I-Biograge
I-Homer yimbongi yasendulo yamaGrikhi - Umlandeli, umbhali wenganekwane, umbhali wemibhalo yasendulo yemisebenzi ye- "Iliad" kanye ne- "Odyssey".
Imininingwane ngqo ngosuku lokuzalwa kwendaba yesazi-mlando ayinayo. Kuhlala kuyimfihlakalo nendawo yokuzalwa kwembongi. Izazi-mlando zikholelwa ukuthi isikhathi sempilo esinokwenzeka kakhulu se-Homer yikhulu le-X-VIII e-Era yethu. Elinye lamadolobha ayisithupha libhekwa njengendawo yomama okungenzeka: I-Athene, Rhode, Chios, Salamin, Smirna, Argos.
Ngaphezu kwalokho inqwaba yeminye imichilo yeGrisi yasendulo eyashiwo kubabhali abahlukahlukene ngezikhathi ezihlukile, ngenxa yokufika kwe-Homer. Imvamisa, umlandi uthathwa njengendabuko yama-smirns. Imisebenzi kaHomer ibhekiswe emlandweni wasendulo wezwe, azikho izikhombo kwabaphila ngesikhathi besikhathi, esibonisa ukuqomisana kwesikhathi sokuphila kombhali. Kunenganekwane ukuthi iHoler uqobo yayingayazi indawo yokuzalwa kwakhe. Ukusuka e-Oracle, uthisha uthole ukuthi i-Iso Island kwakuyindawo yokuzalwa kukanina.
Idatha ye-biographical empilweni yomlandeli, eyethulwa emisebenzini yangezikhathi zakudala, kubangelwa izazi-mlando ezingabaza. Emisebenzini yokuphila kwembongi yembongi, kukhulunywa ngayo ukuthi iHomer igama lokuthi imbongi ayitholile ngenxa yobumpumputhe bakhe. Kuhunyushwe, kungasho ukuthi "impumputhe" noma "inceku". Lapho bezalwa, umama wenziwa nguMeszigen, okusho ukuthi "okuzalwe eMfuleni iMelesa." Ngokusho kolunye lwezinganekwane, oHomer OPHEKE lapho ebona inkemba ye-Achilles. Endudukeni kankulunkulukazi uFetida wambeka esipho sabacunu.
Kunenguqulo ebengeyona "inceku", kodwa "eholayo". UHomer wayalela ukuthi uthisha ngemuva kokungaphumuli, kodwa nakaphambene - kwavela futhi kwaqala ukukhuluma ngobuhlakani. Ngokweningi labantu bama-antique biographi, uMelzigen wazalwa ngowesifazane ogama lakhe linguChrlfid.
Umlandeli wakhuluma ngemikhosi yabantu ababi, emihlanganweni yasemadolobheni, ezimakethe. Ngokusho kwezazi-mlando, iGrisi yasendulo ngesikhathi sokuphila kweHomer ikhathazeke ukuchuma kwakhe. Imbongi yaphinda yaphinda izitho zomuntu ngamunye emisebenzini yakhe, isuka edolobheni iye edolobheni. Wasebenzisa inhlonipho, wayehlala ehlala, ukudla futhi kwakungewona uzulazula ongcolile kwesinye isikhathi okubonisa ama-Biographs.
Kukhona inguqulo ethi "Odyssey", "Iliad" kanye "Hymeric Hymns" umsebenzi wababhali abahlukile, futhi uHomer wayengumlingisi kuphela. Izazi-mlando zibheka le nguqulo imbongolo eyayingowomndeni wabahlabeleli. EGrisi yasendulo, i-handicraft nakwabanye ubuchwepheshe kwakuvame ukudluliselwa ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane. Kulokhu, noma yiliphi ilunga lomndeni lingadlala ngaphansi kwegama likaHomer. Kusuka esizukulwaneni esizalweni kuya esizukulwaneni somlando nangendlela yokubulawa kwadluliselwa kusuka kusihlobo nesihlobo. Leli qiniso lizochaza isikhathi esihlukile sokudalwa kwezinkondlo, futhi singacacisa umbuzo ngezinsuku zendaba yomlandeli.
