I-Biograge
Inganekwane ye-batka Makhinno iyisibalo esikhanyayo nesixakile emlandweni wasekhaya, i-anarchist eqinisekisiwe kanye ne-wrestler ebabazekayo.Ubuntwana nobusha
UNestor Ivanovich Makhinno wazalelwa edolobhaneni laseGulipol (manje - iZaporizhia Region) ngoNovemba 7, 1888. Abazali bomfana babengabakhululi abampofu, uBaba u-Ivan Rodionovich wasebenza eBharina Kucher, umama ka-Evdokia Matreevna wahola indlu futhi wahlanganyela ezinganeni: uNestor wayengumncane wamadodana amahlanu.
Ngokufa kukaYise, umndeni womndeni wezintandane, izingane zalahlekelwa yibo okuphela kwawo. Omncane kunabo bonke abazalwane kwadingeka baphume. Esefinyelele eminyakeni engu-7 ubudala, umfana waqala waqasha umsebenzi ofanele: umlomo wezinkomo, ukugibela kubanini bomhlaba. Ngaphandle kwalokhu, uNestor wakwazi ukutadisha iminyaka emine esikoleni esingu-chicriate, lapho anikezwe khona iminyaka eyisishiyagalombili.
Ijele ne-Anarchius
Kusukela ngo-1903, le nsizwa yasebenza esitshalweni sensimbi yensimbi. Ngo-1906, uManzini waboshwa ngenxa yokuthwala izikhali, kodwa wadedelwa esemncane. Kwakunjalo ngalesi sikhathi ukuthi i-Ataman yekusasa ihlangana nomqondo we-anarchism, futhi isiphithiphithi siba yinyukazana yaphakade.
Njengoba usungene "kwi-Anarchist-Helbobobov" eNestor Makhinno ebambe iqhaza ezenzakalweni eziningi zobushokobezi ezihlobene nokudliwa komhlaba kwabantu abanikazi bomhlaba kanye nabalimi abacebile. Ngo-1910, amalungu eqembu akhashelwa yinkantolo. Inkantolo yezempi yedolobha lase-Ekaterinoslav (manje iDnepropetrovsk) igwebe ama-anarchists amaphekula ezinhlamvwini zenkolo ezahlukahlukene (ngokweminye imininingwane).
UNestor Makhno ugwetshwe iminyaka engu-20 yama-cortics. Isikhathi esithile, uMakhno owayesejele lase-Ekaterinoslav, wabe esedlulisela eMoscow Furka. Lapha wahlangana ne-ararchist Arshinov, eyayinethonya eliningi kumshini osemncane.
EButyrka, uNestor akazange alahlekelwe isikhathi ngesipho: Akazange athathe kuphela izisekelo zemibono, ethembele komunye uzakwabo ukuze alwe, kodwa futhi azibandakanye nezincwadi eziningi emnothweni wezepolitiki, umlando, wafunda izibalo, uhlelo lolimi , Izincwadi zaseRussia. Ijele likaMakhno liphume no-Arshinov ngoMashi 1917, ukuxolelwa ukuhlonipha inguquko kaFebhuwari. Ngaphezu kolwazi nangesipiliyoni, lesi siboshwa satholwa kabi esiphethweni nasekutholweni okubi kakhulu - uCahotku, owambulala ngemuva kweminyaka eminingi.
Umsebenzi wezepolitiki kanye nezempi: Qala
Kwi-biography yeMakhino kukhona abaningi abangalungile. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, abangane bakhe baphazamiseka, futhi ubufakazi bemisebenzi yabo e-Ukraine buyaphikisana kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, indima yakhe empini, empini yombango, ayinakubukelwa phansi, yize ayezosebenzisa izinhloso zakhe ezingezona ezi-Anarseli.
