ngashada kabili. Umlingani wokuqala, i-Great Princess Alekseevna, ngokuzalwa kwakuyinkosazana yaseJalimane kaWilhelmina Hesse-Darmstadt. Le ntokazi yafa iminyaka emi-2 ngemuva komshado ngesikhathi sokubeletha. Indodana yokuqala kaPawulu ngazalwa ifile. Ngawo lowo nyaka, uMbusi wesikhathi esizayo waphinda washada futhi wathuthela nonkosikazi omusha eGatchina, lapho achitha khona izivivinyo zezempi.
Unkosikazi kaPavlo Petrovich uMaria Fedorovna ngaphambi komshado, ebusheni bakhe, wabizwa ngokuthi uSofia Maria dorothey, futhi wayemiselwe ukuba ngumama ngaso leso sikhathi ababusi ababili, lo mshado awuzange uthandeke nje kombuso, kaPawulu ngokweqiniso wathandana nentombazane. UMbusi wabhala umdabu wakhe ukuthi "lokhu kuqhakaza kobuso obumnandi kwakhangwa ngumfelokazi."
E-Union noMaria Fedorovna, izingane eziyi-10 zazalwa ngoMbusi. Ngaphezu kwalezi zitsheke ezingenhla ezishiwo ngenhla, uMikhail Pavlovich, owasungula isikole sokuqala saseRussia Artillery eSt. Petersburg. Ngendlela, waba ukuphela kwengane eyazalwa ngesikhathi sokubusa kukaPawulu wokuqala.
Uthando kumkakhe aluzange luphazamise uPawulu ngihamba ngokwemithetho eyamukelwe ngokuvamile futhi ngiqale intandokazi. Ababili babo, uFreilna Sophia Ushakov noMaurus Yursev, baze bazala umbusi wezingane ezingekho emthethweni. Kuhle futhi ukuphawula i-Ekaterina Nelidov, okwaba nomthelela kumbusi. Kukholakala ukuthi wazama ukuhola izwe ngezandla.
Impilo yomuntu siqu kaPaul I no-Catherine Nelidova ayegqoka ubuhlakani obuningi kunomlingiswa wenyama. Kuyo, uMbusi wasebenzisa imibono ye-knigbishson yothando. Lapho igceke liqondakala kakhulu ukuthi amandla alona wesifazane anda kangakanani, afaka "ukumiselela" kwentandokazi kaPawulu.
U-Anna Lopukhhin waba yintokazi entsha yenhliziyo, futhi uNelidova wathatha umhlalaphansi waya enkundleni yeLoda, ensimini ye-Estonia yamanje. Kunelukuluku lokuthi uLophiKhina waphumela ngenxa yesimo esinjalo sezinto, wapenda isimo senkosikazi yombusi, "knight" ukubonakaliswa kokunakwa futhi kucasule ukuthi lobu budlelwano buyakhonjiswa ezansi.
Indikimba Ebusayo
UPaul ngithathe isihlalo sobukhosi soMbuso WaseRussia kuphela eminyakeni engama-42. Ngakwezenhlaka ngesikhathi sokuncoma, wamemezela ushintsho ekuhlelekeni kwesihlalo sobukhosi: Manje amadoda kuphela angabusa kuphela kuYise eya endodaneni - abesifazane bomndeni wasebukhosini baphucwa isihlalo sobukhosi. Lo mbuso kaPawulu wayenephumele ngethemba lokuvimbela amaqhude e-Parace ajwayelekile ezikhathini zamuva.
Ngendlela, okokuqala ngqa emlandweni, inqubo yokubumbana yenziwa ngasikhathi sinye uMbusi, kanye ne-Empress. Ubuhlobo obunzima noMama baholelwa eqinisweni lokuthi uPawulu wakhetha indlela yokuholwa yizwe empeleni ephikisana nezinqumo zawo kwinqubomgomo yangaphakathi yenqubomgomo yayo "ekhanyiselwe.
Njengokungathi "okubizwa ngokuthi" inkumbulo kaCatherine Alekseevna Pavel kuqala ibuyise inkululeko yokuthola inkululeko yokuthola ama-radicals alexander radishchev, uNikolay Novikov no-Angea Kostysheka. Uguqule impi futhi waqala ukulwa nenqaba kwesokudla.
Umbusi waseRussia wasayina amadokhumenti amaningi aveza ubuthakathaka besikhundla sobukhosi. Ukucabanga ngokwenza ngcono isikhundla sabalimi, umbusi wakhipha i-manifesto cishe ngeshibhile yezinsuku ezintathu. Ngokwalo mbhalo, abanini bomhlaba bavimbela uBarshina ngamaSonto, amaholide nezinsuku ezingaphezu kwezintathu ngesonto.
