I-Biograge
Onke-EMBEROR MERPEROR ALExander aleksandrovich romanov wazalwa ngoFebhuwari 26 (ngokwesitayela esidala) ka-1845 eSt. Petersburg e-Atichkov Palace. Uyise wayengumbusi - uRevermer-Remerter Alexander II, noMama - Queen Maria Alexandrovna. Umfana wawusenengane yesithathu emndenini, lapho kwazalwa nezinye izingane ezinhlanu. Umfowabo omdala uNickolas wayelungiselela ukubusa, futhi u-Alexander walungiswa yisiphetho sezempi.
Ebuntweni, uCesarevich wahlanganyela ngaphandle kwentshiseko enkulu, futhi uthisha wayemlandela. Ezikhumbuzweni zabantu besikhathi sikaSontoniso, u-Alexander osemusha wayengahlakaniphe kakhulu, kodwa waba nengqondo ehluzekile kanye nesipho sokubonisana.
UNerav Alexander wayenomusa futhi anamahloni kancane, yize lesi sibalo besiphawuleka: Lapho ephakama ngo-193 cm, isisindo saso safinyelela ku-120 kg. Naphezu kokubukeka kwakhe, insizwa yathanda ubuciko. Wathatha izifundo zokupenda uSolwazi Tinhodova futhi wayeganwe ngumculo. U-Alexander wakwazisa ngomdlalo ngamathuluzi omoya ethusi. Kamuva, uzokweseka ngokuqinile ubuciko basekhaya kanye nokuzithoba okwanele empilweni yansuku zonke kuzoqoqa iqoqo elihle lemisebenzi ngabaculi baseRussia. Futhi ezinkundleni zemidlalo yezemidlalo ngesandla sakhe sokukhanya, opharetha waseRussia nama-ballets kuzoqala ukubeka kaningi kuno-European.
UCesarevichi Nikolai no-Alexander babesondelene kakhulu komunye nomunye. Umfowethu omncane waze waxabana nokuthi akekho osondele futhi owayethandwa nguye, ngaphandle kukaNicholas. Ngakho-ke, lapho ngo-1865, indlalifa esihlalweni sobukhosi ngesikhathi sohambo e-Italy ngokuzumayo yazizwa kabi futhi kungazelelwe yabulawa yisifo sofuba esikhulu, u-Alexander akakwazanga ukuthatha lokhu kulahleka isikhathi eside. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwavela ukuthi nguyena owaba ngumfakisicelo wesihlalo sobukhosi, u-Alexander ayengakulungele ngokuphelele.
Ama-loarker wezinsizwa kwesinye isikhathi aqala ukwethuka. Insizwa yaqokwa ngokuphuthumayo inkambo yezinkulumo ezikhethekile lapho uKonstantin Victorian Mentor amfunde khona. Ngemuva kwesengezo sombuso, u-Alexander uzokwenza umeluleki wakhe othisha naye futhi azoxhumana naye kuze kube sekupheleni kwempilo yakhe. Omunye umsizi wesarevich waqokwa uNikolay Alexandrovich Kachalov, le nsizwa yahamba ngayo eya eRussia.
Umshado esihlalweni sobukhosi
Ekuqaleni kukaMashi 1881, emva kokubulawa komunye, uMbusi u-Alexander II, uMbusi u-Alexander II ushonile, futhi wabuza ngeNdodana yakhe ngokushesha. Ezinyangeni ezimbili kamuva, uMbusi omusha wenza obala "Manifesto ekubonakalisweni kwe-autoracy", okubekwe okubekwe phansi zonke izinguquko ezikhululekile zombuso osungulwe nguyise nguYise.
Imfihlakalo yomshado yenzeka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi - ngoMeyi 15, 1883 efemini yecala le-moscow Kremlin. Ngesikhathi sokubusa, umndeni wasebukhosini wathuthela esigodlweni eGatchina.
Inqubomgomo Yangaphakathi Alexander III
U-Alexander III wanamathela ezimisweni zezezimali nezibuzwe, izenzo zawo kwezepolitiki yasekhaya zingabizwa ngokuthi yi-mbumbulu. Umbusi usayine okokuqala izimiso ezithunyelwe ngokuthula kwezikhonzi zenkululeko. Phakathi kwazo kwakunguPrince Konstantin Nikolaevich, uM. T. Loris-Melikova, D. A. Milytin, A. A. Abaza. Wenza uK. P. Victononezzhev, N. Ignatieva, D. A. Tolstoy, M. N. Katkova ngezibalo ezibalulekile zemvelo yazo.