Ukubuya ngemuva kokuphela kweGuliaipol, uNestor wawusenkingeni enkulu yemicimbi yokuguqula. Akhe, "ohlukunyezwayo ento efanele," abazami abathile bakhetha inhloko yenhlangano yabampofu kanye nomkhandlu wabampofu bendawo. Ngokuzibandakanya kukaMakhno ekwindla ka-1917, abamele uhulumeni wesikhashana baqhutshwa e-Alexandrovskaya ngokucophelela futhi basungulwa amandla eSoviet. Ngo-1918, njengommeleli weGulipol Revkoma, wahlanganyela engqungqutheleni kazwelonke yama-Rev Commons namaSoviet.
Ukusungulwa kukahulumeni omusha kuvimbele ukuhlaselwa kokungenelela: Ehlobo lika-1918, amabutho ase-Austro-German ahlala e-Ukraine. Kulokhu kungabhekwa njengokuqala komsebenzi wezempi weMakhino, ngoba ngaleso sikhathi kwakungukuthi izihlubuki ziqala ukuhlangana ezitsheni eziyingxenye ngaphansi kobuholi bakhe. Iqembu lalwa namaJalimane, nakumazwe ase-Ukraine. Lapho impindiselo, iziphathimandla zadingidwana nomfowabo kaNdunankulu waseNestor futhi washisa indlu lapho kuhlala khona umama wakhe.
Ngasikhathi sinye, ngoMeyi 1918, iNestor Makhinno yafika eMoscow, lapho yahlangana khona mathupha noVladimir Lenin noSverdlov, kanye nabaholi beqembu le-anarchist. Imihlangano nobuholi bamandla eSoviet ayizange ilethe noma yini, kodwa kuma-anarchists wenkomfa waseMoscow, amaqhinga omzabalazo wokulwa nabahlali e-Ukraine kwathuthukiswa. Shaya amadokhumenti angamanga, uMakhno waya ekhaya ukuhlela amabutho amavukelambuso.
"I-batka engenakunqotshwa"
Konke impilo yeBatika Makhinno kwakuyimpi engapheli. Ukubona ukunemba kwama-bolsheviks ngendlela efanele, akazange amukele isifiso sawo sokuba 'azenzele kabusha uguquko lonke kanye nombono wakhe.' Ngasikhathi sinye, waphinda waphetha ngesikhashana nje neziphathimandla zaseSoviet, elwa nonogada abamhlophe kanye nokungenelela.
UNestor Makhno waba umuntu ophilayo elungele ama-anarchist emhlabeni jikelele. Ukwazile ukudala isimo sakhe embusweni, ukuhlela ukuphanga emadolobheni kungabheki kuyo, ukusungula ukukhiqizwa, ukuvula izikole, izinyunyana, izinyunyana, ukudala yonke imibandela yempilo yabantu abajwayelekile, hhayi ukungayinaki imigomo ye-anarchy .
Ibutho lakhe lalingamandla amakhulu ebalazweni lezombusazwe loMbuso wangaphambilini waseRussia iminyaka eminingana, kepha amaJuda ase-Ukraine akulungele kakhulu, ngoba ubuzwe bathinteka kuphela abanikazi bamabutho abavukeli abanjwe ngokuqinile, ngakwesokudla kuze kube sekubulaweni.
