I-Biograge
U-Isaac Newton wazalwa ngoJanuwari 4, 1643 edolobhaneni elincane laseBrithani laseWolstorp, elisendaweni yeLincolnshire County. Kubi, obekushiywa ngaphambi kwesikhathi u-Londo kaMama wakhe, weza kulomhlaba ebusweni bempi yombango yesiNgisi, ngemuva nje kokushona kukaYise futhi ngaphambi nje komgubho kaKhisimusi wakhe.
Ingane ibibuthakathaka kangangokuba isikhathi eside ibingabhapathizwanga. Kepha nokho u-Isaac Newton omncane, waqanjwa ngokuthi uyise, wasinda waphila impilo ende kakhulu yekhulu leshumi nesikhombisa - iminyaka engama-84.
Ubaba wesosayensi wobuhlakani wesikhathi esizayo wayengumlimi omncane, kodwa waphumelela impela futhi ucebile. Ngemuva kokushona kukaNewton Omdala, umndeni wakhe wathola amahektare amakhulu ambalwa amasimu nomhlaba wehlathi ngenhlabathi evundile nesamba esihlaba umxhwele samaphawundi angama-500.
Unina ka-Isaka, u-Anna EJSCU, washeshe washada futhi wabeletha oshade naye omusha wezingane ezintathu. U-Ana wanaka kakhulu inzalo encane, ugogo kagogo wayenza ekuqaleni nokukhuliswa kwamazibulo akhe, kwathi umalume wakhe uWilliam Eisk.
Lapho eseyingane, uNewton wayethanda ukupenda, izinkondlo, ngokungaziphathi kahle amawashi amanzi, ama-windmill, amakhosi amakhoyili ephepha. Ngasikhathi sinye, bekusebuhlungu kakhulu, futhi kungabi nalukunganakwa kakhulu: imidlalo ethokozisayo nontanga ka-Isaka yakhetha ezakhe ukuzijabulisa.
Lapho ingane ithunyelwa esikoleni, ubuthakathaka bayo obungokomzimba namakhono okuxhumana amabi wake waze wabangela ukuba umfana ashaye esimweni sobuntu. Akunakuthobeka nguNewton. Kepha-ke, ubusuku bonke, akakwazanga ukuthenga ifomu lomzimba lomdlalo, ngakho umfana wanquma ukufundisa ukuzethemba kwakhe ngenye indlela.
Uma kungakabikho phambi kwalokhu efunda kabi kakhulu futhi ngokusobala kwakungewona uthisha wezilwane, ngemuva kokuthi iqale ngokungathi sína ekusebenzeni kahle kwabafundi afunda nabo. Kancane kancane, waba ngumfundi omuhle kakhulu, futhi abaluleke kakhulu kunangaphambili, waqala ukuba nentshisekelo kwezobuchwepheshe, izibalo kanye nezimo ezimangazayo zemvelo.
Lapho u-Isaka eneminyaka engu-16 ubudala, umama wakhe wambuyisela efeni futhi wazama ukubeka ingxenye ethile yokukhathazeka ngendodana endala endala (umyeni wesibili u-Eya Eysi ngaleso sikhathi naye wafa). Kodwa-ke, lo mfo wawubandakanyeka nje eqinisweni lokuthi izindlela zobuhlakani zenzelwe, "zigwinya" izincwadi eziningi futhi zibhale izinkondlo.
Uthisha wesikole wensizwa, uMnu. Stokes, kanye noMalume uWilliam EJSCU futhi ojwayelekile uHumphrey Babington (ingxenye yesikhashana - Ilungu lesosayensi elidume kakhulu emhlabeni, lapho usosayensi odumile emhlabeni wonke evakashela isikole, kusho u-Anna Eyyco ukuvumela indodana enesiphiwo ukuba iqhubeke nezifundo zayo. Ngenxa yokukholisa ngokuhlanganyela ngo-1661, u-Isaka waphothula izifundo zakhe esikoleni, okwathi ngemuva kwalokho wayimisa ngempumelelo izivivinyo zokungena e-University of Cambridge.
