I-Biograge
UPeter Ilenich Tchaikovsky wazalwa ngoMeyi 7, 1840 edolobhaneni laseVotkinsk, elisendaweni ye-UDmurtia yanamuhla. Uyise waba ngu-Ilya Petrovich Tchaikovsky, unjiniyela, ovela kuCossack Choj, owaziwa e-Ukraine. Umama womqambi odumile wesikhathi esizayo waba u-Alexander Andreevna afass, owaqeqeshwa esikoleni sezintandane zabesifazane ngaphambi nje kokushona kukayise. U-Alexandra Andreevna waqeqeshwa ezincwadini, kwezokuma komhlaba, izibalo kanye izilimi zakwamanye amazwe.
Emibhalweni, lo mndeni wawungenxa yokuthi u-Ilya Petrovich wanikezwa isikhundla seNhloko yesitshalo se-kamsko-votkinsky, ngaleso sikhathi esasingamabhizinisi amakhulu kakhulu. EVotkinsk, eTchaikovsky-Sr. Itholwe indlu enkulu nenceku ngisho nebutho lakhe, eliqukethe izikolo eziyikhulu. Kule ndlu, izicukuthwane zazivame ukubonwa kule ndlu, intsha evela enhlokodolobha, onjiniyela abangamaNgisi nakwelinye ubuntu obuhloniphekile.
Emndenini wakhe, uPetru waba yingane yesibili. Ubuye waba nomdala uNickolas, umfowabo omncane wemvubu kanye nodadewabo omncane u-Alexander. Endlini enkulu yeTchaikovsky, hhayi kuphela umbhangqwana womndeni abahlala nezingane zabo ababephila, kodwa futhi nezihlobo eziningi ze-Ilya Petrovich. Ukuqeqesha izingane eSt. Petersburg, i-French-Fanny Durbach yabangelwa, kamuva eyaba cishe yilungu lomndeni wakwaTchaikovsky.
Umculo ubelokhu ube yisivakashi esamukelekayo endlini yabazali kaPeter Ilyich. Uyise wakwazi ukudlala umtshingo, umama - kupiyano nehabhu, futhi wenza nezothando ngekhono kakhulu. Ubuhlakani beMusical Education kwancishwa, kepha futhi nokondliwa ngumculo womculo. Endlini kaTchaikovsky kwakukhona i-orchestrion (isitho semishini) nopiyano. Umculi osemusha uthathe izifundo zomdlalo epiyano enqaba eyayinqaba uMarya Falchikova, owayephethe ulwazi lokufunda nolwazi lomculo.
Enye inkanuko yeTchaikovsky yosencane, ngaphezu kokutadisha izisekelo zomdlalo kupiyano, izinkondlo zaba. UPeter onomuntu osetshenzisiwe ngezinkondlo eziningi zamaFrance. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wazama ukufunda konke okungenzeka kuphela, kusuka e-biography kaLouis XVII. Ukuhlonipha umuntu omlando wathwala impilo yakhe yonke.
Ngo-1848, uTchaikovsky wathuthela eMoscow, ngoba u-Ilya Petrovich uthathe umhlalaphansi futhi wahlose ukuthola insizakalo yangasese. Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa nje, umndeni wathutha futhi, kulokhu - kulokhu - eSt. Petersburg. Lapho, amadodana adala akhonjwe empeshenini yokushwabana.
ESt. Petersburg, uPeter Ilyich waqhubeka efunda umculo, futhi wajwayelana ne-ballet, opera kanye ne-symphony orchestra. Ngendawo efanayo, le nsizwa yayise, yaqala ukubanjwa ngayo ngezikhathi ezithile.
Ngo-1849, uNikolai Tchaikovsky, uMfowethu Ophakeme uPeter, wayezimisele esimweni sezidumbu zonjiniyela bezimayini, futhi ezinye izingane kanye nabazali bazo babuyela ezinkombeni, edolobheni lase-Alapaevsk. Lapho, inhloko yomndeni yathatha iposi lekhanda lesitshalo sendlalifa kaYakovlev. UFanny Durbach Ngaleso sikhathi ushiye umndeni wakwaTchaikovsky, kanti enye i-Anastasia Petrova yaqashwa ukulungiselela osemusha uPeter Ilyich ukuthola imfundo eqhubekayo.
Ngawo lowo nyaka, umculi osemusha waba nabafowabo abasebasha ababili, uGemini Modest kanye ne-anatoly.