Ngo-1889, usopolitiki onekhono kanye nezezimali S. YU. U-Alexander Alexandrovich washeshe wamisa uNgqongqoshe Wezezimali kanye noNgqongqoshe Wezokuxhumana kungekudala. USergey yulieving wenza okuningi eRussia enkulu. Wethula i-ruble enendawo yokugcina yegolide, efake isandla ekuqiniseni imali yaseRussia emakethe yamazwe omhlaba. Lokhu kwaholela ekutheni ukugeleza kwezimali zamanye amazwe kukhuphuke umbuso waseRussia, kwathi umnotho waqala ukukhula ngejubane eliqinisiwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wenza okuningi ngentuthuko nokwakhiwa komgwaqo omkhulu we-Trans-Siberia, okungukuphela kwendlela yokuxhuma iVladivostok ngeMoscow.
Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi kwabalimi baka-Alexander III baqinisa ilungelo lokuthola imfundo futhi bavota okhethweni lwaseZemstvo, wabalethela ithuba lokuthatha imali mboleko yaphansi ukuze bandise ipulazi labo futhi baqinise ukuma kwalo emhlabeni. Kwabaculi, uMbusi ubuye wethule imikhawulo. Kakade ngonyaka wokuqala weBhodi, wakhansela zonke izinkokhelo ezengeziwe ezivela eMgcinimazi wasebukhosini, futhi futhi wenza okuningi ukuqeda inkohliso.
U-Alexander II waqinisa ukuqapha kwabafundi, wasungula umkhawulo enanini labafundi abangamaJuda kuzo zonke izikhungo zemfundo, ukucwaninga okuqinisiwe. Isiqubulo sakhe saba yisho: "IRussia yabaseRussia." Emaphethelweni wombuso, wamemezela isigijimi esisebenzayo.
U-Alexander III wenza okuningi emkhakheni we-metallurgical kanye nentuthuko yemayini kawoyela negesi. Ngalo, i-boom yangempela yaqala ukuthuthukisa inhlala-kahle yabantu, kanti izinsongo zamaphekula ziyekile ngokuphelele. Ngenze ama-autocrats amaningi ne-orthodoxy. NgeBhodi Layo, inani le-dioceses lenyuka, kwakhiwa izindela ezintsha namathempeli. Ngo-1883, kwakhiwa enye yezinhlaka ezinhle kakhulu - isonto likaKristu uMsindisi.
Emfameni, ngemuva kokubusa kwakhe, u-Alexander III washiya izwe ngomnotho oqinile.
Inqubomgomo Yezangaphandle ye-Alexander III
Umbusi u-Alexander III ngokuhlakanipha kwakhe ngenqubomgomo yezangaphandle yezenzo nokuvimbela izimpi ungene endabeni njengoMkhandlu Wokuthula. Kepha ngasikhathi sinye akazange akhohlwe ukuqinisa amandla empi. Ngaphansi kwe-Alexandra III, imikhumbi yaseRussia yaba ngowesithathu ngemuva kokuthopha iFlance ne-UK.
Umbusi wakwazi ukuqhubeka nobudlelwano obuthule nazo zonke izimbangi eziphambili. Wasayina izivumelwano zokuthula neJalimane, eNgilandi, futhi aqiniswe futhi ubungani baseRussia emhlabeni.
Ngesikhathi sokubusa kwakhe, kwasungulwa umkhuba wezingxoxo ezivulekile, futhi ababusi bamandla aseYurophu baqala ukwethemba inkosi yaseRussia, njengomlamuli ohlakaniphile, ekuxazululeni zonke izingqinamba eziphikisanayo phakathi kwezifunda.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Ngemuva kokushona kwendlalifa kaNicholas, wayenoMlobokazi, uDineshi Princess Maria Dagmar. Ngokuphazima kweso kwavela ukuthi omncane ka-Alexander naye wayethandana naye. Futhi yize esikhathini esithile wayenakekela uFreilina, uPrince Maria Meshcherskaya, u-Alexander eneminyaka engu-21 wenza ukunikezwa kukaMaria Sophia Frederic. Ngakho-ke ngesikhathi esifushane, impilo ka-Alexander yomuntu siqu yashintsha, lokho ayengazisoli ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Ngemuva kwemfihlakalo yomshado, owayebanjelwe eSontweni elikhulu lesigodlo sasebusika, abashadikazi abasebasha bathuthela e-Ahichkov Parace, lapho babehlala khona ngaphambi kokufika kuka-Alexander kwesihlalo sobukhosi.
Emndenini ka-Alexander alexandrovich nomkakhe, uMariya Fedorovna, onjengezincekukazi zaphesheya kwezilwandle, wamukela ama-orthodox ngaphambi komshado, wazalwa ezinganeni eziyisithupha, ezinhlanu zazo zazihlala phambi kwabantu abadala.
Abaphezulu uNikolai baba yiNkosi yokugcina yaseRussia uNikolai II kusuka ku-Romanov Dynasty. Kusuka ezinganeni ezincane - U-Alexander, George, Ksenia, Mikhail, Olga - Odadewabo kuphela abazohlala nokuguga. U-Alexander uzofa eneminyaka emithathu, uGeorgy uzokufa ebusheni bakhe ngenxa yesifo sofuba, kanti uMikhail uzohlukanisa isiphetho somfowethu - amaBolsheviks azodutshulwa.
