USergey Yenunin - Biography, izithombe, abesifazane, izinkondlo nezindaba zakamuva

I-Biograge

USergey Aleksandrovich Yesenin uyinkondlo yaseRussia enhle-amazwi womculo. Iningi lemisebenzi yakhe yizinkondlo ze-NovokreStendian, izingoma. Kamuva, ubuqambi bahlobene nobudokotela, ngoba lilandela izithombe eziningi ezisetshenzisiwe, isifaniso.

Usuku lokuzalwa kobuhlakani bemibhalo nguSepthemba 21, 1895. Uvela esifundazweni saseRyazan, eKonstantInovka Village (Kuzminskaya Parish). Ngakho-ke, imisebenzi eminingi inikelwe ukuthanda iRussia, kunezingoma eziningi ezintsha ze-Novokreendi. Isimo sezezimali somndeni wembongi yekusasa sasingenakubizwa ngokuthi size sibekezelele, ngoba abazali bakhe babempofu impela.

Bonke babengowohlanga lwabampofu, futhi ngenxa yalokho baphoqeleka ukuba basebenze umsebenzi omningi omzimba. Ubaba kaSergey, u-Alexander Nikitich, naye wadlula indlela ende yabasebenzi. Ngiseyingane, wayethanda ukucula esontweni lesonto, wayenedatha yezwi enhle. Lapho ekhula, wathuthela emsebenzini esitolo ethengisa inyama.

Icala lamsiza ukuba athole isikhundla esihle eMoscow. Kwakulapho lapho waba ngumgadli, futhi imali yomndeni yaphakama. Kepha lokhu akuzange kube yintokozo ngenjabulo yalowo oshade naye, mama yebo. Wayesencane kakhulu ukuthi abone umyeni wakhe, owayengeke athinte ubuhlobo babo.

Esinye isizathu sokuzikhulula emndenini bekuyiqiniso lokuthi ngemuva kokuhambisa uBaba eMoscow, umfana waqala ukuhlala emkhuluni kagogo kaMunu, ubaba kanina. Kwakulapho lapho athola imfundo yabesilisa, okuyinto umalume wakhe abenzele yona kude. Njengoba bebengenaso isikhathi sokuthola imindeni yabo, bazama ukunaka kakhulu umfana.

Bonke omalume babengamadodana kaKufezeki uPukhulu u-Werenin, owahluka emfucumfucuko ejabule futhi ngokwengxenye ebubini bobusha. Babefundisa umfana ukugibela ihhashi ngendlela engajwayelekile kakhulu: bambeka ehhashini, ephuthuma nge-gallop. Futhi, ukuqeqeshwa kokubhukuda emfuleni kwabuye kwenzeka lapho uNesen encane evele aphonswa enqunu esikebheni ngqo emanzini.

Ngokuqondene nonina wembongi, wathonywa ukuhlukana nomyeni wakhe lapho esemsebenzini omude eMoscow. Uthole umsebenzi eRyazan, lapho athandana khona no-Ivan Razcabaleva. Owesifazane wasuka u-Alexander Nikitich waze wabeletha ingane yesibili evela kokuyindawo entsha. Umfowethu ohlanganisiwe kaSergey wabizwa ngo-Alexander. Kamuva, abazali basaphinde bahlangane, uSergey wayenabo odade ababili: UKatya no-Alexander.

Imfundo

Ngemuva kwemfundo enjalo yasekhaya, lo mndeni wanqunywa ukuthumela iSeryo ekuqeqesheni iKonstantInovskaya zemstvo School. Wafundela iminyaka eyishumi nane kuye kwayishumi nane futhi wahlukaniswa amakhono akhe kuphela, kodwa futhi nokuziphatha okubi. Ngakho-ke, ngonyaka owodwa wokutadisha, ngesinqumo somphathi wesikole, wasala ngonyaka wesibili. Kepha namanje amanani athweswe iziqu ayephakeme kakhulu.

Ngalesi sikhathi, abazali bezinhlobo zesikhathi esizayo banquma ukuhlala ndawonye. Umfana waqala ukuza ekhaya lakhe lokuzalwa eholidini. Lapha waya kumpristi wendawo, owayenemitapo yolwazi ethokozisayo nezincwadi zababhali abahlukahlukene. Wafunda ngokucophelela amavolumu amaningi, angehluleka ukuthinta ukwakheka kwakhe okudala.