Izinsizakalo zemfundo kanye nombuso
Yize i-Perter Tchaikovsky engakakhombisi isanda emculweni emculweni, yajabula nge-opera edumile futhi yavuma ukuya eBelt, abazali bayo abazange bakubheke umculo nhlobo ehlonishwayo indodana yakhe. Ekuqaleni, wayefuna ukumthumela e-Institute of Corps Onjiniyela bezimayini, kanye nendodana endala uNicholas, kodwana babethanda isikole soMthetho, esasikhona eSt. Petersburg. UPeter Ilyich wangena kulo ngo-1850.
Esikoleni, umculi wafunda kuze kube ngu-1859. Iminyaka yokuqala yokufundela iTchaikovsky yangenxa yeTchaikovsky uqobo lwayo: Kwakunzima ukusinda ngokuhlukana nezihlobo ezazingakwazi ukumvakashela. Futhi ukugada komngane womndeni wemfashini uVakara kwamenyezelwa ukuthi i-Tchaikovsky yeminyaka eyishumi yayingehlile ngokungafanele endlini yakhe, ngenxa yalokho indodana ethile yesizotha yafa ngokuzumayo.
Ngo-1852, lapho u-Ilya Petrovich eshiya insizakalo, wonke umndeni wathuthela eSt. Petersburg. Ngale minyaka, uPeter u-Ilsich wajwayelana ne-opera yaseRussia kanye ne-ballet, futhi wenza nabangane nomuntu afunda naye, imbongi u-Alexei Apukhtin, owayenethonya elikhulu emibonweni nasenkolelweni yakhe.
Ngo-1854, umama kaTchaikovsky ushone ngemuva kokulwa okude nekholera. U-Ilya Petrovich wasabalalisa izingane ezindala ezikhungweni zemfundo zohlobo oluvaliwe, futhi namawele aneminyaka emine ahlala isikhashana kumfowabo.
Esikhathini esivela ku-1855 kuya ku-1858, uPeter Ilyich uthathe izifundo ePiano phakathi kophiko oludumile lwaseJalimane uRudolf Kündanger. UTchaikovsky osemusha wakhe waqasha ubaba wakhe, kodwa entwasahlobo yango-1858 izifundo kwadingeka ayeke: Ngenxa yokungabaleka okungaphumeleli, u-Ilya Petrovich alahlekelwe yimali yakhe yonke, futhi akukho lutho olwela umculi wakwamanye amazwe. Ngenhlanhla, ngokushesha uTchaikovsky-Ophakeme wanikezwa ukuhola ubuholi be-Institute of Technology futhi wanikela ngefulethi elikhulu likahulumeni lapho athuthela khona ezinganeni.
Isikole sakhe esikoleni sezomthetho, uPeter Ilyich waqedwa ngo-1859. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi wakujabulela ukuzwela okukhulu kubo bobabili othisha nabanye abafundi besikole. Ngokungafani nezinye izibalo eziningi ezinamakhono, ezihlukile ngokungazithandi futhi zibuthakathaka social, uPeter Tchaikovsky wazizwa ekhululekile emphakathini futhi afanelana ngokuphelele nanoma iyiphi inkampani.
Lapho esephothule ukutadisha, le nsizwa yathola umsebenzi enkonzweni yezobulungiswa. Lapho, wahlanganyela emhlanganweni, kaningi, eqhuba izindaba ezahlukahlukene zabazali. Esikhathini sakhe samahhala, waqhubeka nokuya e-Opera Theatre futhi ahlanganyele emculweni. Ngo-1861, uPeter u-Ilsich wavakashela umngcele, wavakashela eHamburg, eBerlin, antwerp, amaBrussels, eParis, i-Ostend kanye neLondon. Ngaleso sikhathi, wayenomnikazi wase-Italiya noDrench, ngakho-ke wakwazi ukuhambisana neNjiniyela Pisareva V.V. (umngani kayise) njengomhumushi.
Ukudala
Akunandaba ukuthi ngokumangazayo, ngisho nangonyaka wama-21, uPeter Ilyich, ofundile futhi owathatha izisebenzi zikaHulumeni, akazange acabange ngomsebenzi womculo. Yena, njengabazali, akazange aqaphele ngokungathi sína. Kepha, ngenhlanhla, ubaba wabamqambi wesikhathi esizayo u-Ilya Petrovich wayesenomuzwa wokuthi indodana yakhe ibekelwe ukuba ngumculi omkhulu.
