I-Boris Pasternak - Biography, isithombe, impilo yomuntu siqu, izinkondlo, imisebenzi, ukufa

I-Biograge

UBoris Leonidovich Pasternak ungenye yamakhosi ambalwa amaZwi anikeze umklomelo kaNobel. Izinkondlo nezinguqulo zakhe zangena esikhwameni seGolide sezincwadi zaseRussia nezangaphandle.

UBoris Pasternak wazalwa ngoJanuwari 29, oneminyaka engu-1890 eMoscow emndenini ohlakaniphile. Umama - uPianist, onomsebenzi wakhe owaqala e-Odessa, lapho umndeni wathutha khona ngaphambi kokuzalwa kukaBoris. Ubaba ungumculi kanye nelungu le-Academy of Arts. Eminye yemidwebo yakhe yatholwa umshikazi odumile wegalari ye-Tretakov. Ubaba kaBoris wayengumngane noLvom Nikolayevich Tolstoy futhi wahlanganyela ekufanekiseni izincwadi zakhe. UBoris wayeyizibulo, emva kwakhe, kwavela ezinye izingane ezintathu emndenini.

Kusukela ebuntwaneni, imbongi yazungeza isimo sokudala. Indlu yabazali ivulelwe osaziwayo abehlukene. Izivakashi ezifunwayo ezikulo kwakuyibhubesi iTolstoy, abaqambi beScriabin neRhhninov, abaculi baka-Ivanov, ePolenov, uNetorov, Ge, Levitan nobuntu obudumile. Ukuxhumana nabo abakwazanga ukuthinta imbongi yesikhathi esizayo.

Igunya elikhulu lomfana kwakunguScriabin, ngaphansi kwethonya lomqambi isikhathi eside wayethanda umculo futhi aphupha ngokungena ezinyathelweni zothisha wakhe. UBoris ufunda ngokuphelele, uqeda indawo yokuzivocavoca ngendondo yegolide. Ngokufana kufunda eConservatory.

E-biography yePasternak, bekukhona izimo eziphindaphindwayo lapho kufanele akhethe, futhi lokhu kukhetha kwakuvame ukuba yinkimbinkimbi. Isinqumo sokuqala leso kwakuwukwenqaba umsebenzi womculo. Ngemuva kweminyaka, uchaza lesi simo uma kungekho ukulalelwa ngokuphelele. Injongo futhi isebenza kahle, konke akwenzayo, kweletha ukuphelela ngokuphelele. UBoris wabona ukuthi, naphezu kothando olungenamkhawulo ngomculo, akakwazanga ukufeza ukuphakama kwakhe enkundleni yomculo.

Ngo-1908, iba ngumfundi weJurfak Moscow University, ngonyaka ohanjiswa ngonyaka wefilosofi. Ngokwazo zonke izifundo, unezilinganiso ezinhle kakhulu, kwathi ngo-1912 ungena eYunivesithi yaseMargburg. EJalimane, i-Pasternak ibikezela umsebenzi ophumelelayo, kepha ngokungazelelwe kungalindele ukuba yimbongi, hhayi isazi sefilosofi.

Izinyathelo Zokuqala Ekugcineni

Amasampula wesampula kapeni ngo-1910. Izinkondlo zakhe zokuqala zibhalwe ngaphansi kohambo lohambo nomndeni wakhe baya eVenice nokwenqatshwa kwentombazane ethandekayo, eyayenza umnikelo. Omunye wozakwabo abhalela lokho ngesimo kwakuyizinkondlo zezingane, kodwa ngenjongo enenjongo kakhulu. Ngemuva kokubuyela eMoscow, iba yiqembu lemibuthano yokubhala "yezingoma" kanye ne- "musunet", lapho afunda khona izinkondlo zakhe. Ekuqaleni, okufanekiselwa yisibonakaliso nokuzethemba, kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi akhetha indlela ezimele kunoma yiziphi izinhlangano ezibhaliwe.

1913-1914 - Iminyaka igcwele imicimbi eminingi yokudala. Imikhakha eminingi yezinkondlo zakhe ishicilelwe, iqoqo lezinkondlo "Twin emafwini" zaphuma. Kepha imbongi iyazifunela yena, ubheka indalo yakhe akwanele. Ngo-1914, uhlangana namaMayakovsky, anethonya elikhulu ePasternak ePasternak.

