I-Biograge
I-Great Playwwright England Eng Renaissance, imbongi kazwelonke, eyamukelwa umhlaba, uWilliam Shakespeare wavela edolobheni laseStratford, elisenyakatho neLondon. Emlandweni, ulwazi kuphela ngokubhabhadiswa kwakhe kulondolozwa ngo-Ephreli 26, 1564.
Abazali bomfana kwakunguJohn Shakespeare noMariya Arden. Babephakathi kwezakhamizi ezicebile zomuzi. Ubaba womfana ngaphezu kwezolimo wawubandakanyekile ekwakheni amagilavu, kanye nesikali esincane. Wakhethwa amahlandla ambalwa eMkhandlwini womuzi wedolobha, wayehlangene futhi abe yiMeya.
Ngokweminye imibiko, uJohane wayengowenkolo yamaKatolika, lapho lapho ekugcineni kwempilo yakhe eshushiswa khona, wamphoqa ukuba athengise wonke amazwe akhe. Ngesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe, wakhokha inani elikhulu lesonto lamaProthestani ngenxa yenkonzo. Unina kaWilliam wayeneminyaka engu-nenenzondo, wayengowesibongo sasendulo esihlonishwayo. UMariya wabeletha izingane eziyi-8, owesithathu kwakunguWilliam.
EStratford, uWilliam Shakespeare wathola imfundo enhle ngaleso sikhathi. Ngiseyingane, wangena esikoleni sohlelo lolimi, lapho kwakufundwa khona isiLatini kanye nesiGreki sasendulo. Ngokuthuthuka okujulile nokuphelele kwezilimi zasendulo, abafundi babandakanyeka emikhiqizweni yesikole yemidlalo ngesiLatini.
Ngokwemininingwane ethile, ngaphezu kwalesi sikhungo semfundo, uWilliam Shakespeare waya eRoyal School, eyayisedolobheni lakubo. Lapho, waba nethuba lokuzijwayeza imisebenzi yenkondlo yasendulo yaseRoma.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Ngo-18, uWilliam osemusha waba nenoveli enendodakazi eneminyaka engama-26 ubudala kamakhelwane ka-Ann Hataway, lapho bashada khona ngokushesha. Isizathu sokuthi umshado we-Hasty wakhulelwa yintombazane. Ngalezo zinsuku, iziqu eNgilandi zazibhekwa njengokujwayelekile, umshado wayevame ukudlula ngemuva komqondo wamazibulo. Ukuphela kwesimo sokuxhumana okunjalo kwakuwumshado ophoqelekile ngaphambi kokuzalwa kwengane. Lapho ngineminyaka engu-1583, lo mbhangqwana osemusha wazalelwa indodakazi kaSusan, uWilliam wayejabule. Konke ukumphefumulelwa kwakhe, wabuye wanamathela kuye ikakhulukazi, ngisho nangemva kokuzalwa eminyakeni emibili ngamawele indodana kaHemeta nendodakazi yesibili uJudith.
Azisekho izingane emndenini wembongi, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokuzalwa kwesibili kwesibili komkakhe u-Ann. Ngo-1596, ama-Chet Shakespearers azosinda enhlekeleleni yomuntu siqu: Ngesikhathi sobhubhane lweDiedenteria, indlalifa yazo kuphela izofa. Ngemuva kokuhamba kukaWilliam eLondon, umndeni wakhe wasala edolobheni lakubo. Ngokujwayelekile, kepha uWilliam njalo uvakashele izihlobo zakhe.
Mayelana nempilo yakhe yangasese eLondon izazi-mlando zakha izimfumbe eziningi. Kungenzeka ukuthi umlobi we-playwright waphila wedwa. Abanye abacwaningi be-biography ye-Poet bathi uthando kuye, kubandakanya nezitezi zesilisa. Kepha lolu lwazi luhlala lungathandwa.
