I-Biograge
U-Usama Ben Laden wazalwa ngoMashi 10, 1957 enhlokodolobha yaseSaudi Arabia - idolobha lase-Er-Riyadh. Uyise usephenduke i-billioneire enethonya lika-mouhammed bin avadin Ben Laden, kanti umama ungumphathi we-hamid al-atass. Ngokushesha nje emva kokuzalwa kwenombolo yamaphekula ikusasa 1, abazali bakhe bahlukanisa, futhi umfana wasala nonina. Kamuva, waphinda washada futhi wabeletha umlingani omusha wezingane ezine.
UBen Laden Jr. wakhuliswa njengeSunni. Wafundela esikoleni esingcono kakhulu sezwe futhi e-University University of King Abdel-Aziza, kwi-Faculty of Economics and Business Management. Eminye imithombo ibika ukuthi le nsizwa yathunyelwa kakhulu ezifundweni zayo futhi yaphothula ngempumelelo eyunivesithi, ithola idiploma ehambelana nayo. Abanye, kunalokho, bathi u-Utama Ben Laden waphonsa izifundo zakhe ngonyaka wesithathu.
Isimo esivamile somndeni wakwaBen Laden sasingama-5 billion amadola. Ngemuva kweBin Laden-SR. Washona ngenxa yokuphahlazeka kwendiza ngo-1967, indodana yakhe i-USSAMA (enye yezingane ezingama-52 ze-Brictionaiare) yazuza njengelifa cishe amadola angama-25-30 million. Ngesikhathi sezifundo zakhe eyunivesithi, waqala ukukhombisa isithakazelo esandayo enkolweni, wenza ngenkuthalo ekuchazeni i-jihad ne-Quran.
Impi e-Afghanistan
KUNGENZEKA ukukhulisa ifa elitholwe, engcupheni yase-USAMA yahlanganyela ebhizinisini lokwakha. Ukusuka emsebenzini onokuthula ukuze kusizakale inkampani yakhe, waphazanyiswa ukuhlaselwa kwamasosha e-Afghanistan kanye nokunyakaza kwe-Afghan Jhad. I-eyedricrist yathukuthelisa ngempi yafika e-Afghanistan ngasekupheleni kuka-1979, futhi ekuqaleni konyaka we-1980 wasungula oxhumana nabo bokuqala abaphikisana namaqembu amaSulumane edolobheni laseLahore (Pakistan).
Emva kwalokho, u-Osama Ben Laden wasekela ngokuhlelekile abaholi benhlangano yokumelana ne-Afghan kusuka kwizisetshenziswa zayo zezezimali. Ku-pair no-Abdalla Azam, obhekise i-movie yasePalestine "amaSulumane ubuzalwane", u-Osama wavula ama-Bureau of Services futhi wahlelela ukuqashwa kwamaSulumane amaSulumane avela emazweni aseMhlabeni wama-Arabhu. Usomabhizinisi-Oxethozayo okhokhelwe bonke amavolontiya afika e-Afghanistan kanye nokulungiselela kwabo ukubamba iqhaza kubutha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, yena ngokwakhe wabamba iqhaza ezimpini zokulwa ne-USSR Troops.
Lapho amabutho aseSoviet ehoxiswa ezweni, amaphekula alahlekelwe yinhlangano enyunyana naseRussia, eshintshele e-United States. Ukuthukuthela kwakhe ngokungapheli okuthukuthele ukuba khona kwamabutho ahlomile aseMelika emazweni aseMhlabeni amaSulumane, futhi waqala ukubona izifundazwe njengesitha sakhe esiyisihluthulelo. Ngo-1989, ngokwedlulele kwaphinde kwathatha usonkontileka nosonkontileka, ngasikhathi sinye nalolu hlelo olusizo lwalusizo oluqhakazile abavela eYemen naseSaudi Arabia.
Al-Qaida
Ekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1980s, u-Osama Ben Laden wahamba no-Abdullah Azam, ngoba lokhu kwafuna ama-Arabhu ekwakhekeni kokuhamba kokumelana nama-mujaheds, ngenkathi u-USAMA ngokwakhe efuna ukubona abakwethu bempi abanamandla ahlukile. Ngakho-ke i-al-qaida yaqala ukwakha. Ekuqaleni, le nyunyana yayihlelekile: Amalungu eqembu kufanele abe nemikhuba emihle kuphela, alungele ukulalela futhi alethe isifungo sokungaphezu kwama-comrade aphezulu.