Umbusi wakhulisa izingane zakhe ku-ror. Izingubo zabo nokudla kwazo kwakulula kakhulu. Izingane zakubo zasebukhosini zabandakanyeka ekuzivocavoca umzimba, futhi zathola imfundo enhle. Lo mndeni wabusa ukuthula nokwemvume, abashadikazi abanezingane bavame ukubekelwa eDenmark ezihlotsheni.
Umzamo ongaphumelelanga
NgoMashi 1, 1887, kwaqhutshwa umzamo ongaphumelelanga empilweni yombusi. Abafundi bakaVasily Osipanov baba ababambiqhaza eConcuracy, Vasily General, Pakhomy Andreyushkin no-Alexander Ulyanov. Naphezu kokuqeqeshwa kwezinyanga eziningi kwesenzo samaphekula ngaphansi kokuholwa nguPeter Shevreva, abantu abasha behluleka ukwenza umfunwe kuze kube sekupheleni. Bobane bathunjwa ngamaphoyisa nezinyanga ezimbili ngemuva kwecala, babulawa ngokulengiswa enqabani yaseShlisselburg.
Abahlanganyeli abaningana bendilinga yezinguquko, futhi ababeboshwe ngemuva kwamaphekula, bathunyelwa kwisethenjwa eside.
Ukushona
Ngonyaka ngemuva komzamo empilweni yomndeni wasebukhosini, kwenzeka umcimbi ongathandeki: isitimela lapho u-Alexander ehamba khona futhi izihlobo zakhe zaphahlazeka ngaphansi Kharkov. Ingxenye yokwakheka yaphenduka, abantu bafa. Uphahla lwenqola lapho kwakukhona khona abasebenzi basebukhosini, uMbusi Onamandla obambele isikhathi eside ngokwakhe imizuzu engama-30. Ngalesi wasindisa bonke abaseduze kwakhe. Kepha u-Overstrain wawehlisa impilo yenkosi. U-Alexander Alexandrovich waqala isifo sezinso, esethuthuka kancane.
Ezinyangeni zobusika zokuqala zango-1894, umbusi wawubanda kakhulu futhi wazizwa kabi kakhulu ngemuva kwezinyanga eziyisithupha. Uprofesa wezokwelapha ovela eJalimane Ernst Leiden, owabona uNephropathy wase-Alexander Alexandrovich, wabizwa kanjalo. Lapho kunconywa udokotela, umbusi wathunyelwa eGrisi, kodwa endleleni eyaba yimbi kakhulu, futhi izihlobo zakhe zanquma ukuhlala eLivadia eCrimea.
Ngenyanga kaBogati bodybody, inkosi yama-Ugas nhlobo phambi kwamehlo futhi ngenxa yokwehluleka ngokuphelele kwezinso yafa ngoNovemba 1, 1894. Kungakapheli nenyanga edlule, umhwebi wakhe uJohn (Yanishev), kanye noMbhishobhi omkhulu uJohn Sergiever, ngokuzayo, ngokuzayo, wagcinwa phansi.
Ngemuva kwamahora ayisigamu ngemuva kokushona kuka-Alexander III, indodana yakhe uNicholas bafunga ngoMbuso. Ibhokisi elinomzimba wombusi lalethwa ePotersburg futhi langcwatshwa ngokuqinile ePetropavlovsky Cathedral.
Isithombe sombusi ku-ART
Mayelana ne-Alexandra III ayizona izincwadi ezibhaliwe njengamanye amakhosi-abanqobi. Lokhu kwenzeka ngenxa yokuthula kwakhe hhayi izingxabano. Umuntu wakhe ukhulunywa ngaye kwezincwadi ezithile zomlando ezinikezelwe emkhayeni waseRomanov.
Kumadokhumenti, imininingwane mayelana nayo yethulwa emigqeni eminingana yezintatheli uGleb Panfilov neLeonid Parfenov. Amafilimu wezobuciko lapho kuhanjelwe umlingiswa ka-Alexander II, kwaqala ukuvela kusukela ngo-1925. Sekukonke, kwashicilelwa imidwebo emi-5, kufaka phakathi "ugu lwempilo", lapho uMbusi - umphenyi edlala ibhubesi iZolotukhin, kanye "ne-Nikita Mikhalkov" yenziwa lapho iNikita Mikhalkov yenziwa nguNikalkov.
Ifilimu lokugcina, lapho iqhawe lika-Alexander III livela kulo, kwakuyisithombe sika-2017 ngu-Alexey Teacher Matilda. Kuyena, inkosi yadlala uSergey Garmash.