Iminyaka eyisikhombisa engaziwa
UWilliam Shakespeare ungomunye wababhali abambalwa, ukuthi imininingwane yaqoqwa ngayo ngokoqobo ngamasango. Ziningi ubufakazi obuqondile bokuphila kwakhe ngqo. Ngokuyisisekelo, lonke ulwazi ngoWilliam Shakespeare lakhishwa emithonjeni yesibili, njengezitatimende zabantu besikhathi sabantu noma amarekhodi okuphatha. Ngakho-ke, cishe eminyakeni eyisikhombisa ngemuva kokuzalwa kwamawele akhe nokukhuluma okokuqala emsebenzini wakhe eLondon, abacwaningi bakha izimfumbe.
UShakespeare uthathwa yinsizakalo enomnikazi womhlaba omuhle njengomfundisi, futhi asebenze eshashalazini yaseLondon nguSufler, indawo yokusebenza kanye nomfuyi wamahhashi. Kepha imininingwane ethembekile ngempela ngalesi sikhathi sokuphila ayikho mbongi.
Isikhathi seLondon
Ngo-1592, kwaqhamuka amaphephandaba aqhamuka embonini yenkondlo yesiNgisi uRobert Green Mayelana nomsebenzi omncane we-William. Lokhu kukhulunywa okokuqala kweShakespeare njengombhali. I-Aristocrat ephepheni lakhe iye yazama ukuhlekisa ngentsha yokudlala, njengoba ebona umncintiswano oqinile kuye, kodwa, hhayi, engahlukaniswanga yimvelaphi enhle nemfundo enhle. Ngasikhathi sinye, kushiwo ngemikhiqizo yokuqala yokudlala yeShakespeare "Heinrich VI" eLondon Rosa Theatre.
Lo msebenzi wabhalwa ngomoya wohlobo lweziNgisi olwaziwayo lweziKronike. Lolu hlobo lwemibono lwalusatshalaliswa eRenaissance Era eNgilandi, wagqoka imvelo yama-epic ye-larration, izigcawu nemidwebo evame ukuhlobene. IziKronike zabizelwa ukuba zihlabe izimo ze-England ekuqhekekeni kwe-Feudal Freaseral kanye nezimpi ze-intertine.
Kuyaziwa ukuthi uWilliam kusuka ngo-1594 ungena emphakathini omkhulu osebenzayo "izinceku ze-Lord-Chamber" futhi maduze umsunguli wakhe. Imikhiqizo yaphumelela kakhulu, futhi i-troupe ngesikhathi esifushane icebile kakhulu, eyayivumela ukuthi yakha isakhiwo saseshashalazini esidumile eminyakeni emihlanu ezayo. Futhi ngo-1608, abaseTheatri bazitholela nabo futhi bavale izakhiwo, ezazibizwa ngokuthi "amaBlackfreers".
Ngezindlela eziningi, impumelelo yavuselelwa ngenxa yababusi baseNgilandi: U-Elizabeth Mina nendlalifa yakhe i-Yakov I, onethimba leshashalazi lathola imvume yokushintshwa kwesimo. Kusukela ngo-1603, i-troupe yabizwa ngokuthi "inceku kaKosi". UShakespeare akagcinanga nje kuphela emhlanganweni wokubhala, wasebenzisa nengxenye esebenzayo ekukhiqizweni kwemisebenzi yakhe. Ikakhulu, imininingwane igcinwe ukuthi uWilliam wadlala izindima eziphambili kuyo yonke imidlalo yakhe.
-Sho
Ngobunye ubufakazi, ikakhulukazi, ngokuthengwa kwezindawo ezithengiswayo uWilliam Shakespeare, wathola ngokwanele futhi waphumelela ezindabeni zezezimali. I-Playwright kuthiwa yizivocavoca nge-secry.
Ngenxa yokonga kwayo ngo-1597, uWilliam wayekwazi ukuthenga indawo ebanzi eStratford. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uShakespeare ngemuva kokuvinjwa kokufa e-altare lesonto likaZiqu-zintathu ONdabuwe Womdabu. Udumo olunjalo lwalunikezwa lona hhayi ngokufaneleka okukhethekile, kodwa iqiniso lokuthi naye wakhokha inani lokungcwatshwa kwakhe ukungcwatshwa kwakhe.
