I-Biograge
Ambalwa ama-monarchs anikezwa emlandweni we-Epithet "Liberator". U-Alexander Nikolaevich Romanov wayefanelwe le nhlonipho. Futhi u-Alexander II ubizwa ngokuthi i-Reformer King, ngoba wakwazi ukusuka endaweni efile, izinkinga eziningi zakudala zombuso, ezisongelwa ukuvunyelwa kanye nokuvukelwa izivulelo.Ubuntwana nentsha
Umbusi wesikhathi esizayo wazalwa ngo-Ephreli 1818 eMoscow. Umfana wazalwa ngosuku lwamaholide, ngoLwesithathu olukhanyayo eKremlin, kubabhishobhi besimangaliso sesigodlo sezindela. Lapha, sonke isibongo se-Imperial, ukufika komhlangano wePhasika, wabuthana kulowo suku ekuseni. Ngokuhlonipha ukuzalwa koMfana, ukuthula kweMoscow kwaklebhula i-Cannon Call ngo-201 volley.
U-Archbishop Moscow Augustine Augustine a appid baby Alexander Romanova ngoMeyi 5 eSontweni Lesigodlo Sezindela. Bazali bakhe ngesikhathi sokuzalwa kweNdodana babeyizikhulu ezinkulu. Kepha lapho indlalitho yokuthola indawo eneminyaka engu-7 ubudala, umama wakhe u-Alexander Fedorovna nobaba Nikolai ngaba yi-Imperial Chet.
Umbusi wesikhathi esizayo u-Alexander II uthole imfundo yasekhaya enhle. Umeluleki wakhe oyinhloko, obhekele ukufundwa kuphela, kodwa futhi nokukhuliswa, kwakunguVasily Zhukovsky. Umlando Ongcwele kanye Nomthetho kaNkulunkulu wafundisa omakhi weGerasim Pavsky uqobo. Ama-Collins we-Academian afundisa umfana ekuhlakanipheni kuka-Arithmetic, noKarl Merda banikeze isisekelo sezinto zezempi.
Abekho othisha abaziwayo abaziwayo ababese-Alexander Nikolayevich nangaphansi komthetho, izibalo, ezezimali kanye nenqubomgomo yakwamanye amazwe. Umfana wakhula ngobuhlakani futhi washeshe wamunca othisha besayensi. Kepha ngasikhathi sinye eminyakeni yobushabusha, njengontanga yakhe abaningi, babethandana futhi bethandana nabo. Isibonelo, ngesikhathi sohambo oluya eLondon, wathandana neNew British Queen Chaoty Victoria.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi eminyakeni embalwa eyayishumi nambili, usephenduke umbusi waseRussia u-Alexander II e-European Ruler.
Ibhodi nokuguqula u-Alexander II
Lapho u-Alexander Nikolaevich Romanov efinyelela iningi, uyise wamyisa esikhungweni esikhulu. Ngo-1834, uCesarevich wangena eSenate, ngonyaka olandelayo - Ukwakheka kwe-Holy Synod, kwathi ngo-1841 kwathi ngo-1842 no-1842 Romanov aba yilungu lomkhandlu wombuso kanye nekomidi labafundisi.
Maphakathi kwawo-1830s, indlalifa yenza uhambo olukhulu lokujwayela ezweni lonke kwavakashela izifundazwe ezingama-29. Ekupheleni kweminyaka yama-30s avakashele eYurophu. Futhi wayenenkonzo yezempi ephumelele kakhulu futhi ngo-1844 waba ngumphathi jikelele. Waphathiswa onogada bezinsana.
ICesarevich iholwa yizikhungo zemfundo yezempi kanye nengamela amakomidi ayimfihlo endabeni yabampofu ka-1846 no-1848. Unemvume kamnandi ezinkingeni zabalimi futhi uyakuqonda ukuthi izinguquko nezinguquko ziye zabizwa ngelanga.
IMpi yaseCrimean yabulala i-Crimean yango-1853-56 iba yisivivinyo esikhulu ngekusasa loMbusi ekuvuthweni nasekucabangeni kwakhe. Ngemuva kwesimemezelo esifundazweni saseSt. PeterSburg sezempi, u-Alexander Nikolaevich uthatha umyalo wawo wonke amabutho enhloko-dolobha.
U-Alexander II, wajoyina ngo-1855 esihlalweni sobukhosi, wathola ifa elisindayo. Uyise iminyaka engama-30 kahulumeni wehlulekile ukuxazulula noma yiziphi izingqinamba zombuso eziningi ezibukhali nezinde. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isikhundla esibi sezwe sanda ngokunqotshwa empini yaseCrimea. UMgcinimafa wawungenalutho.
