I-Biograge
UMohandas Karamchand Gandhi (Mahatma Gandhi) wayengumuntu odumile womphakathi waseNdiya, osopolitiki, nokufakelwa ukuzimela kweNdiya. Wathuthukisa amaqhinga omzabalazo ongelona onodlame - satyagrat. ENdiya, ubizwa ngokuthi "uyise wesizwe".
UMohandas Karamchand Gandhi, naye futhi uMahatma Gandhi, wazalwa ePorbanar ngo-Okthoba 2, 1869. Ubaba wahlanganyela kwezentengiselwano, wahola imisebenzi yezepolitiki ekhuthele, futhi ngasikhathi sinye wayeyinhloko kaGujarat, inhloko-dolobha yakhe kwakungubuso. Unina womfana - isampula yobuhle. Ngenxa yemizamo yakhe, umndeni wabona okugcwele, amasiko.
Wonke umndeni wawuhlala uhambele ukukhulekelwa emathempelini, wafunda izincwadi zenkolo. Abazali babengabakho imifino, babekholelwa ukuthi umuntu wayengenalo ilungelo lokubulala izilwane. AbakwaMohandas ngemuva kwalokho banamathela ngokubukeka okufanayo.
Ucwaningo
Umfana wezemfundo wesibili uthole esikoleni sendawo ye-porbandar. Othisha bezombusazwe ngekusasa baphawula ukuthi umfana wafunda maphakathi. Inzalo ethile ezifundweni ayikhombisanga. Izimbangela zihambe kangcono lapho eqhubeka nezifundo zakhe esikoleni esiphakeme saseRajkot. Lapha waheha ubuqili.
Ngemuva kokubonisana nabazali, amaMohanda anquma ukuqhubeka nemfundo e-UK. Ngo-1888, uba ngumfundi we-University College of London. Futhi ngemuva kweminyaka emithathu uthola idiploma yommeli futhi ibuyele endabeni yakhe yaseNdiya.
Umsebenzi kanye Nemisebenzi Yezenhlalo
Ukuze uqonde ukuthi ungabasiza kanjani abantu bakho, ummeli osemusha wanquma ukuhlola i-India. Ngonyaka avakashele izindawo eziningi (iTural, Santa Shexar, iSalem, i-Dedver nabanye), bahanjiswa ngesitimela. Ukungcola okungcolile, ubuphofu, abagibeli abathwebulwe umqhele ... Konke lokhu kukhombisa isimo sonke ezweni futhi kufakwe okudakwe kakhulu kuMahatma.
Ukuzijwayeza kwezomthetho ngandlela thile akuzange kubambelele. Futhi uGandhi unquma ukuguqula izimpilo zabo zipholile. Ngenxa yezibopho zikaYise, uthola isikhundla someluleki wezomthetho kummeleli wezohwebo womunye wamafemu aseNdiya eNingizimu Afrika. Lapho, ummeli uxhumeka enhlanganweni yomphakathi ukuvikela amalungelo amaNdiya. Imibono ye-Ireland M. Demitte, i-American Torro, yayinomthelela omkhulu kuMholi.
Ungawavikela kanjani amalungelo ezakhamizi ezikanye nasikhathi sinye agweme izisulu nodlame? Ungayithola Kanjani Indlela KuNkulunkulu? Le mibuzo yahlushwa uGandhi osemusha. Wathola izimpendulo ngokungazelelwe. Ngandlela thile ezandleni zakhe kwathola incwadi kaLeo Tolstoy "umbuso kaNkulunkulu ngaphakathi kwakho, noma ubuKristu hhayi njengemfundiso eyimfihlakalo, kodwa njengempilo entsha," abashintshe umbono wakhe omusha. Wathuthukisa umqondo omusha wokuziphatha kwezizwe ezikanye naye - Satyagrat.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ngokwakha umbono wefilosofi, uMohandas akakwazanga ukuthola igama lakhe elifanele. Bekumele ngimemezele ngisho nomncintiswano, ngokwemigomo yokuthi umbhali, ophakamise igama eliphumelele kakhulu uzothola umklomelo wemali. Owinile kwakungumzala womzala kaGandhi - uMagancal Gandhi. I-Satyagraha iyinhlanganisela yamagama amabili - Sat (iqiniso) ne-Agraha (Hardness).
