I-Biograge
IVincent van Gogh ngumdwebi weNetherlands, omunye wabamele abakhazikhazi bokuthumela. Wasebenza kakhulu futhi enezithelo: iminyaka eyishumi eneminyaka emincane, kwakha imisebenzi eminingana enjalo ukuthi akekho noyedwa kubadwebi abadumile abengekho. Wabhala imidwebo nemifanekiso yokuzibonakalisa, imidwebo yezwe futhi isaphila, ama-cypres, amasimu kakolweni kanye nama-sunlower.
Umculi wazalwa eduze komngcele oseningizimu weNetherlands edolobhaneni laseGrotz-Süntert. Lo mcimbi emndenini wakwaMfundisi uTheodora van Gogh nomkakhe u-Anna Cornelia Carberus bavela ngoMashi 30, 1853. Sekukonke, kwakukhona izingane eziyisithupha emndenini kaVan Gogov. Umfowethu omncane Theo kulo lonke impilo yakhe wasiza e-Winsent, wasebenzisa iqhaza ekuphepheni kwakhe okunzima.
Emndenini, uVincent wayeyingane enzima, enobuntu enaye ongezinto ezithile, ngakho-ke wayevame ukujeziswa. Ngaphandle kwendlu, kunalokho, kwakubukeka kucatshangelwe, kubucayi futhi kuthule. Cishe akazange adlale izingane. Abantu bendawo esikanye nabo bambheka njengomntwana onesizotha, omuhle, onobungane nozwela. Lapho eneminyaka engu-7 ubudala, wanikezwa esikoleni sasekhaya, ngemuva konyaka, asutha lapho futhi afundise ekhaya, ekwindla yango-1864 abafana bazoyiswa esikoleni seBooding eZewenbergen.
Ukuhamba kulimaza umphefumulo womfana futhi kumlekele ukuhlupheka okuningi. Ngo-1866 kudluliselwa kwesinye isikole sokugibela. UVincent unikezwe izilimi ezizwakalayo, lapha futhi uthola namakhono okuqala okudweba. Ngo-1868 maphakathi nonyaka wesikole, uphonsa isikole futhi ahambe ekhaya. Imfundo yakhe izophela kulokhu. Uyakhumbula ngobuntwana bakhe njengokuthile okubandayo nokudangele.
Ngokwesiko, isizukulwane saseVan Gogov sizisebenzele emikhakheni emibili yomsebenzi: ukuhweba ngemidwebo nasemsebenzini wesonto. UVincent uzozama yena futhi njengomshumayeli, futhi njengomthengisi, enikela ngomsebenzi wedwa. Esethole impumelelo ethile, uyenqaba enye, ukungcwelisa impilo yakhe kanye nonke umdwebo wakhe.
Isiqalo sesiqalo
Ngo-1868, insizwa eneminyaka eyishumi nanhlanu ingena egatsheni leNkampani yezobuciko "Gupil kanye ne-Co" eThaenue. Ngomsebenzi omuhle nokulungela, uthunyelwa egatsheni laseLondon. Kwaphela iminyaka emibili, uVincent wahlala eLondon, uba usomabhizinisi wangempela kanye nochwepheshe emigqeni ye-engraner, izingcaphuno dickens kanye ne-eleota, kuvela i-gloss kuyo. UVan Gogh ulindele ithemba likaKhomishani ogqamile wegatsha eliphakathi 'lepipi "eParis, lapho kufanele athuke khona.
Ngo-1875 kwakukhona izehlakalo ezashintsha impilo yakhe. Encwadini eya ku-The Theo, ubiza isimo sakhe "isizungu esibuhlungu." Abacwaningi bomculi be-Biography Abaphenyi baphakamisa ukuthi imbangela yesimo esinjalo ngothando. Kwakungubani into yalolu thando, alukazi kahle. Kungenzeka ukuthi le nguqulo iyiphutha. Ukudluliselwa eParis akusizanga ukuguqula isimo. Usehlile "ukuhambela itshudeni" futhi waxoshwa.
Imfundiso yenkolo kanye nesithunywa sevangeli
Ukuzifuna, uVincent wamukelwa endaweni yakhe yenkolo. Ngo-1877, wathuthela kuMalume uJohannes e-Amsterdam futhi ulungiselela ukwamukelwa kwe-Faculty of theology. Esikoleni, uyadumala, uphoxekile, aphonse amakilasi futhi ashiye. Isifiso sokusebenzela abantu simholela esikoleni sezithunywa zevangeli. Ngo-1879, uthola isikhundla somshumayeli eVament eningizimu yeBelgium.