Izikhathi zobuciko
I-Great Playwright idale uMgcinimafa Ongafi owondla isiko lomhlaba isikhathi esingaphezu kwamakhulu amahlanu emgqeni. Iziza zemidlalo yakhe zaba ugqozi hhayi nje kuphela kubaculi bezinkundla zemidlalo emangalisayo, kodwa futhi nakwabaqambi abaningi, kanye nezikhombisi zefilimu. Kuzo zonke impilo yakhe yokudala, uShakespeare ushintshe kaninginingi ukubhala imisebenzi yakhe.
Izindawo zokuqala esakhiweni sazo zivame ukukopisha izinhlobo ezithandwayo neziza, njengeziKronike, amahlaya eRenaissance ("Ukuqothuka KweShrew"), "Izinhlekelele Zesabekayo" ("ANDROCONOn" ( Lokhu kwakusebenza kakhulu ngenani elikhulu lamaqhawe futhi kungeyona into yemvelo ukubona ngokuvumelanisa. Ezimweni zakudala zezinhlobo ze-shakespeare zaqonda idrama yokubhala.
Ingxenye yesibili yama-90s wekhulu le-XVI laliphawulwa ngokubonakala kwe-Formatic hlonishwa ngendlela nokuqukethwe kwalezi zindatshana zemidlalo yaseshashalazini. Imbongi ifuna ifomu elisha ngaphandle kokusuka kohlaka olucacisiwe lwehlaya lokuvuselelwa kabusha kanye nenhlekelele. Igcwalisa amafomu amadala avelele ngokuqukethwe okusha. Ngakho-ke usizi oluqhakazile lwe- "Romeo noJuliet" luvela ekukhanyeni, amahlaya "alala ebusuku ehlobo", "Mthengisi waseVenetian". Ukuhlanza okusha kwevesi emibhalweni emisha yeShakespeare kuhlanganiswe nesakhiwo esingajwayelekile nesikhumbulekayo, okwenza le midlalo idume phakathi komphakathi emphakathini.
Ngasikhathi sinye, iShakespeare yakha umjikelezo we-sonnet, odumile ngesikhathi sohlobo lwezinkondlo zothando. Cishe amakhulu amabili eminyaka, lezi zinhlaka zemisebenzi yezezinkondlo zazikhohliwe, kodwa ngokuqubuka kwezothando, zaphinde zathola inkazimulo. Ngekhulu le-XIX, imfashini yavela ngokucaphuna kwemigqa engafi okubhalwe emiphumeleni yeRenaissance English Genius.
Izinkondlo ezihlekisayo ziyimiyalezo yothando eyayiyinsizwa engaziwa, futhi ama-sonnets angama-26 okugcina kuphela ukusuka kwa-154 afaka isicelo sentokazi enezinwele ezimnyama. Abaphenyi abaningi babona kulezi zici ze-Clizcle Autobiographical, kuthatha ukuqondiswa okungajwayelekile kwe-Playwright. Kepha amazazi-mlando athambekele ekucabangeni ukuthi kulama-sonnets, uWilliam Shakespeare's Excron wakhe kanye nomngane wakhe uStampton ukubala ngesimo senhlalo yezenhlalo.
Ekupheleni kwamakhulu eminyaka emisebenzini kaWilliam Shakespeare, imisebenzi eyenza igama lakhe lokungafi emlandweni wezincwadi zezincwadi zemihlangano nemidlalo yaseshashalazini ziyavela. Empeleni, ebanjelwe, impumelelo yokudlala ephumelelayo nezezezimali yakha inqwaba yezinhlekelele ezamlethela udumo hhayi eNgilandi kuphela. Le yimidlalo "hamlet", macbeth, "Inkosi Year", "othello". Le misebenzi yaphakamisa ukuthandwa kwethiyetha ye-glosus yeshashalazi ezinhlakeni zesinye sezikhungo zokuzijabulisa ezivakashelwe kakhulu eLondon. Ngasikhathi sinye, isimo sabanikazi baso, kufaka phakathi iShakespeare, sikhuphuke kaningi esikhathini esifushane.