Ukwakheka kwembongi
Enye yezindaba ezinemininingwane eminingi yokwakhiwa kweHometer njengoba imbongi ingekaPeru Herodotus Galicarnas, uCicero obizwa ngokuthi "uYise Wezemilando". Ngokusho kwesazi-mlando sasendulo, imbongi yayikuzalwa ibizwa ngokuthi uMulezigen. Wayehlala nonina eSmirna, lapho waba umfundi khona umnikazi wesikole sabafazi. UMelzigen wayehlakaniphe kakhulu futhi walwa nesayensi enhle.
Uthisha wafa, eshiya umfundi wakhe wesikole esihle kakhulu. Njengoba sengisebenzele isikhathi esithile ngumeluleki, uMelziegn wanquma ukujulisa ulwazi lwakhe ngomhlaba. Msize wazinikela endonni ebizwa ngokuthi yiMNEMS, owayevela eLefkad Island. UMelzigen uvale isikole futhi wahamba ngomkhumbi womngane ohambweni lwasolwandle lokubona amadolobha namazwe amasha.
Ngesikhathi sohambo, uthisha wangaphambili waqoqa umlando, izinganekwane, ebuzwa ngamasiko abantu bendawo. Ukufika e-Itaca, uMelzigen wabona izigameko. UMfundisi washiya i-satellite ngaphansi kokuqondisa komuntu othembekile futhi wabhukuda ezweni lakubo. Ohambweni olunye, uMelzigen wahamba ngezinyawo. Endleleni, waphinda izindaba eziqoqwe nguye phakathi nohambo.
Ngokusho kukaHerodota Gallicarnas, ekugcineni ukufika kothisha edolobheni laseKolofon. Lapho, wathatha igama elisha. Abacwaningi banamuhla bavame ukungabaza umlando weHerodot, kanye nemibhalo yabanye ababhali basendulo ngempilo ye-Homer.
Umbuzo weHomer
Ngo-1795, uFriedrich Agasti Wolf esingenisweni sokushicilela umbhalo kwizinkondlo zomgadli wasendulo wamaGrikhi ubeke phambili umbono owabizwa ngokuthi "umbuzo oHomeric". Inhloso eyinhloko yombono wososayensi ukuthi izinkondlo ngesikhathi seHomer kwakungubuciko bomlomo. Izimpumputhe, umxoxi wezindaba omangalisayo akakwazanga ukuba ngumbhali wobuciko obunzima.
Izingoma ze-Homer ezihlanganisiwe, amaculo, i-Musical Epos, eyakha isisekelo se- "Iliad" ne "Odyssey." Ngokusho kwempisi, ukubukeka okuqediwe kwenkondlo etholiwe, ngenxa yabanye ababhali. Kusukela lapho, ososayensi bahlanganyela emisebenzini yeHomer bahlukaniswe amakamu amabili: "Abahlaziyi" Basekela umbono wempisi, futhi "i-Unitaria" banamathela emibonweni yobunye obuqinile be-Epic.
Ubumpumputhe
Abanye abacwaningi be-Homer's Creativing Certiving bathi imbongi yayisezelekile. Lapho ethanda ukungabikho kothisha, u-Aless uthi amafelaosofele kanye nabacabangi kwabhekwa eGreece yasendulo ngabantu abaphucwa umbono ojwayelekile, kodwa banesipho sokubheka engcilweni yezinto. Ubumpumputhe bungafana nokuhlakanipha. UHomer wabhekwa njengomunye wabadali bezithombe zomhlaba eziphelele, uMlobi wonkulunkulu abahleliwe. Ukuhlakanipha kwakungewo wonke umuntu okusobala.
Abezindaba ze-antique baletha umfanekiso oqondile we-homer-blind emisebenzini yabo, kodwa baqamba imisebenzi yabo emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka ngemuva kokushona kwembongi. Njengoba imininingwane ethembekile ngokuphila kwembongi yembongi yayingagcinwanga, ukuhunyushwa kwabezindaba zezimbali zasendulo bekungeke kube okulungile. Ngenxa yale nguqulo, iqiniso lobukhona kuzo zonke izindatshana zemicimbi emiqanjiwe ehilela izinhlamvu zenganekwane.
Umsebenzi
Ubufakazi obusendulo obugciniwe banikeza umbono wokuthi esikhathini sasendulo somsebenzi kaHomer sathathwa njengomthombo wokuhlakanipha. Izinkondlo zanikeza ulwazi ngayo yonke imikhakha yokuphila - kusukela ekuziphatheni kwendawo yonke kuya ezisekelweni zobuciko zobuciko.
