I-Biograge
UFyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky uvele ngoNovemba 11, 1821 eMoscow. Ubaba wakhe uMikhail Andreevid wenzeka ngohlobo lwe-Gentry of Dostoevsky Coat of Arms Radvan. Uthole imfundo yezokwelapha futhi wasebenza eBorodino Infantry Realment, isibhedlela samasosha aseMoscow, nasesibhedlela saseMariinskaya sabampofu. Umama wombhali odumile wesikhathi esizayo, uNekaeva Maria Fedorovna, wayeyindodakazi yomthengisi waseMoscow.Abazali baka-FODOR babengebona abantu abacebile, kodwa basebenza ngokungakhathali ukuhlinzeka umndeni futhi banikeze izingane imfundo enhle. Kamuva, uDostoevsky waqashelwa kaninginingi ukuthi embonga kakhulu kuYise noMama ukuthola imfundo enhle nemfundo, eyayikufanele.
Umfana wafunda ukufunda umama, wasebenzisa incwadi ethi "104 Izindaba Ezingcwele Zesingcwele Esidala NeNew New New New New New Testament." Ngokwengxenye, ngakho-ke, eNcwadini edumile yeDostoevsky "Brothers of Karamazov", umlingiswa we-Zosima kwenye yezingxoxo uthi ebuntwaneni afunde ukufundele lokhu kule ncwadi.
Amakhono okufundwa kweNjining Young Masset encwadini yeBhayibheli kaJobe, eyayiboniswa emisebenzini yayo eyalandela: umlobi wasebenzisa imicabango yakhe kule ncwadi lapho enza inoveli edumile "esencane". Ubaba wabuye wenza umnikelo wakhe emfundweni yeNdodana, wafundisa isiLatini sakhe.
Sekukonke, izingane eziyisikhombisa zazalwa emndenini kaDostoevsky. Ngakho-ke, uFedor wamdala uMfowethu Mikhail, naye wayesondele kakhulu, futhi udadewethu omdala weVarvara. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wayenabafowethu abasebasha u-Andrehi noNikolai, kanye nodade abasebasha uVera no-Alexander.
Ebusheni bakhe, uMikhail noFedor bafundisa uN.I. UDurshus, uthisha u-Alexandrovsky ne-Catherine School. Ngosizo lwayo, amadodana amadala kaDostoevsky afunda isiFulentshi, futhi amadodana othisha, a.in. Drashusev ne-V.N. UDrashus, wafundisa abafana ngezibalo nezincwadi, ngokulandelana. Esikhathini kusukela ngo-1834 kuya ku-1837, FODOR noMikhail baqhubeka nezifundo zabo eMetropolitan Goueshouse L.I. UCram, owayeseyisikhungo semfundo esihlonishwa kakhulu.
Ngo-1837, kwenzeke okubi: UMaria Fedorovna dostoevskaya washona evela eChakhotka. UFyodor ngesikhathi sokufa kukamama wayeneminyaka engu-16 kuphela ubudala. Ukuhlala ngaphandle komfazi, i-dostoevsky-sr. Unqume ukuthumela i-FoodOr neMikhail eSt. Petersburg, ePension K.F. Kostomarova. Ubaba wayefuna ukuthi abafana bangenele esikoleni esiyinhloko sobunjiniyela. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi onke amadodana adala kaDostoevsky ngaleso sikhathi ayethanda izincwadi futhi efuna ukunikela izimpilo zawo kuye, kodwa uBaba akazange abonile ukuthi uyathandana.
Ukuhambisa intando kaYise Abafana abakwazanga. UFedor Mikhailovich wadlula ngempumelelo ukuqeqeshwa endlini yezivakashi, wangena esikoleni futhi waphothula kuye, kodwa wanikela sonke isikhathi sakhe samahhala sokufunda. UShakespeare, Hoffman, Byron, Goethe, Schiller, Rasin, Homer, Lermontov, Gogol, Pushkin - Imisebenzi Yabo Bonke Ababhali Abadumile ayigwinya, esikhundleni sokuqonda ngentshiseko i-AZA ENGENDION Science.