Ukuguqulwa kwesifundazwe kwaqala selokhu kwakhishwa isimemezelo "ekuhlukanisweni okusha kombuso esifundazweni". Injongo bekuwukuphinde kuhlanganise amandla futhi kunciphise izindleko zokuqukethwe kokuphatha.
Ngokuya nalokhu, kwahlelwa ukunciphisa inani lezifundazwe kusuka ku-50 kuye ku-41, ukuqedwa kwemikhumbi yeklasi, ukunciphisa izindleko zezikhulu ngokunciphisa izindawo, ukuqhuba ama-accoutenits kanye nokwenza ngcono isikhundla sababusi. Ngo-1800, uPawulu ngavuma i-manifesto eMbusweni WaseJalimane WomJalimane, kodwa, noma kunjalo, engashicilelwanga.
Umsebenzi onjalo wombusi awuzange uholele kunoma yini enhle. Ukukhululwa kwemisebe, ngemuva kweminyaka eminingi, kwaphendula ngesimo sokwandulela, phakathi kwabo abameleli baka-Arzamas avale umphakathi, futhi ukuncipha kwenkohliso kuhlala ephepheni, futhi impi yokulwa nenkohlakalo yaphenduka uchungechunge wokucindezelwa. Kwavela ukuthi kungaphumeleli futhi kungaphumeleli futhi kuguqulwe ngo-1796-1798, inhloso yalokho okwakufanele kunciphise ukwehla kwamandla emali ngokwenqaba imali yephepha.
Enhlanganweni yakwamanye amazwe, uPawulu ngadumala ngomzabalazo nemibono yeFrance Revolution. Wethule ubuzwe obuqine kakhulu ekushicilelweni kwencwadi, izincwadi zaseFrance, zemfashini, kufaka phakathi ama-cap cap, avinjelwe. Ngesikhathi seBhodi likaPavel Petrovich, ngenxa ye-Commander Alexander Suvorov kanye nePhini Admiral Fyodor uShirakov, amabutho aseRussia kanye nemikhumbi ebambe iqhaza, ebambisana namabutho asePrussian naku-Austrian.
Kamuva, umbusi wakhombisa umlingiswa wakhe ongafanele, waklebhula kanye nama-Allies of Relations futhi afinyelela ebudlelwaneni noNapoleon. Kwakuku-bonaparte, umbusi waseRussia wabona amandla angavimba i-antimonarchical Revolution. Ngo-1801, iRussia yaphetha ukuthula neFrance.
Kodwa-ke, wayenephutha ngokweqiniso: UmFrance akazange abe ngumnqobi ngisho nangemva kokufa kukaPaul kuqala, kodwa ngenxa yesinqumo sakhe kanye ne-econdared ethuthukisiwe yezomnotho yase-UK, iRussia yalahlekelwa yimakethe enkulu kunazo zonke yemakethe, eyayiboniswa ezingeni le ukuhlala embusweni.
Phambilini, ngo-1798, umkhumbi uBonaparte ubambelele uMalta. Ngokushesha nje lapho, uPaul I ngokwesicelo sezakhamizi zaseMalta samukela isihloko seNkosi Enkulu ye-Order Order. Ngalesi sikhathi, umdwebi uVladimir Borovikovsky uvuselele isithombe sezinkomo sombusi nge-regalia entsha kanye nezimfanelo. Ekhulwini le-XVIIII, amaqembu asebukhosini akuvamile ancoma, kwakuyisiko ukuwabhala ngemidwebo esele ekhona. Ubuso bombusi umdwebi babhalela uStaman Schukin.
Ukushona
Ngesikhathi sokubusa kukaPaul I, naphezu koshintsho efeni, okungenani amakhabe amathathu ahlelwe ngokumelene noRomanov, owokugcina wawo wawuthweswe umqhele ngempumelelo. Izikhulu, izinduna zezimali zamaRussia, kanye nezibalo zikahulumeni ebusuku ngoMashi 24, 1801, zangena egumbini lokulala le-Emperor eMikhailovsky Castle futhi lelo cala eliyisigodlo lithunyelwe ethuneni likaPeter III.
Imbangela esemthethweni yokufa yabizwa ngokuthi yi-apoplexy blow. Kuyaqapheleka ukuthi izicukuthwane zihlangane ne-lime yokufa nokunambitheka okungakhethi. Umbono kaPaul I Generations anezizukulwane ezivelele. Eminye imithetho ka-Alexander I, bese kuthi ngezikhathi zaseSoviet kwadala isithombe sikaTirana noMsindisi. Imbongi u-Alexander Pushkin e-Ode "Liberty" wambiza ngokuthi "umqhele ohlwini."
Abanye bazame ukugcizelela umuzwa obukhali bokulingana noPaul kuqala, wabiza umbusi "okuwukuphela kothando esihlalweni sobukhosi" kanye "nesiRussia hamlet". Isonto lama-Orthodox laze lalibhekwa nalo lokufaka umbusi.