Umlando Wemilingiswa
I-Lev Nikoleyevich Tolstoy ilawulwa hhayi kuphela ukuguqula kuphela izwe elibhaliwe ngomkhiqizo omusha, okungokwangempela kusuka endaweni yokubukwa kokwakheka kohlobo oluthile, kodwa futhi kwasungulwa izinhlamvu ezikhanyayo nezimibalabala. Kuyiqiniso, akuzona zonke izinto ezisetshenziswayo zencwadi efunda inoveli eningi yombhali kusuka ekuqothulweni, kepha iningi lazi ukuthi ngubani uPierre Fierus, uNatasha Rostov no-Andrei Bolkonsky.Umlando wendalo
Ngo-1856, uLev Nikolayevich Tolstoy waqala umsebenzi emsebenzini wokungafi. Lapho-ke iwizadi ibicabanga ngokwakha indaba ezotshela abafundi be-hero-depembrist, baphoqwa ukubuyela embusweni waseRussia. Umbhali wawuhlaziya ngokungakhethi lesi sigameko senoveli ngo-1825, kodwa ngaleso sikhathi umlandeli wayengumndeni nomuntu ovuthiwe. Lapho uLevi Nikolayevich wazibuza ngentsha yeqhawe, ibingazi lutho ngokuhambisana no-1812.
1812 Akulula ngezwe. Kwaqala impi yokuthanda izwe, ngoba uMbuso WaseRussia wenqabile ukugcina i-blockade yezwekazi, lapho uNapoleon ebona isikhali esikhulu ngokumelene ne-UK. UTolstoy waphefumulela isikhathi esinezinkinga, ngaphandle kwalokho, izihlobo zakhe zibambe iqhaza kule micimbi emlandweni.
Ngakho-ke, ngo-1863, umlobi waqala ukusebenza ngenoveli ekhombisa isiphetho sabantu bonke baseRussia. Ukuze ungafakwanga, uLev Nikolayevich athembele emisebenzini yesayensi ka-Alexander Mikhailovsky-Danilevsky, enesizotha i-Bogwanovich, uMikhail Shcherbinin nezinye izikhumbuzo kanye nabalobi. Bathi ukuthola ugqozi, umlobi waze wahambela edolobhaneni laseBorodino, lapho ibutho likaNapoleon Bonaparte kanye nomphathi weRussia-in-induna kaMikhail Kutuzov bashayisana.
Phezu komsebenzi wayo oyisisekelo, uTolstoy wasebenza, iminyaka eyisikhombisa hhayi ukusonta izandla, wabhala amashidi amahlanu asalungiswa, ehoxisa izinhlamvu ezingama-550. Futhi lokhu akumangazi, ngoba umsebenzi unikezwa umlingiswa wefilosofi, oboniswa ngentengo yempilo yabantu baseRussia ngesikhathi sokwehluleka nokuhlulwa.
Kodwa-ke, umbhali obonisa ucwaningo olungokomoya lwabalingiswa baphathwe ngokungabaza endalweni yakhe. Ngo-1871, u-Athanasius Fet uthole incwadi lapho uLevi uNikolaevich wabhala:
"Njengoba ngijabule ... ukuthi angisoze ngaba nenani lokubhala okuningi" kwempi "eningi."Noma yini engathintiswa kabi yi-tolstoy, i-tartoy "yempi yaseRoma-e-epopea", enyatheliswa ngo-1865 (ivesi lokuqala livele kumagazini elithi "Russian Bulletin"), lalinempumelelo enkulu yomphakathi. Umsebenzi wombhali waseRussia wahlasela abagxeki basekhaya nabakwamanye amazwe, futhi inoveli ngokwakhe yamukelwa njengomsebenzi omkhulu we-Edury wezincwadi ezintsha zaseYurophu.
I-diaspora ebhala imibhalo yaphawulwa hhayi kuphela uzungu olujabulisayo, oluhlanganiswe "enokuthula", nangesikhathi sempi ", kodwa futhi nobukhulu be-canvase eqanjiwe. Naphezu kwesibalo esikhulu sabadlali, uTolstoy wazama ukunika amaqhawe ngalinye lezinhlamvu.