UPlutarch wabhala ukuthi umphathi omkhulu ka-Alexander Makedonsky wayehlala egcina ikhophi "ye-Iliad" naye. Izingane zamaGrikhi zafundiswa ukufunda i-OdySsee, kanti ezinye izingcaphuno ezivela emisebenzini yezazi zefilosofi zeHomer Filosofers-Ama-Pythagoreans zanqunywa njengendlela yokulungisa umphefumulo.
IHomer ibhekwa njengombhali hhayi kuphela "Iliad" kanye ne- "Odyssey." Uthisha angaba nguMdali wenkondlo yamahlaya "Margit" kanye ne- "Homeric HHymf". Phakathi kweminye imisebenzi kuthiwa yisiSidrical sasendulo sesiGreek, kunomjikelezo wemibhalo mayelana nokubuya kwamaqhawe empi yeTrojan eGrisi: "I-Cyprusa", "eTingod", "ibuya" . Izinkondlo zeHomer zihlukanisa ulimi olukhethekile olungenalo i-analogue enkulumweni ye-colloquial. Indlela yendaba yenza izinganekwane zikhumbuleka futhi zithakazelisa.
Ukushona
Kunenganekwane echaza ukufa kweHomer. Ekugugeni, uthisha oyimpumputhe waya esiqhingini se-ISO. Ukuhamba, uHomer wahlangana nabadobi ababili abancane, abamcabanga ukuthi imfumbe: "Sinokuthile esingakubambanga, nalokho esibabambe, saphonswa ngaphandle." Imbongi yabonakalisa esinqumweni sephazili isikhathi eside, kepha ayikaze ithole impendulo efanele. Abafana babanjwe izintwala, hhayi izinhlanzi. UHomer wayecasulwe yiqiniso lokuthi wayengeke akwazi ukuxazulula imfumbe, eyayishaye ngashaya ikhanda.Ngokwenye inguqulo, uthisha wazibulala, ngoba ukufa kwakungeyena kubi kuye njengokulahlekelwa ukuphathwa kwengqondo.
Amaqiniso athakazelisayo
- Kucishe kube nama-biographies acishe abe yishumi nambili kathisha, abeze esikhathini sethu kusukela endulo, kepha bonke baqukethe izinto ezinhle kakhulu futhi bakhuluma ngokuzibandakanya konkulunkulu basendulo abangamaGrikhi ezenzakalo zempilo ye-Homer.
- Imbongi isabalalisa imisebenzi yakhe ngaphandle kweGrisi yasendulo ngosizo lwabafundi. Babizwe ngokuthi yiHomerida. Bazulazula emadolobheni ahlukahlukene, bagcwalisa ezigcawini zomsebenzi kathisha wabo.
- Ubuqambi be-Homer bathandwa kakhulu eGrisi yasendulo. Cishe ingxenye yazo zonke iziqu ze-papyrus zasendulo zamaGreek zicashunwe emisebenzini ehlukene yembongi imbongi.
- Izingoma zombhali zadluliselwa ngomlomo. Izinkondlo esiziyo namuhla zaqoqwa futhi zahlelwe zaba yimisebenzi ephelele evela ezingomeni ezihlakazekile zebutho lezinkondlo ze-toistran athena. Ezinye izingxenye zemibhalo zihlelwe kucatshangelwa izifiso zekhasimende.
- ISoviet Prose Masip Mandelstam ngo-1915 wabhala le nkondlo "Ukuqwasha. Homer. I-Tight Sails ", lapho ngithanda khona" iliad "kuthiwa kumlandisi namaqhawe.
- Kuze kube maphakathi nesikhombisa emakhulwini amashumi amabili, izehlakalo ezichazwe ezinkonzweni zeHomer zazithathwa njengenganekwane ehlanzekile. Kepha uhambo lokuvubukulo lukaHeinrich Sckiman, owathola uTroy, wakufakazela ukuthi ubuqambi bembongi yasendulo yamaGrikhi isuselwa ezenzakalweni zangempela. Ngemuva kokutholwa okunjalo, abalandeli bakaPlato baqinise ethembeni lokuthi ngolunye usuku abavubukuli bezothola futhi abase-Atlantis.