Tchaikovsky-Sr. Ngize ngaya eRudolf Kündanger ukuthola umbono wakhe ngethalente lendodana yakhe. Upiyano waseJalimane wathi akukho yini amakhono akhethekile womculo ane-tchaikovsky-umncane, futhi no-21 ubudala - hhayi ubudala ukuba aqale umsebenzi wokudala. Futhi uPeter u-Ilsich ngokwakhe uphakamisa isiphakamiso sikababa ukuhlanganisa umsebenzi ngokuthola imfundo yomculo ekuqaleni okubonwa kuqala njengehlaya.
Kepha lapho ezwa ukuthi kuvulwe i-Conserburg entsha eSt. Petersburg, okuzohola i-Anton Rubinstein edumile, wonke amaguquko ashintshiwe. I-Tchaikovsky inqunywe ngazo zonke izindlela ukuya eSt. Petersburg Conservatory, akwenzayo, abe ngomunye wabafundi bokuqala balesi sikhungo semfundo ekilasini lokwakheka. Futhi ngokushesha nje emva kwalokho, waphonsa futhi ubuqili, ethatha isinqumo, naphezu kwezinkinga ngemali, ukuzinikezela ngokuphelele emculweni.
Njenge-diploman yakhe, uPeter Ilsich wabhala uCantatoo "ngenjabulo." Yakhelwe ukuhunyushwa okukhuluma isiRussia kuka-Odi Friedrich Schiller ngesihloko esifanayo. Abaculi baseSt. Petersburg Cantata babona kahle. Umgqedi uKhesari Kui wavezwa kakhulu, ethi wayebuthakathaka kakhulu njengomqambi we-tchaikovsky, kanye nomsola ukuba akhonze. Futhi lokhu naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ngomculo kaPeter Ilyich kwakuyinkululeko, futhi izithombe zakhe zazinguBorodin, ama-Mussorgsky, abaqambi ababengavumi abaphathi nemithetho.
Kepha ukusabela okunjalo akuzange kuhluphe umqambi omncane nakancane. Njengoba usuthole indondo yakhe yesiliva efanelekile ngokuphothula ngempumelelo iSt. Petersburg Conservatory, owayengumklomelo ophakeme kakhulu, wayeseyintshiseko enkulu ne-azart emsebenzini. Ngo-1866, umqambi wathuthela eMoscow kulesi simemo somfowabo womeluleki wakhe. UNikolay Rubinstein wamnika umsebenzi kaProfesa eMoscow Conservatory.
Umsebenzi wokuchuma
EMoscow Conservatory, uTchaikovsky wazibonakalisa njengothisha omuhle kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wasebenzisa umzamo omkhulu wenhlangano efanelekile yenqubo yemfundo. Kusukela izincwadi ezifanele abafundi bakhe ngaleso sikhathi babekhona kancane, umqambi wahlanganyela ekuhumusheni kwezincwadi zakwamanye amazwe ngisho nokudalwa kwezinto zawo zendlela.
Kodwa-ke, ngo-1878 Peter u-Ilyich, ukhathele ukwephula phakathi kokufundisa nobuqambi bakhe, washiya isikhundla sakhe. Indawo yakhe yathathwa nguSergey Taneyev, owaba umfundi othanda kakhulu iTchaikovsky. Yenza ukuphela ngezinhloso zeTchaikovsky kwasiza i-Portage Peronage Hope von Mecc. Ukuvikelwa ngumfelokazi, waqapha umqambi futhi ngonyaka wamnika oxhaso ngenani lama-ruble angama-6000.
Kwakungemva kokuthuthela eMoscow ukuthi ukukhuphuka kwangempela komsebenzi wokudala we-Peter Ilenich Tchaikovsky kwaqala ukuya eMoscow futhi kwaba nokwanda okukhulu kuye njengoMqambi. Ngalesi sikhathi, wahlangana nabaqambi ababambe iqhaza kulolokuzi lweCreativeWealth "Hand Hand". Ngokweseluleko se-Milia Balakirev, inhloko yeCommonwealth, iTchaikovsky ngo-1869 yadala ukunakekelwa okungamaphupho okususelwa emsebenzini weShakespeare "Romeo noJuliet".