Ufundisa umthetho kaNkulunkulu esikhungweni sezimayini eBoring, usiza imindeni yabavukuzi, evakashele iziguli, ifundisa izingane, zifunda izintshumayelo, imali etholwayo idonsa amakhadi asePalestine. Uhlala emjondolo odabukisayo, edla emanzini nesinkwa, alele phansi, azivivinya ngokwasemzimbeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, usiza abasebenzi ukuthi bavikele amalungelo alo.
Iziphathimandla zasekhaya zimsusile esikhundleni, njengoba bengayemukeli imisebenzi enobudlova kanye nokweqisa. Ngalesi sikhathi, udonsela abavukuzi abaningi, omkawo nezingane.
Ukwakheka komculi
Ukusuka ekucindezelekeni okuhlobene nemicimbi ePateUrge, uVan Gogh ukhale ngokupenda. UMfoweth 'uTheo uyamsekela, futhi uvakashela i-Academy yobuciko obuhle. Kepha ngonyaka ubamba ukutadisha nokuhambela abazali, eqhubeka nokwenza ngokwabo.
Uphinde uwele othandweni. Kulokhu kumzala wami. Imizwa yakhe ayitholi mpendulo, kepha iyaqhubeka nokuba yibani kunezimbangela ukucasuka kwezihlobo ezamcela ukuba ahambe. Ngenxa yokwethuka okusha, uyenqaba impilo yakhe, eshiya eHague ukuheha ukupenda. Lapha uthatha izifundo ezivela ku-Anton Mauwe, usebenza kakhulu, ebukele impilo yasemadolobheni, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezimpofu. Ufunda inkambo "yesifundo" sikaCharles Barga, amakhophi ama-Lithographs. Ukuxuba ukuxubana kwamasu ahlukahlukene ku-canvas, ufuna imibala emibala ethokozisayo emisebenzini.
Futhi ukuzama ukudala umndeni nowesifazane okhulelwe ahlangana naye emgwaqweni. Owesifazane onezingane uya kuye futhi abe yimodeli yomculi. Ngenxa yalokhu kuxabana nezihlobo nabangane. UVincent uqobo uzizwa ejabule, kepha kungekudala. Isimo esindayo somuntu obambezelayo saphenduka impilo yakhe sibe yimpi ebusuku, futhi bahlukana.
Umculi uya esifundazweni saseDrenthe eNetherlands eNorth Netherlands, uhlala e-Hut, ahlomisile ngaphansi komhlangano wosizo, abhale ama-landscapes, abalimi, izigcawu ezivela emsebenzini wawo. Imisebenzi Yekuqala iVen Gogh, ngokubhuka, kepha ingabizwa namaqiniso. Ukuntuleka kwemfundo yezemfundo kwathinta isibalo saso, ngokunganembile emfanekisweni wezibalo zabantu.
Uthuthela kubazali bakhe kuNyuen, udonsa okuningi. Ngalesi sikhathi amakhulu wemidwebo kanye nemidwebo ye-canvases yadalwa. Ngasikhathi sinye nobuciko, ukupenda nabafundi, kufunda okuningi futhi kuthatha izifundo zomculo. Izihloko zomsebenzi wesikhathi samaDashi zingesikhathi esilula zabantu nezigcawu ezibhalwe ngendlela ebonakalayo ngokubheka phansi kwephalethi emnyama, amathoni amnyama kanye nezithulu. Ubuciko besikhathi salesi sikhathi bufaka umdwebo "amazambane e-potato" (1885), okubonisa indawo yempilo yabalimi.
Isikhathi seParis
Ngemuva kokuthi i-Vincent ende engahleliwe ithatha isinqumo sokuphila nokwakha eParis, lapho ihamba khona ngasekupheleni kukaFebhuwari 1886. Lapha kutholakala nomfowethu we-Teo, owayesebenza ngaphambi komqondisi wegalari yobuciko. Impilo yobuciko benhlokodolobha yaseFrance yalesi sikhathi ishaya ukhiye.
Umbukiso wabantu abacindezelwayo kuLafit Street uba umcimbi obalulekile. Ngokokuqala ngqa, i-Xinyak nesibabule kuboniswa lapho, okuhoxisile ukunyakaza kokucindezelwa, kuphawula isigaba sokugcina sobuhlungu. I-Impression ingukuguqukela kobuciko obushintshile indlela yokupenda, enikeze izindlela ezifundwayo neziza. Umbono wokuqala ufakwa ekhanda ekhoneni, imibala ehlanzekile, kunikezwe okuthandayo ukupenda e-Pleineer.