Imisebenzi ephumelelayo e-Afrika egxiliswa ePhilosophethi yethemba lokuthi angazuza nezwe lakhe. Imibono yakhe yawa ezinhlakeni zomphakathi eziningi zaseYurophu naseMelika. Ezweni laseGandhi, impumelelo nayo ayizange ihambe ngaphandle kokunaka. Ngokwesandla okulula kwe-compatriot R. Taghore Mhandas yaqala ukubiza uMahatma, okusho ukuthi "umphefumulo omkhulu".
Ngo-1915, isazi sefilosofi sibuyela eNdiya futhi sibambe iqhaza ngenkuthalo emzabalazweni wezepolitiki wokuzimela kwezwe lakubo. Ngenxa kababa, iminyango ivulekele iningi lamakhabethe amalungu engqungquthela yeNdiya yaseNdiya. Kepha, akubona bonke abantu abavuma ukusekela umbono wakhe. Ngani? Ithiyori entsha yefilosofi yayisuselwa ezimisweni:
- ukumelana okungelona nodlame;
- Ukungalaleli kwezokungamelene.
Bebeyini? Abalandeli bakaGandhi kumele benqabe:
- ama-honor, izihloko ezazabe umbuso ohlangene;
- sebenza e-Civil Service, amaphoyisa, ibutho;
- Ukuthengwa kwezimpahla zesiNgisi.
Naphezu kokuncipha okunjalo, izikhulu eziningi zabanjwa umlilo umqondo wokubuyisela ukuzimela.
Ngo-1919, uGandhi waqala ukubizwa ngezakhamizi ezikanye nesenzo esinokuthula: isiteleka esikhulu nokungalaleli. Izigidi zamaNdiya ngosuku olubekiwe aluzange liye emsebenzini. Bahamba ezansi emigwaqweni, bamemeza iziqubulo ngenkululeko, inkululeko. Kepha ngesinye isikhathi, lesi simo saphuma silawulwa. Isixuku saba nolaka, futhi saqala ukushayisana namaphoyisa. Hhayi ngaphandle komhlatshelo.
UGandhi waboshwa njengomsebenzi futhi walahlwa yicala iminyaka eyisithupha. Ukusuka sonke isikhathi, uMahatma wabuyela empilweni ejwayelekile. Ukukhulekelwa akuzange kunake ifilosofi. Babekholelwa ukuthi isiboshwa sangaphambili saphukile futhi umsebenzi wakhe wezepolitiki wawuphelile. Ngokusho kwalesi sazi, leli jele lamnika isikhathi sokuphinda acabange umbono wakhe, ethola izindawo ezicindezelekile.
Cha, akazange abuyele emndenini. UMahatma wasungula i-Ashram (indawo yokuhlala yalabo abaswele). Kepha, akazange akhethe indawo yehlane yalokhu, kepha indawo ezungeze idolobha elikhulu lezimboni lase-Ahmadabad. Ngakho-ke, ukukhombisa ukuthi uhlose ukuqhubeka nokuvikela abantu futhi aqhubeke nomzabalazo wenkululeko yezwe labo, ukushumayela gandesm.
Nsuku zonke e-Ashram waqoqa abantu abaningi ukuba balalele ukuhlakanipha. OFakazi balezo zinsuku batshelwa ukuthi isazi sefilosofi sasiyisikhulumi esibi, ukushukuma kwakhe komzimba kwakuthule, kwathi izwi lalithule. Yizwa lokho ayengakwazi ukushumayeza, kuphela imigqa yokuqala, kepha uCharisma wakhe wawanele nhlobo.