Ngo-1916, i-Pasternak ihlala esifundazweni se-PERM, edolobhaneni lase-Ural yaseVSEVOLODO-VILVA, lapho amenywa yimenenja yezitshalo zamakhemikhali uBoris Zbarsky. Isebenza kumsizi weHhovisi kwi-Business Contallence futhi wabingelela ekubikeni kwezentengiselwano kanye nasezimali. Ngokusho kwemibono ebanzi, i-yurchatin evela enoveli edumile "UDkt Zhivago" yi-prototype ye-PERM. Ivakashela iBerezniki Soda isitshalo eKame. Ngaphansi kombono walokho akubona encwadini eya ku-S. Bobrov ubiza lesi sitshalo futhi akhelwe ngaphansi kwe-European Sampula Village "Little Itivance Belgium".

Ukudala

I-Creativity inqubo emangalisayo. Kwabanye, kukhanya futhi kumnandi, kwabanye - ukusebenza kanzima, kudinga imizamo emikhulu yokufeza inhloso futhi kufinyelele ukuphelela. UBoris wayengowesigaba sesibili sabantu. Ukusuka emisebenzini eminingi, imishwana econsayo kahle nemilolotelo. Ukuqoqwa "udadewethu kungukuphila", okwavela ngo-1922, ubheka impumelelo yakhe yokuqala enkundleni yemibhalo.

Kuyathakazelisa, ngisho neqiniso elinelukuluku le-biography ubuhlobo bakhe noSergey Yeenin, owayengawuthandi umsebenzi wePasternak. Ngalesi sisekelo, ubudlelwano babo baphenduka ukuxabana okuvulekile. Lapho impi yenzeka phakathi kwezimbongi. Kunezinkumbulo ezithokozisayo zeKatheva, lapho u-Yeenina azibiza ngokuthi "Korolevich", ne-Pasternak "Milat".

"UKorolovyza wabamba i-mulatto ehlakaniphile yamabele ngesandla esisodwa, kanti omunye wazama ukuwunika endlebeni yakhe, kuyilapho uMulat - ekhuluma ngale minyaka, efana ne-Araba nasehlathini lakhe ngobuso obuvuthayo, ebhokisini elivuthayo Ngezinkinobho ezilukiwe ezinobuhlakani obukhaliphile, wahlelelwa ukudonsa inqindi le-korivichy ebomvu ayengakwazi ukubaphumelele. "

Ngawo-1920s Kunemicimbi eminingana ebalulekile: ukuthutha abazali eJalimane, umshado ka-Evgenia Lurie, ukuzalwa kweNdodana, ukushicilelwa kwamaqoqo amasha nezinkondlo.

Isiphathimandla saseSoviet

Ekuqaleni kweminyaka yo-1930, uPasternak nomsebenzi wakhe bayabona amandla. Amaqoqo wezinkondlo aphinde abhalwa kabusha ngonyaka, ngo-1934 akhuluma ngenkulumo eCongress of the Union of Bronitars. Kubhekwa njengembongi engcono kakhulu ezweni laseSoviet. Ngo-1935 kuya eParis kuya eCongress yamazwe omhlaba. Ukuphuka kwemizwa kwenzeka ohambweni, umlobi ukhala ngokuqwasha nezinzwa ezicasulayo.

Ngawo lowo nyaka, uPasternak umele indodana nomyeni wakhe, u-Anna Akhmatova, owaboshwa, wabe esekhipha uStalin ngemuva kwezinhlamvu zakhe. E-Grought ngo-December 1935, imbongi ithumela uStalin njengesipho incwadi enezinguqulo zezingoma zesiGeorgia. Encwadini ehambisana nalokhu, uyabonga ngoJehova "ukukhululwa kombani kwezihlobo akhmatova."

NgoJanuwari 1936, ukushicilelwa kwezinkondlo zakhe ezimbili, lapho evuma khona. V. Stalin. Naphezu kwemizamo, amandla abantu awazange athethelele i-pasternak yokuncenga kwakhe izihlobo zawo ze-ankmmatova, kanye nokuvikela uGumilyev noMandelstam. Ngo-1936 kususwa ngempilo yezemibhalo, esolwa ngokude nokuphila kanye nokubukwa kwengqondo okuyiphutha.