EParis, uVan Gogh uthatha umfowenu, uyayiqinisa endlini yakhe, wethula abaculi. E-workshop yomculi - isampula yendabuko uFernan Kormon, uhlangana noToulouse-Lothrek, u-Emil Bernar noLouis Adquente. Umbono omuhle wokuthi kuwukupenda imigqa kanye nabathungi be-imeyili. EParis, wayengumlutha we-absinthe futhi abhale impilo ephilayo ngalesi sihloko.
Isikhathi seParis (1886-1888) sasiyizithelo kunazo zonke, ukuqoqwa komsebenzi wayo kwagcwala kabusha nge-brangvases engama-230. Kwakuyisikhathi sokufuna ubuchwepheshe, ukufunda izitayela ezintsha zokupenda kwanamuhla. Unokubukeka okusha kokupenda. Indlela enengqondo ithathelwa indawo yindlela entsha, ebaluleke kakhulu ekuboniseni ubungqabavu kanye nokuthumela, okuboniswa ukuthi kusamele kuphila kwayo ngezimbali kanye nezindawo zomhlaba.
UMfowethu wethula ngabamele abacacile kakhulu kule ndawo: ICamille Pissarro, iClaude Monet, uPierre-Authosure Renoir nabanye. Nabangane babo, abaculi bavame ukuya e-tvernpeary. I-Palette yakhe iyakhanya kancane kancane, iba nzima, futhi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi iphenduka ibe yisiphithiphithi sopende, isimilo somsebenzi wakhe wamuva nje.
EParis, uVan Gogh ukhulumisana kakhulu, uvakashela izindawo ezifanayo lapho abafowabo behamba khona. ETambourin, wenza ngisho nokuthandana okuncane nomgcini wakhe we-hostess yokuhlangana kwe-agostyle, okwake kwathumela ama-degas. Unaye, ubhala isithombe etafuleni etafuleni kanye nemisebenzi eminingana ngesitayela se-NU. Enye indawo yokuhlangana kwakuyibhentshini likaDadi Tangi, lapho kuthengiswa khona upende nezinye izinto zabaculi. Lapha, njengakwezinye izikhungo eziningi ezifanayo, abaculi baveze umsebenzi wabo.
Kwakhiwa iqembu lama-boulevards amancane, okubandakanya i-van Gogh kanye nabalingani bakhe abangafinyelelanga eziphakeme, njengoba amakhosi ama-Boulevards amakhulu adumile futhi aqashelwa. Umoya wokuncintisana kanye nengxabano eyabusa eParis Society waleso sikhathi, ngomculi ophoqelelayo nowokuphazamisayo ungabekezeleleki. Uza ezingxabanweni, izingxabano futhi wenza isinqumo sokushiya inhlokodolobha.
Indlebe Ehlekile
NgoFebhuwari 1888, uya eProvence ahlangane naye wonke umphefumulo wakhe. I-Theo yabaxhasi mfowethu, imthumelela ama-250 ama-franc ngenyanga. Ngenxa yokubonga, uVincent uthumela imidwebo yakhe kumfowabo. Isusa amakamelo amane ehhotela, idla endaweni ye-cafe, abanikazi bawo ababa abangane bakhe futhi banethuba lokupenda.
Ngokufika komdwebi wentwasahlobo ovuswe yi-Southern Sun, izihlahla eziqhakaza. Ujabule ngemibala ekhanyayo nokubonakala komoya. Imibono ebukalelayo kancane kancane iyahamba, kepha ihlala ithembekile kwiphalethi elikhanyayo futhi ipende ku-plenier. Imisebenzi eyatholakala ephuzi, ukuthola ama-radiance akhethekile avela ekujuleni.
Ukusebenza ebusuku ku-plenier, kulungisa amakhandlela esigqokweni nase-Sketchik, kukhanyisa indawo yalo ngale ndlela. Leyo ndlela imidwebo yakhe "ngenkanyezi ebusuku ngaphezulu kwe-rona" kanye ne- "night cafe" yabhalwa. Umcimbi obalulekile uba ukufika kwensimu ye-gajen, iVincent iye yamenywa kaningi kwi-ARLES. Indawo yokuhlala enomdlandla futhi enezithelo iphela ngokuxabana nokuqhuma. Ukuzethemba, iGedantintic Gaugugen kwakuphambene ngqo kwe-van gogh engenakuphikiswa.