Isimilo Andrei bolkonsky
U-Andrei bolkonsky umlingiswa ophambili kwinoveli kaLeo Tolstoy "Impi Nokuthula". Kuyaziwa ukuthi izinhlamvu eziningi kulo msebenzi zine-prototype yangempela, ngokwesibonelo, umlobi we-natasha rostov "wadalwa" kumfazi wakhe uSophia noRereevna nodadewabo uTatiana Bers. Kepha isithombe sika-Andrei bolkonsky sihlangene. Ukusuka ezibonelweni ezingenzeka, abacwaningi babiza uNikolai Alekseevich Tuchkov, uLieutenant-Jikelele Webutho LaseRussia, kanye nokaputeni weNjiniyela LaseNjiniyela Fyodor Ivanovich Tesnausen.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ekuqaleni u-Andrei Bolkonsky wahlelwa umlobi njengohlamvu oluncane kamuva owathola izimfanelo zomuntu ngamunye futhi waba ngumlingiswa ophambili womsebenzi. Emikhakheni yokuqala kaLeo, uNikolayevich Bolkonsky wayeyinsizwa yezwe, kanti ezinhlalulweni ezilandelayo zenkosana yaseRoma zivela phambi kwabafundi njengendawo yokuhlaziya enomqondo wengqondo, onikeza abalandeli bezincwadi ngesibindi nesibindi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, abafundi bangakwazi ukulandelela bobabili ngaphambi kokwakhiwa kobuntu noshintsho kumlingiswa weqhawe. Abaphenyi bafaka amabhlogo enanini le-aristocracy elingokomoya: Le nsizwa yakha umsebenzi, iphila impilo yezwe, kepha ayinakuba nandaba nezinkinga zomphakathi.
U-Andrey Bolkonsky uvela phambi kwabafundi njengensizwa enhle yokukhula okuncane nangezimpaphe ezomile. Uyakuzonda umphakathi wezezenzisi, kepha ufika emabhola kanye neminye imicimbi ngenxa yokungahloniphi:
"Ngokusobala, bonke abekuqala egumbini lokuhlala bebengajwayelene nje, kodwa babekhathele kakhulu kangangokuba wayedideka kakhulu ukuba abalalele."IBolkonsky ngokunganaki ibiza umkakhe uLisa, kodwa lapho efa, le nsizwa yazibeka icala eqinisweni lokuthi iyabanda nomkakhe futhi ayizange imnakekele. Kuyaqapheleka ukuthi uLev Nikolayevich, owaziyo ukuthi angambona kanjani umuntu onemvelo, embula ukuthi ungubani u-Andrei Bolkonsky esiqeshini esiseqenjini, yindlela engokomfanekiso yangaphakathi Isimo sePrince Andrei.
Phakathi kokunye, ibhubesi uNikolayevich Tolstoy wabeka leli qhawe eliphikisayo, kuhlanganisa isibindi kanye nobugwala: emqondweni waleli gama ugijima emshadweni ongaphumelelanga futhi wehlulekile impilo. I-protagonist ilahlekelwa yinjongo yempilo, iphinda inethemba ngezinhloso ezinhle kakhulu, zokwakha kanye nezindlela zokufeza kwazo.
U-Andrei Nikolayevich ufunde uNapoleon, naye wayefuna ukukhazimulisa futhi alethe ibutho lakhe ekunqobeni, kepha ikusasa lenze ushintsho lwayo: Iqhawe lomsebenzi lalimele futhi lilethwe esibhedlela. Kamuva, isikhulu sabona ukuthi injabulo yayingeyona ekunqobeni nasezandleni zokuhlonishwa, kodwa ezinganeni nasempilweni yomndeni. Kepha, ngeshwa, iBolkonsky iye yehluleka: Akazindile kuphela ukufa komlingani, kodwa futhi nokukhashelwa kukaNatasha Rostova.