Ukuhumushelana

UPasternak uthole udumo lwakhe hhayi njengembongi, kodwa futhi njengenkosi yokuhumusha izinkondlo zakwamanye amazwe. Ngasekupheleni kwawo-1930s, isilinganiso sobuholi bezwe sishintsha ubuntu bakhe, imisebenzi yakhe ayibhalwa kabusha, futhi ihlala ngaphandle kokuziphilisa. Lokhu kuphoqa imbongi ukubhekisela kunguqulo. Kubo, i-Pasternak ibhekisela kwimisebenzi eyanele yobuciko. Kufanelekile ukusebenza ngokunakekelwa okukhethekile, ukuzama ukukwenza kube kuphelele.

Kuqala ukusebenza ngokuhumusha ngo-1936, ezweni ePeredelkino. Ukuqhubeka kwama-pasternak kubhekwa njengokulingana kwemisebenzi emikhulu. Ukudluliselwa kunguye hhayi kuphela ithuba lokuqukatha umndeni ezimeni zokushushiswa, kodwa futhi nasendleleni yokuzisebenzisa njengembongi. Ukuhunyushwa kukaShakespeare okwenziwe nguBoris Pasternak waba yi-classic.

Ukulwa

Njengomphumela wokulimala kwengane, akunakuphansi kokuhlanganisa. Elahlekile eceleni imbongi nayo ayikwazanga. Iphela izifundo, ithola isimo sombhali wezempi futhi iya phambili. Ngemuva kokubuya, kwakha umjikelezo wezinkondlo zokuqukethwe zokuthanda izwe.

Eminyakeni yangemva kwempi, kusebenza kakhulu, kuphathelene nokuhumusha, njengoba zihlala ziwukuphela kwemali etholwayo. Izinkondlo zibhala kancane - sonke isikhathi sakhe sisebenzisa ukuhumusha nokubhala inoveli entsha, isebenza ngokuhunyushwa kwe- "Faust" Goethe.

"UDkt Zhivago" notshani

Incwadi ethi "UDkt Zhivago" ingenye yemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu yenkondlo ePotose, ngezindlela eziningi inoveli ye-autobiographical, lapho kufika khona i-pasternak iminyaka eyishumi. I-prototype yomlingiswa ophambili wenoveli kwakuwunkosikazi wakhe uZinauz Pasternak (nigauz). Ngemuva kokuvela kuka-Olga Ivinskaya empilweni yakhe, umculo omusha wembongi, umsebenzi kule ncwadi uhambe ngokushesha okukhulu.

Ukulandisa kwenoveli kuqala kusukela ekuqaleni kwalelikhulu leminyaka futhi kuphetha ngempi enkulu yokuthanda izwe. Igama lencwadi lapho ngilibhale. Ekuqaleni wabizwa ngokuthi "abafana namantombazane", khona-ke "ikhandlela elishisiwe" no "akukho kufa."

Indaba eyiqiniso nokubheka kwakhe izehlakalo zaleyo minyaka, umlobi walimala ngonya, futhi uDkt Zhivago akabonwa njengokuhola kwezwe. ESoviet Union, inoveli ayizange iphrinte, kepha isithunzi sakhe saziswa phesheya. Ishicilelwe e-Italy ngo-1957 amaRoma "UDkt Zhivago" wathola ukugcwala kokubuyekezwa okushisekayo kwabafundi futhi kwaba umuzwa wangempela.

Ngo-1958, umklomelo kaNobel unikezwa iPasternak. Le noveli ihunyushelwa ezilimini zamazwe ahlukene futhi isebenza ekuthuleni, ishicilelwe eJalimane, iBrithani enkulu naseHolland. Iziphathimandla zaseSoviet ziye zenze kaningi imizamo yokususa umbhalo wesandla futhi kwenqabe le ncwadi, kodwa yathandwa kakhulu.

Ukuqashelwa kwethalente lomlobi lomphakathi wezwe kuba yintokozo enkulu nosizi olukhulu ngasikhathi sinye. Ukulimala okwandayo akuwona amandla kuphela, kodwa futhi nozakwethu. Imibukiso efinyelelekayo ibanjelwa emafektri, ezikhungweni, ezinhlanganweni zokudala nakwezinye izinhlangano. Izinhlamvu ezihlanganisiwe zidonswa ngemfuneko yokujezisa imbongi yezinhlamba.