Ngo-1873, uPeter uMalich wabhala omunye umsebenzi wakhe odumile - umphembo weSymphonic 'wesiphepho ", umbono wasikisela umculo womculo ogunyaziwe uVladimir Stasov ngalezo zinsuku. Cishe ngasikhathi sinye, uTchaikovsky waqala ukuhamba futhi, ethola ugqozi phesheya futhi esebenzisa izithombe ezithwetshiwe kwimemori ezokwakha isisekelo sendalo yazo elandelayo.
Ngawo-1870s, umqambi wabhala imisebenzi enjenge-ballet "Swan Lake", ikhonsathi yepiyano ne-orchestra ne-opera "eugene eyodwa, i-augene eyodwa", Umjikelezo wepiyano "Izikhathi zeminyaka" nabanye abaningi. Kuma-1880-1890s, Peter Tchaikovsky kaningi kunangaphambili, waya phesheya, nakwiningi lamacala - njengengxenye yohambo lwekhonsathi.
Ngesikhathi sohambo, umculi wahlangana futhi wenza ubungane nabaculi abaningi abavela eNtshonalanga Yurophu: Gustav Maller, u-Arter Nikishe, u-Edward Noborik nabanye. Umqambi ngokwakhe wadlalwa njengomqhubi ngesikhathi samakhonsathi. Ekuqaleni kwawo-1890s, uTchaikovsky wakwazi nokuhambela e-United States. Kube nempumelelo emangalisa ngesikhathi sekhonsathi, lapho uPhetro u-Ilsich enza imisebenzi yakhe. Kubhalwe ngesikhathi sokuvuthwa kwe-Creative, abanakho okunye ukungabaza ethalenteni lomqambi.
Eminyakeni yokugcina edlule, ngaphambi kokushona kwakhe, uTchaikovsky wabanjwa eduze kwedolobha laseFodge eduze kwaseMoscow. Endaweni efanayo, wavuma ukuvula isikole, ngokungamnaki izimfanelo zokuphila kwabalimi bendawo, wanikela ngemali yokuqukethwe kwakhe. Ngo-1885, wasiza ama-wedges ukulwa nomlilo, ngenxa yazo izindlu ezimbalwa ezishiswe edolobheni.
Ngalesi sikhathi sempilo yakhe, umqambi wabhala i-ballet "Nutcracker", i-opera "ntokazi" ye-hamlet ", iolanta opera, i-symphony yesihlanu. Ngasikhathi sinye, ukuqashelwa kwamanye amazwe kwethalente likaPeter Ilsich kwaqinisekiswa: Ngo-1892 kwakhethwa njengelungu elihambisanayo le-Academy of Finee Arts eParis, kwathi ngo-1893 - Honory uDkt University eCambridge.
UTchaikovsky washona ngoNovemba 6, 1893 kusuka kukholera. Wayefe eKazan Cathedral, futhi wangcwatshwa e-Necropolis yamakhosi e-ART Masters.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Izithombe eziningi zasala, lapho kubanjwa khona uPhetro Tchaikovsky, kubangani babesilisa bakhe. Ukuqondiswa komqambi empilweni yakhe kwaba isifundo sendaba yalabo abathi: Abanye basole umculi ukuthi ungungqingili. Kwacatshangelwa ukuthi amadoda akhe (amadoda athola kuwo okunamathiselwe kwe-plutonic) nguJoseph Davydov ngisho nabafowethu u-Alexey kanye neMikhail Saferov.
Kunzima ukwahlulela noma ngabe kunobufakazi obengeziwe bokuthi umqambi wayethandwa amadoda. Ubudlelwano bakhe nobuntu obukhulunywe ngenhla bungaba nobungani. Yiba yilokho njengoba kungenzeka, abesifazane abasekupheleni kukaTchaikovsky nabo babekhona, yize abanye abacwaningi bathi umqambi wazama ukufihla ukuthi wayengu-gay.
Ngakho-ke, isifiso se-Prance yaseFrance Primaudonna ano-Arch. Kwathi ngo-1877, umfazi wakhe osemthethweni waba ngu-Antonina Mindukova, owayesencane oshade naye osanda kwenziwa iminyaka eyisishiyagalombili. Kodwa-ke, lo mshado wathatha amasonto ambalwa kuphela, yize ngokusemthethweni u-Antonina noPeter abahlukanisise.
Kuhle ukukhumbula ukuxhumana kwakhe nethemba lesizinda seMecca, ekhothamela ithalente lomqambi futhi iminyaka eminingi lesekele yena ngokwezinto ezibonakalayo.