"Impi Nokuthula"
Isenzo senoveli, esitshela ubungane nokukhaphela, ukuvakashela u-Anna Pavlovna shresher, lapho konke ukukhanya okuphezulu kweSt. Petersburg kuzoxoxa ngezinqubomgomo nangendima kaNapoleon empini. ULev Nikoleyevich waqinisa le salon yokuziphatha okubi nengamanga nge- "Famovsky Society", eyayichazwa ngobudlova ngu-Alexander Griboedov emsebenzini wakhe "Maye kusuka ku-Wit" (1825). Kwakuku-salon anna pavlovna futhi kuvela ngaphambi kwabafundi u-Andrei nikolaevich.
Ngemuva kokudla kwasemini nezingxoxo ezingenalutho, u-Andrei uya esigodini waya kuBaba futhi ashiye unkosikazi wakhe okhulelwe eLisa e-Family Estate Mount Izintaba ezikhona ekunakekelweni kukadadewethu uMayaya. Ngo-1805, u-Andrei Nikolayevich waya empini noNapoleon, lapho enza khona njenge-kutuzov enesifiso. Ngesikhathi sezimpi ezinamagazi, leli qhawe lalimaliliziwe, ngemuva kwalokho waphuthunyiswa esibhedlela.
Lapho ebuyela ekhaya, uPrince Andrew wayelinde izindaba ezingemnandi: ngesikhathi sokubeletha, umkakhe uLisa ushonile. IBolkonsky yangena ekucindezelekeni. Le nsizwa yahlushwa yilokho aphathana naye mathupha ngokubanda futhi ayikhombisanga inhlonipho efanele ngaye. Lapho-ke inkosana u-Andrei yaphinde yathandana nothando, okwamsiza ukuthi asuse isimo esibi.
Manje uNatasha Roostov waba yinduna yensizwa. UBolkonsky waphakamisa isandla sakhe nenhliziyo yakhe, kepha njengoba uyise wayemelene nabasemakhelini abanjalo, umshado kwakufanele uhlehliselwe unyaka. UNatasha, owayengakwazi ukuhlala wedwa, wenza iphutha futhi waqala inoveli enesithandwa sokuphila okugcwele yi-Anatola Kuragin.
I-heroine yathumela incwadi yeBolkonsky ngokwenqaba. Ukushintsha okunjalo kwezigameko kulimele u-Andrei Nikolayevich, ophupha ngokubiza imbangi yakhe nge-duel. Ukuphambuka othandweni olungafanele kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho okungokomoya, inkosana yaqala ukusebenza kanzima futhi yazinikezela enkonzweni. Ngo-1812, iBolkonsky yabamba iqhaza empini yokulwa neNapoleon nangesikhathi saseBorodino walimala esiswini.
Okwamanje, umndeni wokwanda wathuthela e-Moscow Estate yayo, lapho kutholakala khona abahlanganyeli bempi. Phakathi kwamasosha alimele, uNatasha Rostov wabona uPrince Andrew futhi wabona ukuthi uthando aluzange luphele enhliziyweni yakhe. Ngeshwa, impilo ephansi yeBolkonsky yayingahambisani nempilo, ngakho-ke isikhulu safa ezandleni zeNatasha ehlekisayo nezikhulu zaseMarya.
Umsebenzi nabalingisi
ILion Roman Lion Nikolayevich Tolstoy Ngaphezu kwalokho okuvikelwe ngabaqondisi abadumile: Umsebenzi womlobi waseRussia wavumelaniswa amaKinomun Avid ngisho naseHollywood. Ngempela, amafilimu asethelwe kule ncwadi awakwazi ukubalwa eminweni, ngakho-ke sizofaka ohlwini amafilimu kuphela.
"Impi Nezwe" (ifilimu, 1956)
Ngo-1956, uMqondisi weNkosi uVidor wahlushwa umkhiqizo webhubesi uTolstoy kwizikrini ze-TV. Ifilimu alihluke kakhulu kunenoveli yasekuqaleni. Akumangalisi esimweni sokuqala kwakukhona amakhasi angama-506, asayizi amahlandla ayisihlanu wombhalo ophakathi. Lesi sigameko senzeka e-Italy, ezinye iziqephu zahlungwa eRoma, felonic nasePinerolo.