Isihluku esiseBrithani, ukungasebenzi kwabanikazi bendawo baphoqa ukuthi abantu balalela ngokucophelela izinkulumo zabadala. Futhi ngenxa yalokho, igunya likaMahatma landa ngokungananazi. Izimpikiswano zakhe ezikholisayo zaphoqeleka ukuba zicabange ama-Ezepolitiki.
Ngo-1947, izwe lathola inkululeko, kepha lahlukaniswa eNdiya nasePakistan. Kube nokuxabana okuhlomile phakathi kwamaSulumane nabantu abathi bange-Hinduism. Ukumisa ukuxabana, umdala wamemezela isiteleka sendlala. Kwenzeka isilinganiso esinjalo kakhulu futhi izingxabano ezihlomile zayeka.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Usopolitiki wesikhathi esizayo wawushade eneminyaka engu-13 eKastastruba, okwathi kuze kube sekupheleni kwezinsuku zakhe, kwakuyintombi yakhe ethembekile nokusekelwa. Amadodana amane azalelwa kulo mbhangqwana:
- Harilal (1888-1949);
- I-RDDAS (1897-1969);
- Manilal (1892-1956);
- I-DAVRDAS (1900-1957).
Njengoba uMahatma wayehlala ehlanganyela ezindabeni zezepolitiki, imisebenzi yezenhlalo, wayengenasikhathi sokuphila kwakhe kanye nomndeni wakhe. Kanye nokukhulisa izingane kunkosikazi kaKastastobe. Ukubamba iqhaza kokudla kwakungenakukhanya kahle ukuze kukhule amadodana. Mhlawumbe ngakho-ke iHarilal futhi yaqala ukuhola indlela yokuphila eyichilo.
UGandhi wazama ukwakha indodana, kepha ukugxekwa akuphumelelanga. Isiphetho sezingane zonke zichume. Bashada, bazala izingane.
Imizamo nokufa mahatma
UMahatma wasinda emizameni emibili empilweni, kwathi owesithathu wabulala. Omunye wabahambi ngesikhathi sokushumayela kusihlwa wasondela kuthisha wamdubula kathathu. Ngokushesha uGandhi wahanjiswa esibhedlela, kodwa odokotela abakwazanga ukusindisa umdala oneminyaka engu-78. Enye yezinhlamvu ukukhanya.
Ngokwabofakazi bokuzibonela, osopolitiki ngaphambi kokufa bazamile ukuqeda zonke izinto. Cishe ungeza uMthethosisekelo wokuqala we-India India. Ngemuva kokushona kwakhe, kwethulwa kuphela ukuhlukaniswa okumbalwa kuwo.
Amaqiniso athakazelisayo
Amaqiniso amaningi athakazelisayo axhumeke negama likaGandhi:
- Njengokuphila, nangemva kokufa kukaGandhi, ngenxa yemisebenzi yalo ebhaliwe iyaqhubeka nokuthonya osopolitiki banamuhla. UVladimir Putin akazange aphawule ukuthi abaholi banamuhla bamazwe bafuna ukuxazulula konke futhi baxole ukuthi phakathi kwabo akukho okufana ne-mahatma gandhi.
- By the way, abanye abantu bayaqiniseka ukuthi i-Indira Gandhi iyisihlobo "sikababa wesizwe". Kepha akunjalo, bangamazwi nje.
- Emzamweni wokwenza isithombe esinokwethenjelwa somlando seGandhi, ochwepheshe bahlaziywa kanye nombhalo wakhe wesandla. Ngokwemiphumela, i-sage yayithembekile, ivulekile ngomusa. Wayenakatha, enquma.
- Amafilimu amaningi adubule ngempilo yeHindu Elikhulu. Izilinganiso ezivela ezincwadini zakhe, amagama asebenzisa osopolitiki owaziwayo ezinkulumweni zabo, izibalo zomphakathi.
- UMahatma wayedume ngesimo sakhe sengqondo sokuhlanya ezilwaneni.