Ngo-1838, uDostoevsky, kanye nabangane, waze wahlela owabo umbuthano wezobunjiniyela obukhulu, ngaphezu kweFedor Mikhailovich, Grigorovich, BoketH, afakiwe. Sekuvele umlobi waqala ukudala imisebenzi yakhe yokuqala, kepha namanje azange anciphise ekugcineni ame endleleni yombhali. Njengoba usuqede ukuqeqeshwa ngo-1843, waze wathola nokuthunyelwe kweNjiniyela - eqenjini le-ST. Petersburg engineering, kodwa wakhuphuka insiza isikhathi eside. Ngo-1844, wanquma ukwenza izincwadi kuphela futhi wasula esikhundleni.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Unkosikazi wokuqala kaDostoevsky waba nguMaria u-Iev, ahlangana naye ngemuva nje kokubuya ekuqandeni. Sekukonke, umshado we-FODOR kanye noMary umshado wethulwa cishe iminyaka eyisikhombisa, ngaphambi kokufa okuzinzile komlingani wombhali ngo-1864.
Ngesinye isikhathi ngolunye uhambo lwakhe lokuqala ekuqaleni kweminyaka eyi-1860s yeDostoevsky, i-Apollinarias SUSLINATIASHVE yahlatshwa umxhwele. Kwakuvela kuye ukuthi uPolina wabhalwa "kumdlali", i-navili Filippovna e-idiot kanye nezinye izinhlamvu zabesifazane.
Yize ngo-Eva wesishiyagalombili ngonyaka wesine ngemuva komlobi, okungenani bekukhona ubuhlobo besikhathi eside no-Iseva noSuslova, ngaleso sikhathi abesifazane bakhe babengakaze bamngezele nenjabulo enjengezingane. Lokhu kungukungahambi kahle komfazi wesibili wombhali - u-Anna Dnikkin. Wayengabikwayo kuphela oshade naye othembekile, kodwa futhi nomsizi omuhle kakhulu kumlobi: wathatha izinkinga zokushicilelwa kwamanoveli kaDostoevsky, wazixazulula zonke izinkinga zezezimali, walungisa izinkumbulo zakhe zendoda enobuhlakani ngencwadi. "UMfowethu Karamazov" Fyodor Mikhailovich wazihlekela kuye.
U-Anna Grigorievna wabeletha umlingani wezingane ezine: amadodakazi uSophia nothando, amadodana kaFyodori no-Alexey. U-Alas, uSophia, obekumele abe ingane yokuqala yombhangqwana oshadile, washona ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ngemuva kokuzalwa kwengane. Kuzo zonke izingane zikaFyodor Mikhailovich, yindodana kuphela yendodana yalandela umbhali wayo.
Ukuqala kwendlela yokudala
Yize umndeni awuzange uvumele izinqumo ze-FODOR encane, waqala ukubopha ngenkuthalo nge-Works eyethulwe ngaphambilini futhi athuthukise imibono yabasha. Ngo-1844 kwabhalwa umlobi we-novice ngokukhululwa kwencwadi yakhe yokuqala - "abantu abampofu." Impumelelo yomsebenzi idlula konke okulindelwe ngumlobi. Abagxeki kanye nabalobi bathokozela kakhulu iRomaevsky kakhulu, ephakanyiswe encwadini yezihloko yathola impendulo ezinhlizweni ezivela kubafundi abaningi. UFyodor Mikhailovich wathatha lokho okubizwa ngokuthi "Belinsky Circle", waqala ukubizwa ngokuthi "i-Gogol entsha".Impumelelo yathatha isikhathi eside. Esikhathini esingangonyaka kamuva, uDostoevsky wethule emphakathini incwadi ethi "Double", kodwa kwavela ukuthi aqwayimu kakhulu kubahloniphi bethalente lobuhlakani obuncane. Ukuthokozela nokudumisa kwathathelwa indawo ukugxekwa, ukungagculiseki, ukudumazeka nokubhuqa. Kamuva, abalobi balinganisela okusha kwalo msebenzi, akuthandwa ngamanoveli aleyo minyaka, kodwa ngesikhathi sokukhishwa kwencwadi kwakungezwa cishe muntu.