Ekushoneni kwelanga komsebenzi wakhe, uShakespeare aqamba imisebenzi eminingi yokungafi eyamangaza ngesikhathi esifanele. Kubo, inhlekelele ihlanganiswe namahlaya, futhi amapulayizi amnandi afakwa encazelweni ye-canvas yezimo ezivela empilweni yansuku zonke. Okokuqala, le yimicabango edlala "isivunguvungu", "inganekwane" inganekwane ", kanye namadrama ezindabeni zasendulo -" ICorioliya "," Anthony kanye noCleopatra ". Kule misebenzi, uShakespeare wenza njenge-connoisseur enkulu yemithetho yedrama, elula futhi eqoqa kahle ndawonye usizi kanye nezimpawu ezifuywayo, izinkamba eziyinkimbinkimbi zenkulumo eziqondakalayo.
Ngokwehlukana, kwashicilelwa imisebenzi eminingi yamaShakespeare empilweni yakhe. Kepha iqoqo eliphelele lemisebenzi, lapho kuvela khona konke ukudlala kahle kwemibhalo yokudlala, kwavela ngo-1623 kuphela. Ukuqoqwa kwanyatheliswa ngokwenza kwabangani bakaShakespeare William John Heming noHenry Konderee, ababesebenza eTromo le-Globus. Incwadi, ehlanganisa imidlalo engu-36 yombhali wesiNgisi, yabona ukukhanya okubizwa ngokuthi "folio kuqala".
Ngekhulu le-XVII yekhulu lama-XVII, kwashicilelwa amanye amaFotio amathathu, aphuma nezinguquko ezithile futhi ngokungezwa kwemidlalo engadingekile ngaphambili.
Ukushona
Kusukela eminyakeni yokugcina yokuphila kwakho, uWilliam Shakespeare wabhekana nokugula okukhulu, ubufakazi bakhe obushintshile, eminye yemidlalo yokugcina eyayidalile ngokubambisana nelinye iTroupe Troupe, ogama lakhe kwakunguJohn Fletcher.
Ngemuva kuka-1613, uShakespeare wagcina eshiya iLondon, kepha akayeki ezinye izindaba. Usenesikhathi sokubamba iqhaza ecaleni lomngane wakhe njengofakazi wokuvikelwa, futhi futhi athole enye indawo ePherish yaseBlackfriagic. Okwesikhashana, uWilliam Shakespeare uhlala efeni lomkhwenyana wakhe uJohn Hall.
Kwaphela iminyaka emithathu ngaphambi kokufa kukaWilliam Shakespeare kubhala intando yakhe, lapho cishe yonke impahla inamaqabunga endodakazi yakhe endala. Abalobi abangamaNgisi bafa ngasekupheleni kuka-Ephreli 1616 ekhaya lakhe. Unkosikazi wakhe u-Ab wasinda lapho eneminyaka eyi-7.
Emndenini wendodakazi endala uSusan, ngalesi sikhathi umzukulu kaGenayeli Elizabethe wayekade ezazalwa, kodwa wafa engenamntwana. Emndenini wendodakazi encane kunazo zonke uShakespeare uJudith, owashada ngezinyanga ezimbili emva kokushona kukaThomas quini, kwakukhona abafana abathathu, kodwa bonke bafa ebusheni bakhe. Ngakho-ke, inzalo eqondile evela kuShakespeare ishiywe kwesokunxele.
Amaqiniso athakazelisayo
- Akekho owazi usuku oluqondile lokubonakala kukaWilliam Shakespeare. Emgcwalikweni i-Arsenal, kunemibhalo yesonto kuphela mayelana nobhapathizo lwengane, elalitholakala ngo-Ephreli 26, 1564. Abaphenyi basikisela ukuthi umkhosi wenziwa ngosuku lwesithathu emva kokuzalwa. Ngokuvumelana nalokhu, indlela emangalisayo usuku lokuzalwa nokufa kwe-playwright yawela ngenombolo efanayo - ngo-Ephreli 23.