I-epilogue yale ndaba iba ukucaciswa okusheshayo kobudlelwano obukhulu ngaphambi kukaKhisimusi we-Merry 20188, lapho uVincent enquma indlebe yakhe. UGogen, wethuka ukuthi ukuhlasela kubuthene kuye, wanyamalala ehhotela. UVincent wasonga ukugcwala kwendlebe yendlebe ephepheni wayithumela kumuntu ojwayelene naye - isifebe uRaheli. Esigabeni segazi, wathola isibambo esikanye naye. Isilonda sizophola masinyane, kepha impilo engokomoya iphinda ibuyisele embhedeni wesibhedlela.
Ukushona
Izakhamizi zase-Arlya ziqala ukwesaba isakhamuzi ngokungazithandi. Ngo-1889, babhala isikhalazo ngesidingo sokubasindisa kusuka ku- "Red Madman." UVincent uyayazi ingozi yesimo sakhe futhi ngokuzithandela uya esibhedlela saseSt Paul Maulezolian eSaint-Remy. Ngesikhathi sokwelashwa, uvunyelwe ukubhala emgwaqweni ngaphansi kokuqondisa kwabasebenzi bezokwelapha. Ngakho-ke bekulokhu kusebenza ngemigqa ye-wave-efana nama-wave-efana nama-waves afana nokwehla ("izinkanyezi ebusuku", "umgwaqo onezihlahla ze-cypress kanye nenkanyezi", njll.).
Ku-Saint-Remy, izinkathi zomsebenzi onobudlova zithathelwa indawo ukuphazamiseka okude okubangelwa ukudana. Ngesikhathi esinye sezinkinga, ugwinya upende. Naphezu kokukhungatheka okuvame ngalesi sifo, uMfoweth 'uTheo unikela ngokubamba iqhaza kwakhe kwi-September Salon ezimele eParis. NgoJanuwari 1890, uVincent uveza "izivini ezibomvu e-Arle" futhi uzithengise ama-franc angamakhulu amane, okuyimali enhle enhle. Kwakuwukuphela kwesithombe esithengiswa ngesikhathi sokuphila.
Injabulo yakhe yayingenakulinganiswa. Umculi akazange ayeke ukusebenza. Impumelelo ye- "Isivini" yaphefumulelwa umfowabo u-Theo. Inikeza upende ovince, kepha uqala ukubadla. NgoMeyi 1890, umfowethu uxoxisana nomelaphi - i-homeopath Dr. Gasha ngekwelashwa kweVincent emtholampilo wakhe. Udokotela uqobo uyakuthanda ukudweba, ngakho-ke kuyajabulisa ukwamukelwa ekwelashweni komculi. UVincent utholakala naseGasha, ubona umuntu onomusa nonethemba kuLo.
Ngemuva kwenyanga, uVan Gogh uvunyelwe ukuya eParis. UMfoweth 'uhlangana naye akazithandi kakhulu. Unezinkinga ngezezimali, indodakazi igula kakhulu. UVincent, ukwamukela okunjalo okususelwa ekulinganiseni, uyakuqonda ukuthi kungenzeka, futhi ubelokhu ewumfowenu ngenxa yomthwalo. Ushaqekile, ubuyela emtholampilo.
NgoJulayi 27, njengenjwayelo, kuvela ukuthi kuyajabulisa, kepha hhayi ukubuyela ama-etude, kodwa ngenhlamvu esifubeni. Inhlamvu ekhishwe esigungwini sangena kubamba samuka enhliziyweni. Umculi ngokwakhe wabuyela endaweni yokukhosela walala embhedeni. Elele embhedeni, wabhema buthule ucingo. Kwabonakala kungumbono wokuthi isilonda asimlimazanga.
Haache wabangela uTeo ku-telegraph. Ngokushesha wafika, waqala ukuqinisekisa lo mfowethu ukuthi wayezomsiza ukuthi akudingekile ukuba aphelelwe yithemba. Ephendula, ibinzana lalizwakala: "Usizi luyohlala phakade." Umculi washona ngoJulayi 29, 1890 ngesigamu sobusuku bokwesibili. Wangcwatshwa edolobheni laseMariya ngoJulayi 30.
Iningi labangane bakhe - abaculi bafika nomculi. Izindonga zekamelo zalengiswa ngemidwebo yakhe yokugcina. UDkt Haache wafuna ukusho inkulumo, kepha ngakhala kakhulu kangangokuba ngakwazi ukusho nje amagama ambalwa, okwakwehla eqinisweni lokuthi uVincent wayengumculi omkhulu futhi othembekile, ukuthi ubuciko obungenhla konke kuye kuzombuyisela, akhulise igama lakhe.