Ngokushesha uDostoevsky waxabana neTurgenev futhi waxoshwa e "Belinsky Circle", futhi waxabana ne-N.A. Nekrasov, umhleli we "Wanamuhla". Kodwa-ke, ukushicilela imisebenzi yakhe kwavunyelwa ngokushesha ngokushicilelwa "kwamanothi omphakathi" kuhlelwe u-Andrei Kraevsky.
Noma kunjalo, ukuthandwa okuthe xaxa ukuthi uFedor uMikhailovich waletha incwadi yakhe yokuqala yamvunyelwa ukuba enze inani lokuqomisana futhi ewusizo kwimibuthano yezemibhalo yaseSt. Petersburg. Abajwayelene naye abasha ngokwengxenye baba yizibonelo zezinhlamvu ezahlukahlukene zemisebenzi elandelayo yombhali.
Ukuboshwa kanye noKatorga
Umbhali ngomlobi waba umuntu ojwayelene ne-M.V. Petrashevsky ngo-1846. UPetrashevsky wanelisa lokho okubizwa ngokuthi "ngolwesihlanu", lapho ukuqedwa kweSerfdom, inkululeko yokuthayipha, izinguquko ezithuthukayo ohlelweni lokuqulwa kwalolu hlelo.
Ngesikhathi semihlangano, ngandlela thile uxhumene noPetrashevs, uDostoevsky wahlangana neshephuthuma. Ngo-1848, ngo-1848 kwahlela umphakathi oyimfihlo kubantu abangu-8 (kufaka phakathi amandla akhe kanye noFedor Mikhailovich), obekubhekisisa ukubhekana nokuphaphanisa ezweni kanye nokwakhiwa komthamo okungekho emthethweni. Emihlanganweni yeNhlangano, uDostoevsky ufunde kaningi "incwadi kaBelinsky Gogol", eyayinqatshelwe ngaleso sikhathi.
Ngo-1848, i-Fyodor yaseRoma Mikhailovich "ubusuku obumhlophe" yanyatheliswa, kodwa, maye, akakwazanga ukujabulela inkazimulo efanelekile. Ukuxhumeka okufanayo nentsha ehlelwe kakhulu kudlalwe ngokumelene nomlobi, kwathi ngo-Ephreli 23, 1849 waboshwa, njengamanye amaPetrashevtsev. UDostoevsky waphika icala lakhe, kodwa wakhunjulwa incwadi "yobugebengu" kaBelinsky, ngoNovemba 13, ngo-1849 wagweba umbhali esijewulo sentambo. Ngaphambi kwalapho, waphela amandla esiphetho ePetropavlovsk inqaba izinyanga eziyisishiyagalombili.
Ngenhlanhla yezincwadi zaseRussia, isigwebo esinesihluku seFedor Mikhailovich asizange sigcwaliseke. NgoNovemba 19, izilaleli jikelele zimbheka njengezingahambisani nephutha le-dostoevsky, ngakho-ke isigwebo sentambo sathathelwa indawo ngumhlonishwa oneminyaka eyisishiyagalombili. Ekupheleni kwenyanga efanayo, umbusi uNickolas ngasheshe wasithambisa isijeziso: Umlobi wadluliselwa enkulini eSiberia iminyaka emine esikhundleni sesishiyagalombili. Ngasikhathi sinye, waphucwa isikhundla esihle nesimo, nasekupheleni kwamapulatifomu, kwakhiqizwa amasosha ajwayelekile.