Bacela ukuthumela kulo ezweni, kepha imbongi ayizange isicabange ngaphandle kwezwe lakubo. Uveza okuhlangenwe nakho kwakhe okubabayo ngalesi sikhathi enkonzweni yomklomelo kaNobel (1959), naye wanyatheliswa phesheya. Ngaphansi kwengcindezi yomkhankaso omkhulu ovela kulo mklomelo, waphoqeleka ukuba enqaba, futhi wacishe wasolwa ngokuvukela umbuso ngevesi. UBoris Leonidovich akafaki i-USSR Wrarts 'Union, kepha uhlala eLitfond, uyaqhubeka nokushicilela futhi athole imali.

Inkondlo

Emavesini esikhathi sokuqala, ithonya lezincwadi liyabonakala. Zibonakaliswa yimilolozelo eyinkimbinkimbi, izithombe ezingaqondakali kanye nokuqhathanisa. Ngesikhathi sempi, isitayela sakhe sishintsha kakhulu - izinkondlo ziya ngokuya zilula, ziyaqondakala futhi kulula ukufunda. Lokhu kubonisa ikakhulukazi izinkondlo zayo ezimfushane, ezinjengokuthi "Mashi", "Umoya", "Hmele", "Hamlet". Ubuhlakani be-pasternak ukuthi ngisho nezinkondlo zakhe ezincane zinencazelo ebalulekile yefilosofi.

Lo msebenzi obhalwe ngo-1956 ungesikhathi sekwephuzile somsebenzi wakhe lapho ehlala futhi esebenza ePeredelkino. Uma owokuqala kwezinkondlo zakhe bebanhle, khona-ke kuvela ukuqondiswa kwezenhlalo kuyo kamuva.

Ingqikithi oyithandayo yembongi ubumbano lwendoda nemvelo. "NgoJulayi" kuyisibonelo sezingoma ezimangalisayo ze-landscape, lapho amukele khona ubuhle bezinyanga ezinhle kakhulu zonyaka.

Ekugcineni, iqoqo lakhe lizongena enkondlweni ethi "iqhwa liya", libhalwe ngo-1957. Umsebenzi uqukethe izingxenye ezimbili: ukudweba komhlaba kanye nokubonakaliswa kwefilosofi ngenjongo yempilo kanye nemvamisa yayo. Amaphiko azoba umugqa "futhi ikhulu leminyaka lihlala lihlala usuku" oluvela enkondlweni yakhe "ezinsukwini ezimbili (1959), olungena nasekuhlanganisweni kokugcina.

Impilo yomuntu siqu

I-Biograph kaBoris Pasternak ayikwazi ukuqeda ngaphandle kokuchaza impilo yakhe. Imbongi yayishade kabili, okokuqala ngqa - ebusheni bakhe, ngokwesibili - ebudaleni. Uthando lwakhe lwesithathu lwalunjalo.

Bonke abesifazane bakhe babeyizimvubelo, banika injabulo futhi bajabule ngaye. Ukudala kwakhe, ukuthanda okwemvelo, ukuminza emaphethelweni omzwelo kwakuyimbangela yokungathembeki ebuhlotsheni bomuntu siqu. Akazange ehle ukuzokhaphela, kepha akakwazanga ukuba ngowesifazane othembekile oyedwa.

Unkosikazi wakhe wokuqala u-Evgeny Lurie wayengumculi. Wahlangana naye ngo-1921 futhi wababheka njengomhlangano ongokomfanekiso. Ngalesi sikhathi, i-Pasternak iphenya ngomsebenzi endabeni ethi "ubuntwana iLuverx", i-heroine yawo kwakungukucabanga komculi osemusha. I-heroine yomsebenzi yabizwa nangokubizwa nge-evgenia. Ubudlova, ubumnene nobunyonimbiniso bahlanganiswa ngokumangazayo kuso ngokuhlobana nokuzanelisa. Intombazane iba ngumkakhe nomnyuziyamu.