- Imbongi enkulu yesiNgisi yayinenkumbulo eyisimanga, ulwazi lwayo lungaqhathaniswa ne-encyclopedic. Ngaphezu kobunikazi bezilimi ezimbili zasendulo, wayazi nezilimi zesimanje zaseFrance, e-Italy naseSpain, yize yena uqobo akakaze ashiye imingcele yesimo sesiNgisi. UShakespeare uhlakaze zombili ezindabeni ezincanyana zomlando nasesimweni sezepolitiki samanje. Ulwazi lwakhe lwathinteka emculweni nasekupendweni, wafunda kahle yonke i-botany ye-botany yonke.
- Izazi-mlando eziningi zivame ukucabanga ngokucabanga okuhlukile kwembongi, zibhekise eqinisweni lendawo yokuhlala ehlukile yokudlala emndenini, kanye nobungani bakhe obude nge inani elikhulu lopende ebusweni bakhe. Kepha abukho ubufakazi obuqondile kulokhu.
- Inkolo yamaProthestani kaShakespeare nomndeni wakhe bahlala ngokungabaza. Kunobufakazi obungaqondile ngokuba ngabakwaYise ehlelweni lamaKhatholika. Kepha ngesikhathi sokubusa kuka-Elizabeth ngenqatshelwe ukuba ngumKatolika ovulekile, abaningi abaningi baleli gatsha bamboze abaguqukayo futhi bavakashela inkonzo yokukhulekela amaKatolika ngasese.
- Ukuphela komlobi we-autograph owafika ngosuku lwanamuhla kungukuthi iTestamente lakhe. Kuyo, ubala yonke impahla yakhe ngemininingwane emincane kakhulu, kepha angalokothi abike abhale amagama akho.
- Ngokuphila, kungenzeka ukuthi uShakespeare washintsha ubuchwepheshe obungu-10. Wayenogada ezitsheni zemidlalo yaseshashalazini, umlingisi, umsunguli wethiyetha kanye nomqondisi wezemidlalo. Ngokuhambisana nemisebenzi esebenzayo, uWilliam wahola izengezo ezindabeni, nasekupheleni kwempilo yakhe wabandakanyeka ebhukwini futhi wanikezwa izindlu.
- Izazi-mlando zanamuhla zisekela inguqulo yombhali ongaziwa, owenza uShakespeare nobuso bakhe obugcwele. Ngisho ne-Encyclopedia yaseBrithani akwenqabi inguqulo ukuthi iShakespeare ingadala imidlalo ngaphansi kwe-pseudonym, ukubala u-Edward de Ver. Okuningi ngokuqagela okuningana kungaba yiNkosi uFrancis Bacon, iNdlovukazi u-Elizabeth Mina kanye neqembu lonke labantu bemvelaphi yobuntu.
- I-syllable yenkondlo kaShakespeare yayinethonya elikhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwesiNgisi, yasungulela isisekelo sohlelo lolimi lwesimanje, kanye nokucebisa inkulumo ebhaliwe yeBrithani ngemishwana emisha, izicaphuna ezivela emisebenzini yakudala. UShakespeare ushiye emagugu ama-macrostroots angaphezu kwama-1,700 amagama amasha.
Izingcaphuno ezidumile Shakespeare
Imishwana edumile ye-classic imvamisa inemicabango yefilosofi evezwa kahle kakhulu futhi imfishane. Inani elikhulu lokubonwa okuhle lizinikele kwisikhala sothando. Nazi ezinye zazo:
"Izono zabanye ziyahlulela ngenkuthalo - ziqala ngezethu futhi azifinyelele kwabanye." Igama? URosa unuka i-rose, yebo, kwabizela umbiko, yize kungekho ";" uthando lubaleka kulabo abamxoshayo, kodwa labo ababalekayo, baphonsa entanyeni. "