Kwakudingeka ukuthi enze ngokuqinile futhi ngokushesha. Umgomo wangaphandle ka-Alexander II wayengosizo lwezinhlangano zokuqhudelana ngendandatho emnyama ye-blockade, evaliwe ezungeze iRussia. Isinyathelo sokuqala kwakuyisiphetho sezwe laseParis entwasahlobo yango-1856. Izimo ezamukelwe yiRussia azikwazi ukubizwa ngokuthi zinenzuzo enkulu, kepha isimo esibuthakathaka asikwazanga ukubikezela intando yakhe. Into esemqoka, ekwazile ukumisa iNgilandi, eyayifuna ukuqhubeka nempi eya ekunqotshweni okuphelele futhi ihluthwe iRussia.
U-Alexander II uvakashele iBerlin entwasahlobo efanayo futhi wahlangana neNkosi uFriedrich Wilhelm IV. UFriedrich kwadingeka embungu umalume kamama wakhe. Ngaye wakwazi ukuphetha ngemfihlo "inyunyana ekhule". Nge-block yenqubomgomo yakwamanye amazwe yaseRussia, yaqedwa.
Umgomo wangaphakathi ka-Alexander II wayengaphumeleli kangako. Empilweni yezwe, "thaw" okulindelwe isikhathi eside kwafika. Ekupheleni kwehlobo lika-1856, ngesikhathi sokugcotshwa, inkosi yabikwa ngabakwa-DepemMbrists, i-Petrashevtsev, abahlanganyeli ekuvukeleni kwasePoland. Futhi eminye iminyaka emi-3, wamisa amasethi okuqashwa futhi asuse izindawo ezempi.
Kunezikhathi isikhathi nesikhathi kanye nesinqumo sombuzo omkhulu. Umbusi u-Alexander II wanquma ukukhansela isicebe, lokhu okukude okukude, okwakumi endleleni yentuthuko. Umbuso wakhetha i- "OSSSEE" yokukhululwa okungenamhlaba kwabalimi. Ngo-1858, inkosi yavuma ukuthi uhlelo lokubuyiselwa kwezinguquko lwakhiwa yiLiabels kanye nezibalo zomphakathi. Ngokusho kwezinguquko, abalimi bathola ilungelo lokuhlenga umhlaba onikezwe wona.
Izinguquko ezinkulu zika-Alexander II zazingaguquguqukayo ngaleso sikhathi. Wasekela iZemstvo ka-1864 kanye nesimo sedolobha sango-1870. Ama-Judicial Thesha ango-1864 afakwa futhi atholwa amabutho amabutho angu-1860-70s. Izinguquko eMfundweni Yezemfundo Yenzelwe. Ekugcineni, ukujeziswa kwezwe okuthuthukayo kwakhanselwa.
U-Alexander II waqhubeka ngokuzethemba komugqa wendabuko wezepolitiki wobukhosi. Eminyakeni yokuqala yokubusa, wawina impi yaseCaucasian. Kuthuthuke ngempumelelo eCentral Asia, kunamathisela iningi laseTurkestan liye endaweni yombuso. Ngo-1877-78, inkosi yanquma ukulwa neTurkey. Futhi wakwazi nokugcwalisa umgcinimafa, esekhuthaze imali engenayo engu-1867 ngo-3%. Lokhu kwenziwa ngokuthengisa i-Alaska e-United States.
Kepha eminyakeni edlule yokubusa kuka-Alexander II izinguquko "Zabuxov". Ukuqhubeka kwabo bekuvila futhi kungahambisani. Bonke abakwaMbusi abakhulu baxosha. Ekupheleni kweBhodi, inkosi yavula ihhovisi lomphakathi elilinganiselwe eRussia eRussia ngaphansi koMkhandlu Wombuso.
Ezinye izazi-mlando zikholelwa ukuthi iBhodi lika-Alexander II, nazo zonke izinzuzo zalo, lalinesifo esikhulu: Inkosi yenza "nenqubomgomo yaseJalimane", engahlangabezana nayo izintshisekelo zombuso. I-Monarch yavezwa ngaphambi kweKosi yasePrussian - umalume wakhe, futhi ngazo zonke izindlela ithuthukise ukwakhiwa kwempi yempi eyodwa.
USihlalo weTsar, usihlalo wekomidi labafundisi uPeter Taval, ku-Drieries yakhe wabhala ngokuphazamiseka kwemizwa okuqinile koMbusi oMbusi wokugcina wempilo yakhe. URomanov wayeseduze kokuphuka kwemizwa, wabukeka ekhathele futhi ecasukile. "I-curnated dilapidated" - I-Epithet enjalo engekho, lo mbumbulu we-Fawev, wachaza ngokunembile isimo sakhe.