Ukuqala komsebenzi wesayensi
Njengomfundi uNewton wayenesimo se- "Sizar". Lokhu bekusho ukuthi akazange akhokhele imfundo yakhe, kepha bekufanele enze umsebenzi ohlukahlukene eyunivesithi, noma ahlinzeke ngezinsizakalo kubafundi abacebile. Ngokuqiniseka ngesibindi lokhu kuhlolwa, yize bekungakathandeki kakhulu ukuzizwa kucindezelwe, bekubonakale futhi bekungazi ukuthi bangenza abangane.
Ngaleso sikhathi, ifilosofi kanye nesayensi yemvelo ezweni elidumile leWorld Cambridge lafundiswa ngu-Aristotle, yize umhlaba usuvele uboniswe ngokuvulwa kweGalile, inkolelo ye-gasnicus ye-athosistic, iKoldy of Copenenicus, eKold kanye nabanye ososayensi abavelele . U-Isaac Newton onokuhaha wamunca wonke imininingwane engenzeka kwiMathematics, izinkanyezi, ama-Optics, ama-photics kanye nomqondo womculo, ongathola kuphela. Ngasikhathi sinye, wayevame ukukhohlwa ngokudla nokulala.
Umcwaningi ozimele wesayensi ocwaningayo waqala ngo-1664, eveza uhlu lwezinkinga ezingama-45 empilweni yomuntu nemvelo, ezazingakaxazululwa. Lapho-ke isiphetho somfundi esine-mathemating Isaac Barrow, eyaqala ukusebenza eMnyangweni weKolishi lasekolishi lezibalo. Kamuva, barrow baba uthisha wakhe, kanye nomunye wabangane abambalwa.
Ngisho nokuthakasela ngokwengeziwe ku-Mathematics Ngenxa yathisha onesiphiwo, uNewton wagcwalisa ukubola kwe-binomial ukuthola inkomba enengqondo yokuphikisana, eyayikuthola ukuvela kwayo okugqamile esifundeni sezibalo. Ngawo lowo nyaka, u-Isaka wathola isikhundla seBachelor.
Ngo-1665-1667, lapho lesi sifo, umlilo omkhulu waseLondon kanye nempi echitheke ngokweqile noHolland, eNewton, wagingqa lesi sifo, uNewton eShestorpe eShestorpe. Ngale minyaka, wathumela umsebenzi wakhe oyinhloko ukuze avule izimfihlo ezibonakalayo. Ukuzama ukuthola ukuthi ungasindisa kanjani iLenzevy Telescopes kusuka ekulinganiseni kwe-chromatic, usosayensi weza esifundweni sokuhlakazwa. Umnyombo wokuhlolwa kuka-Isaka ubeka umzamo wokwazi imvelo yomhlaba, futhi iningi lawo lisakwenziwa ezikhungweni zemfundo.
Ngenxa yalokho, uNewton weza emodeli ye-corpuscular of the light, enquma ukuthi ingabhekwa njengokugeleza kwezinhlayiya ezindiza emthonjeni othile wokukhanya futhi yenze ukunyakaza okuqondile esitimeleni esiseduze. Imodeli enjalo yize ingakwazi ukufuna ukucatshangelwa kwe-marginal, kodwa kwaba ngomunye wemibhalo ye-classical physics, ngaphandle kokuthi imibono yanamuhla ephathelene nemicimbi yangokomzimba ivele.
Cishe ngasikhathi sinye, u-Isaka waba ngumlobi, mhlawumbe ukutholwa okudumile: Umthetho Womphakathi Wezwe. Kodwa-ke, lezi zifundo zishicilelwe amashumishumi eminyaka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ngoba usosayensi akakaze afune ukudumisa.