Ngemuva kokuphothula esikoleni saseZemskaya, washintshela ePharisheshi lesonto, elisendaweni yasekuqaleni-ama-riveting. Kakade ngo-1909, ngemuva kweminyaka emihlanu yokufunda, u-Yeshenin waphothula esikoleni saseZemstvo eKonstantInovka. Iphupho lomndeni wakhe ukuthi umzukulu waba uthisha. Wakwazi ukuyisebenzisa ngemuva kokuqeqeshwa eSindikeni Klepika.

Kwakukhona lapho aphothula esikoleni esisezingeni lesibili. Ubuye wasebenza lapho efika esontweni, njengoba ayenekhanda ngalezo zikhathi. Manje kunomnyuziyamu onikezelwe emsebenzini wale mbongi enkulu. Kepha ngemuva kokuthola imfundo yokufundisa, uNesenin wanquma ukuya eMoscow.

EMoscow egcwele abantu, kwadingeka asebenze esitolo senyama, nasendlini yokunyathelisa. E-Shopkee, kwahlelwa uyise, ngoba le nsizwa kwakudingeka icele usizo ekuqashweni Kwakhe. Wabe esemhlela ehhovisi, lapho u-Esenin ekhuthaza khona umsebenzi omangalisayo.

Lapho ekhonza endlini yokunyathelisa njengomsizi oyisisekelo, ngokushesha wenza abangane abanezimbongi ze-Surikov Fireal ne-Musical Circle. Mhlawumbe lokhu kwathinteka eqinisweni lokuthi ngo-1913 akazange akwenze, kodwa kwaba ngumlaleli wamahhala we-Moscow City University University yabantu baseNyuvesi yabantu. Lapho, wavakashela izinkulumo zobungcweti bezomlando nefilosofi.

Ukudala

Ukuphoqwa kwezinkondlo zokubhala kwazalwa ku-Yeyenin namanje eLepika Klepika, lapho afunda khona esikoleni saseParish. Njengokulindelekile, imisebenzi yayinombono ongokomoya, engakafakwa ngamazwi we-notching. Umsebenzi onjalo ungabikwa ukuthi: "Izinkanyezi", "impilo yami". Lapho imbongi ibiseMoscow (1912-1915), kwathi lapho elaliqala amasampula ayo azethemba ngokwengeziwe.

Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi ngalesi sikhathi emisebenzini yakhe:

1. Wasebenzisa ukusetshenziswa kwezinkondlo kwezithombe. Ukuqhubeka kwezingathekiso ezinamakhono we-napli, izithombe eziqondile noma eziphathekayo.
2. Ngalesi sikhathi, kwalandelwa isithombe se-Novokrestst.
3. Kwangenzeka ukuthi uqaphele uphawu lwaseRussia, njengoba ubuhlakani bawuthanda umsebenzi ka-Alexander Blok.

Umsebenzi wokuqala ophrintiwe yinkondlo "Bereza". Izazi-mlando ziyaphawula ukuthi lapho ubhala uEyenin uphefumulelwe imisebenzi ye-A.feta. Ngemuva kwalokho wathatha i-ariston ye-pseudonym, ngaphandle kokuthatha isinqumo sokuthumela inkondlo ngaphansi kwegama lakhe ukuphrinta. Ushicilelwe ngo-1914 umagazini umagazini.

Incwadi yokuqala ethi "URadunitsta" wadedelwa ngo-1916. Kwalandelwa nesimanje saseRussia, ngoba le nsizwa yathuthela ePetrograd yaqala ukuxhumana nababhali nezimbongi ezidumile:

• Cm. Gorodetsky.
• Z.N. IHippius.
• D.V. Amafilosofi.
• A. A. Block.

Ku- "Radunice" Kunamanothi womabili amanothi wezilimi, kanye nokufana okuningi phakathi kwemvelo nokomoya, ngoba isihloko sencwadi sikhonza usuku lapho behlonipha abafileyo. Lapho-ke ukufika kwentwasahlobo kuyenzeka, ukuhlonipha abalimi bacula izingoma zendabuko. Lokhu ukuxhumana nemvelo, ukuvuselelwa kwayo nokuhlonipha labo abashiye.

