I-Biograge
UMendeleev Drimit u-Ivanovich ungusosayensi waseRussia, i-chemicist ekhazimulayo, i-gerodynamics, i-geology, i-geology, i-aeronaut ejulile, uthisha, umphakathi, umphakathi kanye nomcabangi woqobo.Ubuntwana nentsha
Usosayensi omkhulu wazalwa ngonyaka we-1834, ngoFebhuwari 8, eTobolsk. Ubaba u-Ivan Pavlovich wayengumqondisi wezikole zesifunda kanye ne-tobolsk gymnasium, yenzeka kusuka kompristi uPavel Maksimovich Sokolov, isiRussia ngobuzwe.
Umndeni u-Ivan washintsha ebuntwaneni, ngokuba abafundi be-TVER Seminary. Ngokusobala, kwenziwa ukuhlonipha uNkulunkulu wakhe, umnikazi womhlaba kaMendeleV. Kamuva, umbuzo wokuhlangana kuzwelonke womndeni wakwaColalar wathinteka kaninginingi. Ngokolwazi olulodwa, wafakazela izimpande zamaJuda, kwabanye mayelana nesiJalimane. UDmitry Mendeleev ngokwakhe wakhuluma ngeqiniso lokuthi uthisha wakhe emfundweni waqulwa ngu-Ivan. Le nsizwa yenza ukushintshana okuphumelelayo nezindikimba zaduma phakathi kwabantu ofunda nabo. Ngokusho kwamagama amabili, "imenyu yenza" - u-Ivan Pavlovich yafakwa esitatimendeni semfundo.
Umama uMaria Dmitrievna (eMajor Korniliev) wawubandakanyeka ekukhuliseni izingane kanye nendlu, wayenedumela njengowesifazane ohlakaniphile nokhalime. UDmitry ubesemndenini omncane kunabo bonke, owokugcina wezingane eziyishumi nane (ngolunye ulwazi - okokugcina kwezingane eziyishumi nesikhombisa). Eminyakeni eyi-10, umfana walahlekelwa nguyise odonsa futhi ngokushesha wafa.
Ngesikhathi sezifundo zakhe e-Gymnasium, uDmitry akazange aziveze, kunzima kakhulu kuye kwakunguLatini. Uthando ngomama ofake isayensi, wabamba iqhaza nasekwakhekeni komlingiswa wakhe. UMaria Dmitrievna wathatha indodana ukuba afunde eSt.
Ngo-1850, eSt. Petersburg, le nsizwa ingena eChief Pedic Institute ukuthola uMnyango Wezesayensi Yemvelo ye-Fizmat. Othisha bakhe kwakunguProfessor E. H. Lenz, A. A. VOSKRESSKY KANYE NO N. V. Oratogradsky.
Ngenkathi ngifunda esikhungweni (1850-1855), uMendeleV ukhombisa ikhono elingajwayelekile. Njengomfundi, ushicilela i-athikili "ku-isomorphism" kanye nokuhlaziya okuningi kwamakhemikhali.
Isayensi
Ku-1855th Dmitry ithola idiploma ngendondo yegolide kanye nokuqondiswa ku-Simferopol. Lapha usebenza njengothisha omkhulu we-Gymnasium. Ngokuqala kwempi yaseCrimea, uMendeleev wathuthela e-Odessa futhi wamukela isikhundla sothisha lyceum.
Ngo-1856 uphinde ungene eSt. Ufunda eyunivesithi, uvikela i-dissertation, ufundisa i-Chemistry. Ekwindla, uvikela elinye i-dissertation futhi aqokwe yi-Privat-Association of University.
Ku-1859 mendeleev thumela ohambweni lwebhizinisi eliya eJalimane. Isebenza e-University of Heidelberg, ibeka elabhorethri, ihlola uketshezi lwe-capillary. Lapha babebhale ama-athikili "kumazinga okushisa aphelele" futhi "ekwandisweni koketshezi", into "yokushisa ebucayi" yavulwa.
Ngo-1861, usosayensi ubuyela eSt. Kwakha incwadi ethi "Organic Chemistry", lapho umklomelo weDemidov ahlonishwa khona. Ngo-1864, usenguprofesa, futhi eminyakeni emibili kamuva ekhanda uMnyango, efundisa futhi esebenza "ezisekelweni zamakhemikhali."
Ngo-1869, imele uhlelo lwezikhathi ngezikhathi ezithile, ukuthuthuka kwalo okunikele impilo yakhe yonke. Ithebula le-mendeleev lethula inqwaba ye-athomu ye-athomu enamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye, kamuva yangezwa iqembu lamagesi amahle ayisa e-arch futhi ashiye indawo yezinto ezisamele zivule. Eminyakeni yama-90s, uDmitry MendeleV wanikela ngegalelo lakhe ekuvuleni kwento ye-radioactivity. Umthetho wezikhathi ezithile uvumela ubufakazi bokuthi ubudlelwane bezakhiwo zezakhiwo nevolumu yabo ye-athomu. Manje kunesithombe sokutholwa eduze kwetafula ngalinye lezinto zamakhemikhali.