Phakathi kwabathandi ukuqoqa amaqiniso athokozisayo sekuyisikhathi eside bekungumbono ongaqondile wokuthi lo mthetho obalulekile we-classical mechanics Newton uvulwe ngemuva kokuthi i-apula liwele ekhanda lakhe. Eqinisweni, u-Isaka wayefunda ukutholakala kwakhe, okuqondakalayo kumarekhodi akhe amaningi. Inganekwane mayelana ne-Apple yadumisa i-Philosophe egunyaziwe ye-Voltaire egunyaziwe ngalezo zinsuku.
Udumo lwesayensi
Ngasekupheleni kwawo-1660s, u-Isaac Newton wabuyela eCambridge, lapho athola khona isimo seNkosi, igumbi lakhe lokuphila ngisho neqembu labafundi abasebancane ababenososayensi baba ngumfundisi. Kodwa-ke, imfundiso ngokusobala yayingeyona "i-skate" yomcwaningi onesiphiwo, kanye nokuba khona izinkulumo zakhe i-Chrome ngokubona. Ngasikhathi sinye, usosayensi wasungula i-telescope Sellctor, owamkhazimulisa futhi wavumela uNewton ukuthi ajoyine umphakathi waseRoyal London. Ngalesi simo, ukutholwa kwezinkanyezi eziningi kwenziwa.
Ngo-1687, uNewton ushicilelwe, mhlawumbe, umsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu ngumsebenzi onesihloko esithi "Izibalo eziqala zefilosofi yemvelo". Umcwaningi nangaphambi kwalapho eshicilelwe imisebenzi yakhe, kepha lena yayibaluleke kakhulu: yaba yimishini eyinhloko enengqondo kanye nesayensi yonke yezibalo. Bekuqukethe izwe elaziwayo lomhlaba wonke, imithetho emithathu eyaziwayo yama-mechanics, ngaphandle kwalo i-classical physics eyenziwe ngokungacabangi
Ngokwezinga lezibalo kanye nelomzimba, "izibalo eziqala zefilosofi yemvelo" zazingumyalo wobukhulu obuphakeme kunocwaningo lwabo bonke ososayensi abasebenza ngale nkinga ku-Isaac Newton. Kwakungekho matafiksics angemukelekile anokucabanga okubanzi, imithetho engenasisekelo namagama angavikelekile, elalinokona ngo-Aristotle nase-Descartes.
Ngo-1699, lapho uNewton esebenza ezikhundleni zokuphatha, e-University of Cambridge, waqala ukufundisa uhlelo lwayo lomhlaba.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Abesifazane futhi akunjalo ngaleso sikhathi akuzange kubonise ukuzwela okukhethekile kweNewton, nasempilweni yakhe yonke, akakaze ashade.
Ukufa kososayensi omkhulu kwangena ngo-1727, futhi cishe bonke abaLondon babuthana emngcwabeni wakhe.
Imithetho Newton
- Umthetho wokuqala wama-mechanics: Wonke umzimba uyaphumula noma uhlala esimweni sokunyakaza okufanayo okufanayo, kuze kube yilapho lo mthetho ulungiswa ukusetshenziswa kwamabutho angaphandle.
- Umthetho wesibili wama-mechanics: Ushintsho ku-Impelse lulingana namandla asetshenzisiwe futhi lwenziwa ngendlela yomthelela wayo.
- Umthetho wesithathu wama-mechanics: Amachashazi wezinto ezibonakalayo ahlangana komunye nomunye emugqeni oqondile, azixhumanise, ane-modulo elilinganayo futhi aphambene aqonde ngqo emandleni.
- Umthetho Wezempilo Yomhlaba: Amandla wokuheha amadokhumenti adonsela phansi phakathi kwalezi zinto ezimbili ezibonakalayo alingana nomkhiqizo wezinqwaba zawo, andiswe yi-gransitational njalo, futhi alingana kakhulu nesikwele sebanga phakathi kwalawa maphuzu.