Isitayela sembongi siyashintsha, njengoba eqala ukugqoka okuhle nokuhle kakhulu. UMgadli wakhe kaKlyov, owusingatha kusukela ngo-1915 kuya ku-1917, angakuthinta. Inkondlo yomuntu osemusha yabe isilalela ukunakwa no-s.m. I-Goredetsky, kanye ne-Great Alexander Blok.

Ngo-1915, inkondlo ye- "Cherry" yabhalwa, lapho inika khona imvelo kanye nalesi sihlahla ngezimfanelo zabantu. UCherry kube sengathi uzophila futhi ubonakalisa imizwa yakhe. Ngemuva kokubiza impi ngo-1916, uSergey waqala ukuxhumana neqembu lezinkondlo ze-Novokrestst.

Ngenxa yeqoqo elikhishwe, kufaka phakathi i- "Radunitsa", uNesenin uthole udumo olubanzi. Ufike e-Empress Alexandra Fedorovna. Wayevame ukubizwa ngokuthi uSeyenin edolobhaneni lasebukhosini ukuze akwazi ukufunda imisebenzi yakhe kuye namadodakazi akhe.

Ngo-1917, kwavela khona ukuvukelwa, okwakubonakala emisebenzini yobuhlakani. Uthole "umoya wesibili" futhi, waphefumulelwa, wanquma ukudedela inkondlo ka-1917 ebizwa nge- "Ukuguqulwa Kwezinguquko". Wabangela ukubabaza okukhulu ngisho nokugxekwa, ngoba babekhona abaningi abahamba phambili kuso. Bonke bafakwa ngendlela ehluke ngokuphelele, ku-stylistic yeTestamente Elidala.

Umbono womhlaba waguqulwa, ukuzibophezela esontweni. Imbongi yaze yamemezela lokhu obala kwenye yezinkondlo zakhe. Wabe eseqala ukuzulazula bobabili u-Andrei White, waqala ukuxhumana neqembu lezinkondlo "amaScythians". Umsebenzi wokuphela kwamashumi amabili

• Incwadi yePetrograd "DOVELLY" (1918).
• Uhlelo lwesibili lwe- "radunitsa" (1918).
• Uchungechunge lwamaqoqo ka-1918-1920: uguquko kanye nehora lasemakhaya.

Isikhathi se-imazhinism saqala ngo-1919. Ngaphansi kwalokho kusho ukusetshenziswa kwenani elikhulu lezithombe, izingathekiso. USergey unikwe amandla ngokusekelwa kwe-V.G. USherhevich kanye nezisekelo zeqembu lakhe elidonswe futhi nesiko le-futurism, isitayela se-boris pasternak. Umehluko obalulekile bekuyiqiniso lokuthi le misebenzi isethwe emvelweni, yathatha ukufundwa okuvulekile phambi kwesibukeli.

Lokhu kunamathiselwe iqembu lodumo olukhulu ngokumelene nesendlalelo sokwenza okukhanyayo ngohlelo lokusebenza. Base bebhalwa:

• "Sorokoust" (1920).
• Inkondlo kaPugachev (1921).
• Kholwa ngokuthi "okhiye bakaMariya" (1919).

Kuyaziwa nangokuqala kwalawa macala amabili uSergey waqala ukuzibandakanya ekuqalisweni kwezincwadi, waqasha isitolo sokuthengisa izincwadi eziphrintiwe. WayeseBig Nikitskaya. Lo msebenzi wamlethela imali engenayo futhi uphazamisa okuncane ebukuleni.

Ngemuva kokuxhumana nokushintshana kokubukwa, amasu wesitayela no-A. Mariengoof, yebo kwabhalwa:

• "Ukuvuma kwe-Huligan" (1921), okunikezelwe kumlingisi u-Augustus MiklashevSkaya. Emlilweni wakhe, kwabhalwa izinkondlo eziyisikhombisa ezivela kumjikelezo owodwa.
• "Treradnik" (1921).
• "Angizisoli, angikhali ngokuthi" (1924).
• "Skandalist Poems" (1923).
• "Moscow Kabatskaya" (1924).
• "Incwadi eya kowesifazane" (1924).
• "Incwadi kamama" (1924), okuyinye yezinkondlo ezinhle kakhulu ze-lyrical. Yabhalwa ngaphambi kokufika kukaJerenIn edolobhaneni lakubo yanikezelwa kunina.
• "Ama-Motifs asePheresiya" (1924). Eqoqweni ungabona inkondlo edumile ethi "Shagana Wena, Shagana".