Ngo-1865-1887, i-HydDrate Theory of Solutions iyakhula. Ngo-1872, kuqala ukutadisha ukuqina kwamagesi, ngemuva kweminyaka emibili kubonisa i-equation yegesi ephelele. Phakathi kokuzuziwe kwe-mendeleev Lesi sikhathi sokudalwa kwesikimu se-distillaal distillal semikhiqizo kaphethiloli, ukusetshenziswa kwamathangi namapayipi. Ngosizo lukaDmitry Ivanovich, ukushiswa kwegolide elimnyama ezihlambini eziphelile ngokuphelele. Isisho sososayensi "uwoyela wokushiswa ufana nokushisa isitofu nokwabelwa" kwaba i-aphorism.
Enye indawo yomsebenzi wesosayensi isiphenduke sacwaninga ngokwendawo. Ngo-1875, uDmitry Ivanovich uvakashele i-Paris International Geographical Congress, lapho athumela khona ukusungulwa kwakhe enkantolo - i-barometer ehlukile ye-barometer. Ngo-1887, usosayensi wabamba iqhaza ohambweni ebhelini kuya ezingxenyeni ezingaphezulu zomkhathi ukuze abheke ukusitheka kwelanga okuphelele.
Ngo-1890, ukuxabana nesikhulu esisezingeni eliphakeme kwakuyimbangela yokusuka kukaMendelev eyunivesithi. Ngo-1892, usokhemisi uvimba indlela yokuthola i-powder ebhemayo. Ngasikhathi sinye, ichazwa ngumgcini wedepho yezindlela ezisibonelo nesikali. Lapha kuphinde kubuye ama-prototypes wephawundi ne-arshri, kubandakanyeka ekubaleni okuqhathanisa namazinga wezinyathelo zaseRussia nesiNgisi.
Ekuqaleni kukaMendeleev ngonyaka we-1899, kwalethwa ohlelweni lwemitika lwezindlela. Ngo-1905, ngo-1906 no-1907, usosayensi uphakamisa umuntu ozongenela umklomelo kaNobel. Ngo-1906, ikomiti yeKhomiti yeNobel yomklomelo inikezwa uMendeleV, kepha iRoyal Academy of Science of Sweden ayiqinisekisile lesi sinqumo.
UMendeleev, onguMlobi wemisebenzi engaphezu kweyodwa nengxenye, wayenegunya elikhulu lesayensi emhlabeni. Ngenxa yazo, usosayensi wanikezwa iziqu eziningi zesayensi, imiklomelo yama-Russian kanye nezangaphandle, wayeyilungu elihlonishwayo lemiphakathi ethile yesayensi ezweni lakubo nakwamanye amazwe.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Ebusheni bakhe noDmitry, kwakukhona icala elingathandeki. Ukunakekela intombazane uSonya, ayejwayelene nayo ebuntwaneni, waphela ngokuzibandakanya. Kepha ubuhle obuhlangene nomqhele abahambanga. Ngobusuku bomshado, lapho ukulungiselela sekuvele kugcwele ngokugcwele, i-sonama ishada ukushada. Intombazane ibalwe ukuthi ayinangqondo yokushintsha okuthile uma impilo ilungile.
UDmitry wakhathazeka ngokuthi ngegebe elinomakoti, kepha impilo yaya kuye! Kusukela ethubeni elikhulu, waphazanyiswa uhambo lwaphesheya, izinkulumo ezifundwa kanye nabangane abathembekile. Qalisa kabusha ubudlelwano ne-feozay nekitary breem, ayejwayele ngaphambili, waqala ukuhlangana nayo. Le ntombazane ibidala iminyaka emi-6, kodwa yabukeka mincane, ngakho umehluko eminyakeni yobudala awubonakali.
Ngo-1862, baba ngumyeni nonkosikazi wakhe. Indodakazi yokuqala uMasha yazalwa ngonyaka we-1863, kepha yaphila izinyanga ezimbalwa. Ngo-1865, indodana kaVollonya yazalwa, eminyakeni emithathu kamuva - indodakazi ka-Olyya. UDmitry Ivanovich waxhunywa ezinganeni, kepha wakhokha isikhathi esincane, ngoba impilo yazinikelwa emisebenzini yesayensi. Emshadweni, waphetha ngokwesimiso 'sokucima, ezibuza, wayengajabule.
Ngo-1877, uDmitry uhlangana no-Anna Ivanovna Popova, owaba yindoda kuye, ekwazi ukusekela igama elihlakaniphile. Le ntombazane yaphenduka indoda enesiphiwo sokuqamba: wafunda kumdlalo we-Conservatory kupiyano, kamuva e-Academy of Arts.
UDmitry Ivanovich wahlela ukuba intsha "yofriday", lapho ahlangana khona no-Ana. "ULwesihlanu" uguqulwe waba "ubuciko" bezobuciko ", ama-reals awo abungcweti nabaprofesa abanekhono. Phakathi kwabo kwakungu-Ilya Repin, u-Ivan Kramskaya, u-Arctan Kramkaya, u-Ivan Shishkin, uNikolai Wagner, uNikolai Wagner, uNikolay Becetov nabanye.