Ukuqhekeka kwezimpande kwenzeka lapho sekupheleni kwehlobo lika-1990, uMongameli u-Iraq Saddam Hussein usola uKuwait esimayini esingekho emthethweni emafulethini ase-Iraq futhi wethula amabutho akhe ezweni elincane elingumakhelwane. Ngokuqondile, le mpi yathatha izinsuku ezimbili kuphela, kodwa yiYena eyaqala impi enkulu kakhulu futhi ende kakhulu ePersian Gulf, ukubamba iqhaza lapho i-United States ne-USSR babamba iqhaza khona.
Ukuhlushwa okukhulu kakhulu kwamasosha ase-Iraq kwakugxile kude nomngcele noSaudi Arabia, noSaddam Hussein uqobo lwazinxusa ngenkuthalo abantu abangomakhelwane ukuba banyunyana. U-Osama Ben Laden wahlangana nezindawo ezisezingeni eliphakeme, ngethemba lokuthi uzowakhuthaza ngosizo oluvela emazweni aseNemumulman World futhi anikeze ukwesekwa okunamandla kwe-Arab Legion. Kodwa-ke, ukweqisa kwenqatshwa.
Ikhanda le-al-Qaeda likulahla kaningi ekuhlaselweni kwamabutho ahlomile aseMelika emazweni amaSulumane, liphikisana nokuthi yilabo kuphela ukuthi islam kuphela amaSulumane yinkolo yendabuko angavikela iMedina naseMecca. Kucatshangwa ukuthi ngasikhathi sinye, kancane kancane iqembu lase-USAMA laqala ukuphenduka ukwakheka kwamaphekula ahlomile, futhi ukunganeliseki kukaBin Laden ngamaSulumane kuthola ifomu eliphelele eliphelele ngohlobo lwezinhlelo zokuhlasela kwamaphekula okuzayo.
Amaphekula №1
Yize impi ePersian Bay yaphela ngoFebhuwari 1991, konke kwaqala ngo-Osama. Ekugcineni wanquma ukuthi ukulwa nezitha zomhlaba wamaSulumane (kanye nalabo ayekholwayo ngenxa) enjalo) umgomo oyinhloko wempilo yakhe, futhi ngokuzikhandla nokuqina nokuqina kwaqala ukuzibandakanya kulo mzabalazo.
Ngakho-ke, ngo-Agasti 1998, inhlangano yakhe yamaphekula yavutha inxusa laseMelika eTanzan Dar es Salam naseKenyan Nairobi. Ukuhlaselwa kwamaphekula kwahlelwa ngo-Agasti 7 (ngemuva kweminyaka eyisikhombisa lapho amabutho aseMelika abekwe eSaudi Arabia ngesikhathi sempi ePheresiya Gulf). Ngenxa yokuqhuma kwamanye amazwe eNairobi, kwafa abantu abangama-213, kwathi izakhamizi ezingaba ngu-5 000 zalimala ngobukhulu obuhlukahlukene.
Kusukela lapho, ngezinsizakalo ezikhethekile zaseMelika, uBen Laden wathola isimo esidumile senombolo yamaphekula 1. Ama-akhawunti amaningi asebhange angamabhizinisi-amaSulumane aboshwa, futhi ngolwazi oluzosiza ukubambezela isigebengu samazwe omhlaba, kwathenjiswa ukukhokha amadola ayizigidi ezinhlanu.
Noma kunjalo, amaphekula aqhubeka nokuhlinzeka ngokusekelwa okusebenzayo kwabashokobezi abahlala enkabeni ye-Asia, eNyakatho yeCaucasus nasezinye izifunda.
Ngokusho kweminye imithombo, uBin Laden wakwazi nokusungula "isisekelo sokuxhasa amaphekula". Ikhanda le-al-Qaida liphinde lahlanganyela empini yaseBosnia, esiza uMongameli woMbuso ukuthi adale "i-Fundaiplicar Republic yamaSulumane yangempela eBalkan. Ukuze uxhase ukudluliselwa kwe-Mujahideen-Mercenaries eBosnia evela eMelika umhlaba wase-Arab, u-USAMA waphendukela kusizo lwabo abalingani bebhizinisi laseSudan.