Emva kwalokho imbongi yaqala ukuhamba kaningi. I-geograph yakhe yohambo yayingakhawulelwe e-Orenburg eyodwa nase-Urals, waze wavakashela enkabeni ye-Asia, eTashkent, kanye neSamark. E-Urdah, wayevame ukuya ezikhungweni zasendaweni (Teahouse), wahamba edolobheni elidala, waqala abantu obajwayele abasha. Yaphefumulelwa yi-Uzbek Poetry Poetry, umculo waseMpumalanga, kanye nokwakhiwa kwemigwaqo yendawo.

Ngemuva komshado, uhambo oluningi oluya eYurophu lwalandela: I-Italiya, eFrance, eJalimane nakwamanye amazwe. UEsenin waphila ngisho nezinyanga ezimbalwa eMelika (1922-1923), ngemuva kwalokho amarekhodi enziwa ngokuvezwa kokuphila kuleli. Baphrintiwe e-Izvestia futhi baqanjwe ngokuthi i-Iron Mirgorod.

Maphakathi kwamashumi amabili, kwaqhutshwa uhambo lokuya eCaucasus. Kunomqondo wokuthi bekukule ndawo lapho kuqoqwa khona iqoqo elithi "Red East". Udedelwe eCaucasus Phrinta, ngemuva kwalokho ngo-1925 ukukhanya kwabona inkondlo "Umlayezo nguVangelist Demyan". Isikhathi se-imazhinism saqhubeka kuze kube yisikhathi kuze kube yilapho ubuhlakani buxabana no-A. B. Maringengof.

Futhi, v. Mayakovsky wabhekwa njengomphikisi obucayi futhi odumile uEyenin. Kepha ngasikhathi sinye abakhombisanga ubutha emphakathini, yize babevame ukuhlangana namabutho. Konke kwagxekwa futhi kuhlonipha umsebenzi womunye nomunye.

Isiphathimandla saseSoviet

Ngemuva kwekutsi uSergey anqume ukuhlukana nokuvinjwa, wacala kunikeza izizathu ezivame ukugxeka ngokuziphatha kwakhe. Isibonelo, njalo ngemuva kuka-1924 kwaqala ukuvela kwezinto ezahlukahlukene ezandayo ezazibonakele esimweni esidakwayo noma iziphambeko ezihleliwe, amahlazo ezikhungweni.

Kepha lokhu kuziphatha bekuyi-hooliganism kuphela. Ngenxa yamabhonasi angenazidingo, amacala amaningana obugebengu avulwa ngokushesha, okwavalwa kamuva. Izwi lazo kakhulu lelo cala lezinkondlo ezine, lapho kwakukhona khona izinsolo zokulwa namaSemite. Ngalesi sikhathi, impilo yobuhlakani bezincwadi yathuthumela.

Ngokuqondene nesimo sengqondo samandla aseSoviet, wayekhathazekile ngesimo sembongi. Kunezinhlamvu ezifakazela ukuthi iDzerzhinsky icelwa ukuba isize futhi ilondoloze i-Yeenin. Baqukethe ukuthi uSergey abeke isisebenzi se-GPU, esasingamlali. I-DZezerzhinsky yaphendula isicelo futhi yaheha abangaphansi kwayo, engakaze ikwazi ukuthola uSergey.

Impilo yomuntu siqu

U-Anna Terezzhanova wayengumfazi wezakhamuzi kaJerenin. Wahlangana naye lapho esebenza njengoMsizi Emlindisayo endlini yokunyathelisa. Umphumela walo mshado wawukuzalwa kwendodana kaYuri. Kepha umshado wawungeke wamelana isikhathi eside, ngoba sesivele ngo-1917, uSergey washada noZinaida reich. Ngalesi sikhathi, izingane ezimbili zazalwa ngasikhathi sinye - uKonstantin noTatiana. Le nyunyana ibuye ibe yijubane.