Ku-Brilliant Cast kufaka phakathi izinkanyezi ezaziwayo zeHollywood. UNatasha Roostov udlale u-Audrey Hepburn, i-genirry Foundation yaphinde yavukezelwa ePierre Zuhohov, naseqhamuka eBolkonsky, kwavela uMel Ferrer.
"Impi Nezwe" (ifilimu, 1967)
Amafilimu amafilimu aseRussia awekho ngemuva kozakwabo bakwamanye amazwe eWoskshop, abashaya izilaleli hhayi kuphela "ngesithombe", kodwa futhi nesabelomali esenziwe ngesabelomali. UMqondisi uMqondisi uSergey Bondarchuk wasebenza iminyaka eyisigamu sesithombe esiphakeme kunazo zonke esithombeni esiphakeme kunazo zonke emlandweni weSoviet Cinema.
Efilimu, ifilimu aligcini kuphela icebo nomdlalo wabalingisi, kodwa futhi nokwazi komqondisi: USergey Bondarchuk wasebenzisa isithombe esisha sezimpi zephaneli ngaleso sikhathi. Iqhaza lika-Andrei Bolkonsky lathola umlingisi we-vyacheslav Tikhthov. ULyudmila Savelyv, Kira Golovko, Oleg Tabakov, Anastasia Vertinskaya, uNikolai Trofimov nabanye baphinde badlalwa esithombeni.
"Impi Nezwe" (Ithelevishini Series, 2007)
Umqondisi waseJalimane uRobert Dornelm naye wahlanganyela ekuhlolweni komsebenzi webhubesi uTolstoy, ohlinzeka ngefilimu ngezindaba zoqobo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uRobert wathuthela kude nemigomo ngokuvela kwabalingiswa abaphambili, ngokwesibonelo, uNatasha Rostov (Clemence Poets) abonakala kubabukeli be-blonde ngamehlo aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
Isithombe sika-Andrei Bolkonsky saya kumlingisi wase-Italy u-Alessio Boney, owayekhunjulwa yifilimu emafilimu "ukuphanga" (1995), "ngemuva kwesivunguvungu" (1995), "Dracula" (2002) kanye neminye imidwebo.
"Impi Nezwe" (Ithelevishini Series, 2016)
Ngokusho kwe- "Guardian Guardian", izakhamizi zase-Albion ze-Misty zaqala ukuthenga imibhalo yesandla yoqobo yebhubesi uNikolayevich Tolstoy ngemuva kwalolu chungechunge, ifakwe ngumqondisi uTom Harperm.
Ukushintshwa kwezingxenye eziyisithupha zenoveli kukhombisa izilaleli ubuhlobo bothando, cishe azikho isikhathi emicimbini yamasosha. Iqhaza lika-Andrei Bolkonsky lenziwa nguJames Norton, ehlukanisa iplatifomu yokudubula esiphansi sanikezwa futhi uLily James.
Amaqiniso athakazelisayo
- ILev Nikoleyevich ayizange ibheke umsebenzi wakhe owukhuni waphela futhi wakholwa ukuthi inoveli "Impi nezwe" kufanele kuphele ngesigameko esihlukile. Kodwa-ke, umbhali akakaze afake umbono wakhe.
- Efihliwe "Impi Nokuthula" (1956), izingubo zisebenzise amasosha ayizinkulungwane ezingaphezu kwekhulu, izingubo kanye nama-wigs, ezenziwe ngokwemifanekiso yokuqala yesikhathi sikaNapoleon Bonaparte.
- Encwadini ethi "Impi Nokuthula", imibono yefilosofi yombhali nezicucu ze-biography yakhe iyalandelwa. Umlobi akazange amthande umphakathi weMoscow futhi wayenezinkinga ezingokomoya. Lapho umfazi engazange afeze konke okwakhe, ngokwezinkulungwane zamahemuhemu, uLevi Nikolayevich wahamba "ngakwesobunxele". Ngakho-ke, akumangazi ukuthi izinhlamvu zakhe, njenganoma yimuphi umuntu ofayo, zinezici ezingezinhle.
- Lesi sithombe INkosi uViers ayizange ikhiphe udumo emphakathini waseYurophu, kodwa kwaba ukuthandwa okungakaze kubonwe eSoviet Union.