Umfowabo womculi uTeo van Gogh akazange ezinyangeni eziyisithupha. Akazange azithethelele ukuxabana nomfowabo. Ukuphelelwa yithemba kwakhe, okwakuhlanganyela naye nonina kungabekezeleleki, futhi uyagula yinkinga yokwesaba. Yilokho akubhalela encwadini kanina ngemuva kokufa komfowabo:
"Akunakwenzeka ukuchaza usizi lwami, njengoba kungenzeki ukuthola induduzo. Lokhu kuwusizi oluzohlala futhi nalo, empeleni, olungeke lukuqede ngiyaphila. Ukuphela kwento engashiwo ukuthi yena ngokwakhe wathola ukuthula lapho afunwa khona ... impilo yayingumthwalo osindayo kuye, kodwa manje, njengoba kwenzeka kaningi, wonke umuntu udumisa amathalenta akhe ... OH, Mama! Wayengowami kanjalo, umfowabo. "
Futhi le yincwadi yokugcina kaVincent, eyabhalwa nguye ngemuva kwengxabano:
"Kubukeka kimi ukuthi ngoba wonke umuntu uyancipha futhi ngaphandle kokuba matasa kakhulu, akudingekile ukuthola bonke ubudlelwano ngokuphelele. Ngamangala kancane ukuthi uma ufuna ukushesha izehlakalo. Ngingasiza kanjani, kunalokho, yini okufanele ngiyenze ukuze ihambisane nawe? Noma kunjalo, ngokwengqondo, ngicindezela ngokuqinile izandla zakho futhi, naphezu kwakho konke, ngakujabulela ukukubona nonke. Ungangabazi. "Ngo-1914, izinsalela ze-theo umfelokazi wakhe zenqatshwa eduze kwethuna likaVincent.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Enye yezizathu zokugula kwengqondo kukaVan Gogh kungaba impilo yakhe ehlulekile, akakaze azithole engumngane. Ukuhlaselwa kokuhle kokuphelelwa yithemba kwenzeka ngemuva kokwehluleka kokwehluleka kowesifazane wasekhaya u-Ursula Loereer, lapho ethanda khona ngasese isikhathi eside. Lesi siphakamiso sizwakale singalindele, sashaqisa le ntombazane, futhi wenqaba ngokuqinile.
Indaba yaphindwa nge-Kuzina Ki Stricker yomfelokazi, kepha manje uVincent unquma ukungayeki. Owesifazane akanakekeli. Ekuhambeleni kwesithathu ezihlotsheni sabathandekayo, wamthengela isandla sakhe echibini elibi, uthembisa ukukugcina kuze kube yilapho enza imvume yakhe ukuze abe ngumkakhe. Ngalo mthetho, ekugcineni waqiniseka ubaba wentombazane ukuthi usebenzelana nendoda engenampilo engqondweni. Okuningi emcimbini akuqalanga naye futhi kumane nje kukhulume ekhaya.
Ukwaneliseka kwe-Sexy kwaboniswa esimweni sakhe sezinzwa. UVincent uqala ukuthanda izifebe, ikakhulukazi hhayi umncane kakhulu futhi hhayi muhle kakhulu, angazikhulisa. Kungekudala uvimba ukukhetha esifebeni esikhulelwe, esimsiza ngendodakazi eneminyaka emihlanu. Ngemuva kokuzalwa kwendodana, uVincent uboshelwe ezinganeni futhi ucabanga ukushada.
Owesifazane wabuza umculi wahlala naye cishe unyaka. Ngenxa yakhe, kwakufanele aphathwe eGonorrhea. Ubudlelwano buwohloka ekugcineni lapho umculi ebona ukuthi ungakahloniphi, unesihluku, ugqwala futhi ngendlela ehlukile. Ngemuva kokuhlukana nenye intokazi engozini yakudala, futhi uVan Gogh washiya i-Hague.
Eminyakeni yamuva, uVincent ulandele owesifazane oneminyaka engu-41 ogama lakhe nguMargo Hymann. Wayengumculi ongumakhelwane eNuenen futhi wayefuna ngempela ukushada. UVan Gogh, kunalokho esihlanglweni, uyavuma ukumshada. Abazali abazange banikeze imvume ngalo mshado. UMargo cishe akazange enze impilo, kepha uVan Gogh wamsindisa. Esikhathini esilandelayo, unokuxhumana okuningi okungahleliwe, uvakashela izindlu zomphakathi futhi aphathwa ezifweni ze-deveneal ngezikhathi ezithile.