Osopolitiki wabhala: "Esikhathini senkathi, lapho amandla adingekayo kuwo," kusobala ukuthi kusobala ukuthi akunakwenzeka ukubala kukho. "Noma kunjalo, eminyakeni yokuqala yokuBusa, u-Alexander II wakwazi ukwenza okuningi ngombuso. Futhi ama-Epithets "ababi" kanye "noMguquli" wakufanele ngempela.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Umbusi wawuthanda kakhulu. E-akhawunti yakhe amanoveli amaningi. Ebusheni bakhe, wayethandana noFreelinzina, abazali bashade ngokuphuthumayo. Ngemuva kwalokho enye inoveli, futhi neFreillan Maria Trubetskoy. Futhi ngeFreillan Olga Kalinovsky, ukuxhumana kwakunamandla kangangokuba uCesarevich waze wanquma ukushada naye ukuze alahle isihlalo sobukhosi. Kepha abazali baphikelela kwigebe lalobu budlelwano nomshado ngoMaximilian Hessian.
Noma kunjalo, umshado noMaria Alexandrovna, kwinkosazana maximilian maximilian-Wilhelmina-Tomb - uSophia-Maria Hessen-Darmstadt, wajabula. 8 Izingane zazalelwa kulo, zingu-6 zazo amadodana.
Umbusi u-Alexander II wesifo sofuba sakhe esigulayo, umkakhe wabeka ukuhlala kwakhe okuthandekayo kwamakhosi aseRussia wokugcina - iLivadia, wathenga umhlaba kanye nezakhiwo kanye nezivinini emadodakazini wegrafu le-leo pototsky.
UMaria Alexandrovna washona ngoMeyi 1880. Ushiye incwadi lapho kwakukhona amazwi okubonga kumlingani wakho ngempilo ejabulisayo yokubambisana.
Kepha inkosi yayingeyena umyeni othembekile. Impilo yomuntu siqu ka-Alexander II yayiyisizathu sokuduma kwegceke njalo. Ezinye izintandokazi zabeletha ezivela eMkhosini wezingane ezingaphandle.
UDolgorukova oneminyaka engu-18 ubudala uDolgorukova oneminyaka engu-18 ubudala wakwazi ukumqinisa ngokuqinile ukuze enze inhliziyo yombusi. UMbusi washada nesithandwa esidala isikhathi eside ngawo lowo nyaka lapho umlingani efe. Kwakuwumshado ongokoqobo, okungukuthi, isiboshwa esinobuso beMvelaphi yasebukhosini. Izingane ezivela kule nyunyana, futhi kwakukhona ezine zazo, zazingenakuba izindlalifa zesihlalo sobukhosi. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi zonke izingane zazalwa ngaleso sikhathi u-Alexander II wayeseshade nomlingani wokuqala.
Ngemuva kokuthi inkosi ishada isikhathi eside, izingane zathola isimo esisemthethweni nesihloko esingoko.
Ukushona
Ngesikhathi sokubusa ngo-Alexander II, baye kaningana. Umzamo wokuqala wenzeka ngemuva kokucindezelwa kokuvukela kwasePoland ngo-1866. Kwenziwe eRussia Dmitry Karakozov. Okwesibili - ngonyaka olandelayo. Kulokhu eParis. Umfuduki wasePoland u-Anton Berezovsky wayezama ukubulala inkosi.
Kwazama okusha okwenziwe ekuqaleni kuka-Ephreli 1879 eSt. Ngo-Agasti wonyaka ofanayo, iKomidi eliPhezulu labantu bayogwetshwa u-Alexander II. Emva kwalokho, abantu babehlose ukuqhumisa isitimela sombusi, kepha ngephutha bahlukunyezele ngephutha.
Umzamo omusha wawunamagazi anegazi futhi: abantu abaningana bafa esigodlweni sasebusika ngemuva kokuqhuma. Ngenhlanhla engahleliwe, umbusi wangena egumbini ngemuva kwesikhathi.
Ukuvikela ubukhosi, ikhomishini ephakeme yokulawula ephakeme yadalwa. Kepha akazange asindise impilo yeRomanov. NgoMashi 1881 ngaphansi kwemilenze ka-Alexander II, ibhomu laphonswa ngu-Ignatiy Grinevitsky. Kutholwe amanxeba, inkosi yafa.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi umzamo wenzeka ngosuku lapho umbusi anquma ukunikeza isandla kwi-Revolutionary Protholisi Project M. T. Loris-Melikova, ngemuva kwalokho iRussia bekufanele ihambe ngendlela yoMthethosisekelo.