Umshado kaDmitry no-Ana benzeke ngo-1881. Ngokushesha base benendodakazi kaLyuba, indodana ka-Ivan yavela ngo-1883, amawele kaVasily noMaria - ngo-1886. Emshadweni wesibili, impilo yomuntu siqu yososayensi yathuthuka ngenjabulo. Kamuva, indodana kaDmitry Ivanovich kwakuyimbongi u-Alexander Blok, eshada nendodakazi yososayensi wothando.
Ukushona
Ekuqaleni kuka-1907, uDmitry MendeleV kanye noNgqongqoshe omusha Wezimboni uDmitry Philosophian wabanjwa eChamber of Izindlela nezinsimbi. Ngemuva kokukhuphuka egumbini, usosayensi wagula ngamakhaza, owadala ukuvuvukala kwamaphaphu. Kepha ngigula kakhulu, uDmitry waqhubeka esebenza embhalweni wesandla "oya olwazini lweRussia", amagama okugcina alotshwe nguye lapho ibinzana ngalo:
"Sengiphetha, ngikubheka njengokudingekile, ngisho nasezicingweni ezijwayelekile kakhulu, ukuveza ...".
Ukufa kwafika ngehora lesihlanu ekuseni ngoFebhuwari 2 ngenxa yokukhubazeka kwenhliziyo. I-Dmitry Mendeleev's ethuneni likaWolf Cemetery of St. Petersburg.
Inkumbulo kaDmitry Menduev izwakala yizikhumbuzo eziningi, amadokhumenti, incwadi ethi "Dmitry MendeleV. Umbhali womthetho omkhulu. "
Amaqiniso athakazelisayo
- Ngegama likaDmitry MendeleV, amaqiniso amaningi athakazelisayo e-biography axhunyiwe. Ngaphezu kwemisebenzi yesosayensi, uDmitry Ivanovich wabandakanyeka ebuhlakani bezimboni. Kuma-70s, ukusuka embonini yamafutha kwaqala e-United States, ubuchwepheshe obuye banciphisa ukukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo kaPhetiroleum kwavela. Abakhiqizi baseRussia baqala ukukhuthazelela ukulahleka emakethe yamazwe omhlaba ngenxa yokungakwazi ukuncintisana ngentengo.
- Ngo-1876, ngokwesicelo soMnyango Wezezimali we-Russia kanye "nomphakathi wezobuchwepheshe waseRussia", owabambisana nomnyango wezempi, uMendeleV wadlula olwandle embukisweni wokuqanjwa kobuchwepheshe. Endaweni, amakhemikhali afunda izimiso ezintsha zokwenziwa kwamaphalene neminye imikhiqizo kaphethiloli. Futhi ngokusho kwemibiko e-odiwe yezinsizakalo zesitimela, uDmitry Ivanovich wazama ukunquma indlela yokukhiqiza i-powder ebhemayo, ayiphumelela.
- UMendeleev wayenokuzilibazisa - ukwenza amasudi. Usosayensi wathunga izingubo.
- Ukusungulwa kwe-vodka kanye ne-moonshine kubangelwa usosayensi. Kepha eqinisweni, uDmitry Ivanovich esihlokweni se-Dissertation "Ukubonisana Ngokuqondene nokuxhumeka kotshwala ngamanzi" wafunda impikiswano yokunciphisa umthamo wamanzi ahlanganisiwe. Emsebenzini wesosayensi kwakungekho zwi nge-vodka. Futhi izindinganiso eziku-40 ° kwasungulwa eTsarist Russia emuva ngo-1843.
- Izingxenye ezithelelekile zabagibeli nabashayeli bezindiza.
- Kunenganekwane yokuthi ukuvulwa kohlelo lwe-mendelev yesikhathi esenzeka ephusheni, kepha lokhu kuyinganekwane eyenziwe ngusosayensi uqobo.
- Yena wasonta ugwayi esebenzisa ugwayi obizayo. Uthe ngeke ayeke ukubhema.
Ukutholwa
- Wadala i-aerostat ephethwe, eyaba yigalelo elikhulu kusizo.
- Kuthuthukiswe itafula lesikhathi lezakhi zamakhemikhali, okwaba yinkulumo ebonakalayo yoMthetho esungulwe nguMendeleV ngesikhathi somsebenzi "ezisekelweni zamakhemikhali".
- Udale i-picnometer - idivaysi ekwaziyo ukunquma ubungako boketshezi.
- Kwavula iphuzu elibi elibilayo loketshezi.
- Udale i-equation yesimo segesi esifanelekile, esungula ubudlelwano phakathi kokushisa okuphelele kwegesi ephelele, ingcindezi nevolumu ye-molar.
- Uvule igumbi elikhulu lezinyathelo nezikali - ukusungulwa okuphakathi koMnyango Wezezimali, oholwa yingxenye yoMbuso WaseRussia, kuthunyelwe emnyangweni wezohwebo.