Emshadweni osemthethweni, imbongi yajoyina u-Isador Duncan, enza umsebenzi owenza umdanso. Le ndaba yothando yakhunjulwa kwabaningi, ngoba ubudlelwano babo babubuhle, obuhle bothando futhi ngokwengxenye. Owesifazane wayengumdansi odumile eMelika, okwakushisa isithakazelo somphakathi kulo mshado.

Ngasikhathi sinye, u-Isadora wayemdala kunomlingani wakhe, kepha umehluko oneminyaka yobudala awuzange uphazamise.

USergey Duncan wahlangana endaweni yokusebenzela yangasese ngo-1921. Ngemuva kwalokho baqala ukuhamba kulo lonke elaseYurophu ndawonye, ​​futhi baphila izinyanga ezine eMelika - ezweni labantu abadansi. Kepha ngemuva kokubuya ngenxa yaphesheya, kwaqedwa umshado. Umfazi olandelayo waba uSophia Tolstaya, owayeyisihlobo se-classic edumile, le nyunyana yabuye yaphuka isikhathi esingaphansi konyaka.

Futhi, impilo ka-Yeyenin yayixhunywe nabanye besifazane. Isibonelo, uGalina Benesissavskaya wayengunobhala wakhe uqobo. Wayehlala emseceleni kwakhe, ngokwengxenye enikela ngokuphila kwakhe kule ndoda.

Isifo nokufa

UEsunIn ubenezinkinga ngotshwala, ezazingaziwa hhayi kuphela kubajwayelene naye, kodwa futhi neDzezezhinsky uqobo. Ngo-1925, ubuhlakani obukhulu bangeniswe esibhedlela emtholampilo okhokhelwayo waseMoscow, ochwepheshe ekuphazamisekeni kwengqondo. Kepha kakade ngoDisemba 21, ukwelashwa kwaqedwa noma, kungenzeka kwaphazamiseka ngesicelo sikaSergey uqobo.

Wanquma ukunyakaza okwesikhashana ukuze aphile eLeningrad. Ngaphambi kwalapho, waphazamisa umsebenzi nge-Gosizdat futhi wakhumula yonke imali yakhe elala ama-akhawunti kahulumeni. ELeningrad, wayehlala ehhotela futhi wayevame ukuxoxa nababhali abehlukene: v. I. Erlich, G. F. Ustinov, N. N. Nikitin.

Ukufa kwale mbongi enkulu kungazelelwe ngoDisemba 28, 1928. Azikho izimo lapho uNsenin asuka khona empilweni, kanye nembangela yokufa. Kwathi ngoDisemba 28, 1925, futhi umngcwabo uqobo wadlula eMoscow, lapho kwethuna ubuhlakani manje.

Ngobusuku bangoDisemba 28, inkondlo yokuFaarewell engokwesiprofetho yabhalwa. Ngakho-ke, ezinye izazi-mlando ziphakamisa ukuthi ubuhlakani bazibulale, kepha leli akulona iqiniso elifakazelwe.

Ngo-2005, ifilimu yaseRussia "Yeenin" yaphakanyiswa, lapho uSergey Bezrukov edlalela khona indima enkulu. Futhi ngaphambi kokuthi lokhu kususwe uchungechunge oluthi "imbongi". Yomibili le misebenzi inikelwe kubuhlakani obukhulu baseRussia futhi yathola impendulo eyakhayo.

Amaqiniso athakazelisayo

1. USergey omncane oneminyaka emihlanu wayengenamandla ngokungemthetho, njengoba umkhulu wakhe waxoxa ngonina. Owesifazane usanda kuthumela uBaba ekunakekelweni kweNdodana. Ubaba ngalesi sikhathi wasebenza eMoscow.
2. Lapho eneminyaka emihlanu, umfana wavele wakwazi ukufunda.
3. Esikoleni, kuyeninin wanikezwa isidlaliso esithi "Besingenamsebenzi", selokhu umkhulu wakhe wanqikaza ubuhlakani besonto.
4. Ngo-1915, insizakalo yaqala empini ngokubambezeleka okulandelayo. Ngemuva kwalokho kwavela uSergey e-Lavs yamasosha, kodwa kakade njengokuhlanzeka.