Naphezu kwayo yonke ingcebo nokuncishwa, okuphakamise umusho ofanayo, ukungena amasosha kwakusho ukubuyiselwa okugcwele kwe-dostoevsky yamalungelo akhe ezwe. Kwakuyicala lokuqala elifanayo eRussia, ngoba imvamisa labo bantu abagwebe umsebenzi wezenkolo, kuze kube sekupheleni kwempilo balahlekelwa amalungelo abo emphakathi, noma ngabe basinda ngemuva kweminyaka eminingi ejele futhi babuyela ezimpilweni zamahhala. Umbusi uNicholas ngizisole ngazisola umbhali osemncane futhi angifuni ukonakalisa ithalente lakhe.
Eminyakeni lapho uFedor Mikhailovich echithwa ku-katorga, wamhlupheka ngaye. Umlobi wabhekana ngokungathi sína ukuhlupheka okuphakade nesizungu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wayenesikhathi esiningi sokusungula ukuxhumana okujwayelekile nezinye iziboshwa: Labo isikhathi eside abazange bakuthathe ngenxa yesihloko esihle.
Ngo-1856, uMbusi omusha u-Alexander II unikeze intethelelo kubo bonke petrashev, kwathi ngo-1857 uDostoevsky waxolelwa, okungukuthi, wakuthola, wabuyiselwa njengokushicilelwa kwemisebenzi yakhe. Futhi uma, engcupheni yentsha yakhe uMikhailovich, owayenganqunywa ekuphelekeni kwakhe, ezama ukuthola iqiniso futhi akha uhlelo lwezimiso zokuphila, khona-ke kwakhiwa umxhwele ngo-1850. Eminyakeni eyinda eKatorga yenze umuntu okholwayo ozenkolo kuye, ahlala kuwo kuze kube sekufeni.
Ukuqamba izimbali
Ngo-1860, umlobi wawushicilela umhlangano wevolumu emibili yemibhalo yakhe, lapho le ndaba "idolobhana uShopchikovo kanye nezakhamuzi zalo" kanye "noMalume alale". Kwenzeka ngendaba efanayo nangokwe- "Double" - yize kunikezwe kamuva ukunikezwa okuphezulu kakhulu, abantu besikhathi besikhathi ababengakaze bakunambithe. Kodwa-ke, ukushicilelwa kwamagama "okuvela endlini efile" kwasizwa ukuba kubuyise ukunaka kwabafundi ku-dostoevsky evuthiwe, ezinikezelwe empilweni yamacala futhi kwabhalwa ikakhulu ngesikhathi sesiphetho.Kwezakhamizi eziningi zezwe ezingazange zizazulele lo msebenzi ngokwazo, umsebenzi washaqeka cishe. Abantu abaningi bamangazwa yilokho umbhali akhulume ngakho, ikakhulukazi abanikezwe iqiniso lokuthi ekuqaleni isihloko se-cortician sababhali baseRussia kwakuyinto efana ne-taboo. Ngemuva kwalokho, uHelezen waqala ukubiza i-dostoevsky "Russian Dante".
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi umbhali waba ngu-1861. Lo nyaka, ngokubambisana nomfowethu uMfoweth 'umdala uMikhail, waqala indlu yokushicilela yamagazini wakhe wokubhala nowezepolitiki obizwa ngokuthi "isikhathi". Ngo-1863, kwavalwa le ncwadi, futhi esikhundleni sakhe, abafowethu baseDostoevsky baqala ukuphrinta omunye umagazini - ebizwa ngokuthi yi- "Epoch".
Lab 'omagazini, okokuqala, baqinisa izikhundla zabafowethu endaweni ebhaliwe. Okwesibili, kwakusemakhasini abo "kwahlazeka futhi kunyathelisa", "okuvela emkhawulweni ofile", "kuphawula okuvela ngaphansi komhlaba", "kuphawula okuvela ngaphansi komhlaba", "emnandi anecdote" neminye imisebenzi eminingi kaFyodor Mikhailovich. UMikhail Dostoevsky washeshe washona: washiya impilo yakhe ngo-1864.
Ngawo-1860s, umlobi waqala ukugibela phesheya, ekutholeni ezindaweni ezintsha kanye nokuphefumlelwa okujwayelekile ngamanoveli akhe amasha. Kufaka phakathi, ngaleso sikhathi, i-dostoevsky yavela kanye nomqondo womsebenzi we- "Player" waqala ukusetshenziswa.