Ukuhlangana naye emphefumulweni wenkondlo kubangele ukuphakanyiswa okungavamile. UBoris wayejabule ngempela, bazalwa amazibulo - indodana u-Eugene. Umuzwa onamandla eminyaka emiqaleni yomshado washeshelwa ubunzima, kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ubumpofu nobunzima bokuphila kwabangu-20s okuboniswe enhlalakahleni yomndeni wabo. U-Eugene wafuna ukwenziwa njengomculi, ngakho-ke ingxenye yomndeni ophathelene noPasternak yathatha izintambo.

Ubudlelwano bonakalisiwe lapho imbongi iqala ukubhalelana noMarina Tsvetaeva, kubangele umhawu ovuthayo womkakhe, okuyimizwa ecasukile eshiya eJalimane kubazali bakaPasternak. Kamuva, uzokwenqaba ukuthengisa amakhono abo okudala futhi wazinikezela ngokuphelele emndenini. Kepha ngalesi sikhathi imbongi ivela othandekayo - uZinaida negauz. Uneminyaka engama-32 kuphela, usevele uneminyaka engama-40, umyeni wakhe nezingane ezimbili.

AmaNehigause - okuphambene ngokuphelele nomfazi wokuqala. Uyinkosikazi enhle futhi ngaphandle kokuphumula emndenini. Akuzange kube nokuhlanjululwa kwemvelo emfanini wokuqala, kodwa wathandana naye lapho ebheka nje. Umshado kanye nezingane izinkondlo ezikhethiwe azizange zime, ufuna ukuba naye, ngokungafani nakho konke. Naphezu kokuhlukana, uPasternak wayehlala esiza umndeni wakhe wangaphambili, asekele ubudlelwano nabo.

Umshado wesibili wawujabule futhi. Unkosikazi ocabangayo wanikeza izimo zokuthula nezintofontofo ngomsebenzi. Indodana yesibili yembongi - uLeonid wazalwa. Njengomfazi wokuqala, injabulo yathatha iminyaka engaphezu kweshumi. Ngemuva kwalokho umyeni waqala ukubambezela e-recele futhi kancane kancane asuke emndenini. Ngokuphikisana nesizinda sokupholisa ubudlelwane bomndeni, ehhovisi lokuhlela likamagazini "World New", uhlangana nomnyuziyamu omusha nomhleli we-Olga Ivinskaya Magazine.

UBoris ubengafuni ukushiya umkakhe, ngakho-ke uzama kaningi ukuphula ubuhlobo no-Olga. Ngo-1949, othintana nembongi ye-Opt, i-IVInskaya iyaboshwa futhi yathunyelwa iminyaka engu-5 ekamu. Kule minyaka, Usiza umama wakhe nezingane - kuthatha futhi kuqinisekiswe ngokwezezimali.

Ukuhlolwa okunamandla kuthinta impilo yakhe. Ngo-1952, uzithola esibhedlela esihlaselwa yinhliziyo. Ngemuva kokubuya emakamu u-Olga, uPasternak unobhala ongekho emthethweni. Abahlukanisi kuze kube sekupheleni kwempilo yakhe.

Ukushona

Utshani obusuka ohlangothini lozakwabo kanye nomphakathi baphoqe impilo yakhe. Ngo-Ephreli 1960, iPasternak yathuthukisa ukugula okukhulu. Kwakungu-Oncology nge-metastasis esiswini. Esibhedlela esiseduze kombhede wakhe, uZinaida usesimweni.

Ekuqaleni kukaMeyi, ukuqwashisa kuyeza kuye ukuthi lesi sifo asinakuphulukiswa, futhi udinga ukulungiselela ukufa. Meyi 30, 1960 akazange. UZinaida uzoshiya impilo ngemuva kweminyaka engu-6, imbangela yokufa iyafana nePasternak.

Emngcwabeni wakhe, naphezu kwesimo sengqondo esingesihle seziphathimandla, abantu abaningi beza. Phakathi kwazo kwakungu-Andrei Voznessensky, Bulat Okidzhava, Naum Korzorvin nabanye. Ithuna lakhe likhona emathuneni ePeredelkino. Wonke umndeni ungcwatshwa lapho. Umbhali wesikhumbuzo esizeni se-Burshaal Pasternak nguSculptor Sarah Lebedev.

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