Maphakathi nawo-1990s, isiphepho esivelele i-Albania, sesifikile kuMongameli. Izithombe ezisekelwayo noma amavidiyo azange agcinwe kusukela lapho-ke, kwaziwa ukuthi u-Osama wamelela elinye lamaqembu a-radical ancesist athumela amalungu awo ukuba ahlanganyele engxabanweni ehlomile eKosovo. Lapho impi iqala eChechnya, inhloko yalowo ononya futhi i-al-Qaeda yaqala ukuthutha ngenkuthalo uMujahideen wayo futhi kulesi sifunda.
Imicimbi Septhemba 11
Njengoba kwaziwa, ngoSepthemba 11, 2001, inhlangano yamaphekula yebiza izindiza zabagibeli abane, ezazibiyele imibhoshongo emibili yesikhungo se-World Trade Center, esakhiweni sasePentagon nasesigangeni ngaseSchenxville (kwathathwa ukuthi iplanethi yesine iyakwazi hlala ku-capitol). Ngenxa yezenzo ezinhle zobuphekula, cishe abantu abayizinkulungwane ezintathu babulawa.
Ekuqaleni, u-USAMA BENEn Laden wenqabile ukubandakanyeka kweqembu lakhe labashokobezi be-al-Qaida ukwenza lokhu kuhlasela kwamaphekula. Kamuva wavuma ukuthi uyazi ngokuhlaselwa kokulungiselela futhi waxoxa nabanye abaholi bomqashi ngaphansi komhlaba, futhi ngemuva kwesikhathi esithile kwathatha umthwalo wemfanelo ngokwenzekile. Ngo-Okthoba 2004, u-Osama wathi ukuhlaselwa kwamaphekula ngoSepthemba ngo-2011, ngombono wakhe, ukujeziswa okulungile "kobushiqela" benyunyana yase-American-Israel eLebanon nasePalestine.
Ukuvalelwa kanye nokupheliswa kwemali
Ukubhubhisa umsolwa owaziwayo wonke umhlaba wazama uClinton, nesihlahla, no-Obama. Umvuzo wekhanda likaBin Laden ukhuphuke waya ku-25, bese kuthi amadola ayizigidi ezingama-50. Eminyakeni edlule yokushushiswa komqambiso, kwabezindaba kanye nezibalo eziningi zezepolitiki kwabika ukuthi u-Osama wabulawa, wabulawa yiTyhus, nokunye. Kodwa-ke, kamuva kwavela ukuthi amaphekula asaphila. Kwenziwa izinyembezi ezivaliwe zamaphekula ezihlangene e-United States, enye yazo inikezelwe kwifilimu "yenhloso yokuqala".
UBin Laden wahlangana nokufa kwakhe kwangempela ngoMeyi 2, 2011, lapho amabutho ahlomile aseMelika enze umsebenzi oyimfihlo eVilla yamaphekula. Yayiseduze naseduze naseMusbabad, ensimini ye-Abbottabad. Kamuva, imithombo eminingi, kubandakanya ngqo nomongameli we-United States, uBarack Obama, ukuqinisekisile imininingwane mayelana nokubulawa komuntu obulawa yilapho umgquma ebula khona, njengoba eyayineminyaka emingaki ngesikhathi ayesengusikhathi sokufa , njll. Umzimba Ben Laden, ngokusho kweCNN, wangcwatshwa oLwandle Arabia.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Imininingwane enembile mayelana nekhanda le-al-Qaida akuyona kangako. Basho ukuthi ushiywe - ngesandla, ukukhula kwakhe kwakungemva kokungaphezu kuka-180 cm, noma ngo-193-196 cm, wahamba nenduku futhi wahlukaniswa ngendlela yokukhuluma buthule. Okweqiseni okwedlulele ashadile amahlandla ambalwa futhi ahlukanise kaningi, kanti esewonke wazalwa acishe abe yizingane ezingama-20- 26. Kubikwa ukuthi ngemuva kwemicimbi yangoSepthemba 11, abaningi babo bathuthela e-Iran.