Imisebenzi kaBatki Makhinno e-Ukraine ngesikhathi sempi yombango ingachaza kafushane le nhliziyo elandelayo:
- Ngo-1918, wangena ebunyeni ubuhlobo obubomvu futhi walwa namabutho ngaphansi komyalo we-petlyra;
- Ngo-1919, i-batka yaphinde yabumbane nama-bolsheviks futhi yalwa namabutho e-denikin;
- NgoMeyi 29, 1919, waphula isivumelwano neBolsheviks, ememezele ukumiswa kwe- "Makhinovshchina";
- NgoJulayi-1919, impi eyingxenye yempi yokulwa ne-Denikinian Army yasekelwa, yaphinde yaxhasa "obomvu", yaphuka phambi konogada abamhlophe, yathatha idolobha laseGulyaipol, bebhikina, uNikopol, i-Ekaterinoslav;
- Ngo-1920, uMakhno waphinda wangena ezingxabanweni namaBolsheviks, kodwa wanqatshwa ngokunikezwa kwe-Workel ekwakhiweni kwenyunyana;
- NgoSeptemba 1920, ukubuyisana okulandelayo kweBatiki nge "RED" kwalandelwa, kwabe sekuqhubeka nokubamba iqhaza emkhankasweni weCrimean;
- Ngemuva kokunqoba onogada abamhlophe eCrimea, uManzini wenqaba ukujoyina ibutho elibomvu, lapho amaBolshevik abhubhisa khona cishe wonke amabutho akhe;
- Ekupheleni kuka-1920, uBatka waqoqa izinkulungwane eziyishumi nanhlanu futhi wahola impi yempi eneminyaka eyishumi nambili e-Ukraine, kodwa amabutho ayengalingani, kwathi ngo-Agasti 1921, uMakhino nabangane abaseduze kakhulu awela umngcele neRomania.
Ukufuduka kanye nempilo yomuntu siqu
Iziphathimandla zaseSoviet zaseRomania azimnikanga, kepha uMakheno, kanye nomkakhe nabafokazi, babekwa ekamu lokuhlushwa. Ukusuka lapho, uMaknovtsy wabalekela ePoland, bese eDanzig naseFrance. Kuphela eParis bakwazile ukuphulukisa impilo enokuthula. Ama-anarchists endawo nezinye izakhamizi ezithanda inkululeko ababambe iqhaza ekufezekisweni kwenganekwane ye-Ataman, eMhlinzeke ngalo lonke usizo.
Ukuhanjiswa ikakhulukazi ngeNestor American Anarchist u-Alexander Berkman, owagcina ethola imali yomngcwabo wesinguquko esihle. Ukufa Makhino kwaba umphumela wokugula kwelanga obekucindezela impilo yakhe kusukela ngesikhathi sikaKorga. Imbangela yokufa iyi-char. UNestor Ivanovich ushonele esibhedlela saseParis ngoJulayi 6, 1934. Ithuna likaMahno lisendaweni yamathuna yakwaLashez.
Mayelana nempilo yomuntu siqu yeNestor Makhno, izinganekwane zihambisana: ngokungangabazeki, i-Ataman of the Burman yebutho ayikhokhele. Nge-non-zeyys, ngokusho kobufakazi bokuvela kwezikhathi (yize ku-Photo kubukeka njengomuntu okhanyayo), ukukhula okuphansi, umpristi wamthanda. Babethanda futhi besaba ngenxa yabo, njengamabutho akhe, baholela ekujabuleni kweBatiki, kubanda, kubalwa, kubala.
Ngonkosikazi wokuqala, uNastya Vasetskaya, lapho uNestor eshadile, ephuma ejele, umshado awuzange uphume. Babenendodana, kodwa ngokushesha bafa, futhi lo mbhangqwana wahlukana. Kepha unkosikazi wesibili uMakhina, uGalina kuzmenko walenga isandla naye yonke impi, ukuthuthela nekamu. Bathi ngokwakhe bahlanganyele ezinhlangeni nasekubulaweni kokubulawa, bathola injabulo ekhethekile ngokuziphilisa. EParis, bazalwa yindodakazi u-Elena, kodwa bahlala uGalina, ngaphandle kokulungiselela isikhundla esicindezelekile, bathatha le ntombazane bamshiya umyeni wakhe.
Ngo-2009, itshe lesikhumbuzo likaMakhino livulwe eGulyaipola, kwadutshulwa amafilimu acishe abe yishumi nambili ngaye, amanoveli amaningi, ucwaningo, kwabhalwa amaMemori, noMlobi wezinkumbulo eziningi zencwadi. Okokugcina ezikrinini ezifuywayo zeza uchungechunge oluthi "UNine Liberty Makhno Makhno" ngoPavel Derevko endimeni eholayo.