Ngo-1865, ukushicilelwa kwalo magazini "EPOCH", obani ababhalisile babencishisiwe, kwadingeka ukuthi kuvalwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho: Ngisho nangemva kokuvalwa kwencwadi, umbhali wabhekana nenani lezikweletu elihlaba umxhwele. Ngandlela thile uphume esimweni esinzima sezimali, waphetha ngesivumelwano esingavumelani kakhulu ekushicilelweni komhlangano wemisebenzi yakhe nomshicileli uStelovsky, futhi ngokushesha nje ngemuva kwalokho waqala ukubhala "ubugebengu nesijeziso sakhe esidumile". Indlela yefilosofi eya ezifundeni zenhlalo yaziwa kabanzi phakathi kwabafundi, kanye ne-dostoevsky yaseRoma ekhazimulisiwe ngenkathi impilo.
Incwadi enhle elandelayo Fedor Mikhailovich yaba "idiot", eshicilelwe ngo-1868. Umqondo wokuveza umuntu omuhle kakhulu ozama ukwenza ezinye izinhlamvu, kepha awukwazi ukunqoba amabutho anobutha futhi, ngenxa yalokho, ahlushwa ngokwawo uqobo, avele abe lula ngokuvalwa ngamazwi. Eqinisweni, i-dostoevsky ibizwa nge- "idiot" eyodwa okunzima kakhulu ukubhala incwadi, yize iPrince Myshkin futhi yaba umlingiswa ayithandayo.
Eseqedile umsebenzi kule noveli, umbhali wanquma ukubhala i-Epic ebizwa ngokuthi "ukungakholelwa" noma "impilo yesono esikhulu". Akakwazanga ukubona umbono wakhe, noma kunjalo, eminye imibono eqoqwe i-Epic yakha isisekelo sezincwadi ezintathu ezinhle zeDostoevsky: "amademoni" inoveli, abhalwe ngo-1871, Futhi inoveli ethi "Brothers Karamazov", isebenza lapho uDostoevsky aqede khona ngo-1879-1880.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi "amademoni" lapho umlobi ekuqaleni acabanga ukuthi azwakalise isimo sakhe sengqondo sokungamukeli kubamele ama-Revolution Cuturents eRussia, kancane kancane bashintsha ngesikhathi sokubhala. Ekuqaleni, umlobi wayengeke enze uStavrogina, kamuva owaba ngomunye wabalingiswa bakhe abadume kakhulu, iqhawe eliyisihluthulelo senoveli. Kepha isithombe sakhe sasinamandla amakhulu kangangokuba uFyodor Mikhailovich wanquma ukuguqula umbono wangezelela idrama yangempela nosizi kumsebenzi wezepolitiki.
Uma "eBhenes", phakathi kwezinye izinto, ingqikithi yobaba nezingane yavezwa kabanzi, kwathi-ke enoveli elandelayo - "osemusha" - umlobi wawubangelwa ngumbuzo wokukhuliswa kwengane evuthiwe.
Umphumela ohlukile wendlela yokudala yeFyodor Mikhailovich, i-anologvie ebhalwe phansi, "abafowethu baseKarmazov" baba yi-analogue yangempela. Iziqephu eziningi, imigqa eminingi, izinhlamvu zalo msebenzi zasuselwa kumanoveli abhalwe ngababhali, ziqala ngenoveli yakhe yokuqala eshicilelwe "yabantu abampofu."
Ukushona
UDostoevsky ushone ngoJanuwari 28, 1881, imbangela yokufa ingama-bronchitis angapheli, isifo sofuba se-pulmonary kanye ne-emphysema. Ukufa komlobi ngonyaka wamashumi ayisithupha wokuphila.
Ukusho ukuthi izixuku ziye zafika izixuku zabahlonishwa ngethalente lakhe, kodwa amanoveli akhe angaphelelwa isikhathi kanye nezingcaphuno zakhe ezihlakaniphile zase zisemuva kokushona kombhali.