Umlando Wemilingiswa
Incwadi kaDaniel defo ekubumbeni kwamehlo yaba ngumthengisi futhi imaka ukuqala kwenoveli yasendulo yesiNgisi. Ukusebenza kombhali kunikeze umfutho eqondisweni okuthe xaxa kanye ne-cinema, kanti igama likaRobinson Cruzo liqoke. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi umbhalo wesandla we-defo kusuka ekuqothulweni kuya ekuqothulweni uwohloka ngokubonisana kwefilosofi, "kwamukelwa ngokuqinile phakathi kwabafundi abancane:" Ukufika kukaRobinson Cruzo "yize abathandi bezingane abadala Ukulungele ukuwela ezindaweni ezingakaze zibonwe esiqhingini esingahlanzwanga kanye neqhawe eliyinhloko.Umlando wendalo
Umlobi uDaniel Demo wabona igama lakhe, ekhipha inoveli yefilosofi adventure "Robinson Kruzo" ngo-1719. Yize umlobi ebhalela kude nencwadi eyodwa, kwakuwumsebenzi womhambi ongemuhle owawa ngokuqinile ekwazini kwezwe elibhaliwe. Bambalwa abantu abaziyo ukuthi uDaniel akazange ajabule nje kuphela ukuthi ahlale ezitolo zezincwadi, kodwa futhi angenisa izakhamizi ze-Albion ezingalungile ngohlobo lwezincwadi olunjengenoveli.
Umlobi wabiza izinsolo zakhe zesandla, ethatha izimfundiso zefilosofi, ama-prototypes abantu nezindaba ezinhle kakhulu njengesisekelo. Ngakho-ke, umfundi akagcini nje ngokubheka ukuhlupheka namandla entando kaRobinson, waphonswa ohlangothini lwempilo, kodwa futhi nomuntu ozanyelwa kabusha ekuxhumaneni nemvelo.
UDefo weza nalo msebenzi oyisisekelo wengozi; Iqiniso ngukuthi amakhosi eZwi aphefumulelwe izindaba zeBottchman Alexander Selkirk, owachitha iminyaka emine esiqhingini esingahlalwanga uMas-A-Tierra oLwandlekazi iPacific.
Lapho umatilosi eneminyaka engama-27, waya elwandle waya kolwandle lwaseNingizimu Melika njengengxenye yabasebenzi bomkhumbi. USelkirk wayengumuntu ophanyelayo futhi wanamathela: Umqashi we-adventure akazi ukuthi angawugcina kanjani umlomo wakhe enqabeni futhi akazange agcine indikimba, ngakho-ke ukuphawula kwesikhumulo, ukaputeni womkhumbi, ucasule ukungqubuzana kwesivunguvungu. Ngesinye isikhathi, ngemuva kwengxabano elandelayo, u-Alexander wafuna ukumisa umkhumbi amzwe emhlabeni.
Mhlawumbe izikebhe zasesikebhe zazifuna ukushaya umphathi wakhe, kodwa ngokushesha wanelisa izidingo zasolwandle. Lapho umkhumbi uqala ukusondela esiqhingini esingavinjelwe, uSenzirk washeshe washintsha umqondo wakhe, kepha amadradling aphenduka ngokungafanele. Umatilosi, okhokhele ulimi olubukhali, wachitha iminyaka emine "ngaphandle kwendawo yokukhishwa", kwathi lapho ekwazile ukubuyela empilweni emphakathini, waqala ukushesha imigoqo futhi atshele izindaba zokufika kwakhe eSeva yendawo.
U-Alexander waphenduka esiqhingini esinezinto ezincane zezinto, kwakuyimpuphu, izembe, isibhamu nezinye izinsimbi. Ekuqaleni, itilosi lahlushwa isizungu, kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi lakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ezinzima zokuba. Kuyahlekisa ukuthi, ukubuyela emigwaqweni emihle yasemadolobheni ngezindlu zamatshe, umuntu othanda ukufuduka uphuthelwe ukuhlala esinyeni somhlaba ongahlanzekile. Intatheli uRichard Isitayela, esaduzane ukulalela izindaba zabahambi, sahola amagama selkirka:
"Manje senginawo amakhilogremu angama-800, kepha angisoze ngajabula kakhulu, kwenzeka kanjani lapho ngingenamthombo wokuthola umphefumulo."Isitayela saseRichard sishicilele izindaba zika-Alexander eNgilandi, zaveza ngokungaqondile i-United Kingdom nendoda eyayizobizwa ngokuthi iBear Grill esikhathini sethu. Kepha kungenzeka ukuthi leli phephandaba lithathe izwi elivela ekhanda lakhe, ngakho-ke le ncwadi iyiqiniso elihlanzekile noma inganekwane - lihlala liqagela kuphela.
UDaniel Defo akakaze aveze izimfihlo zenoveli yakhe emphakathini, ngakho-ke imihlobiso phakathi kwababhali iyaqhubeka nokukhula kuze kube manje. Njengoba u-Alexander wayengumdakwa ongafundile, wayengafani nencwadi yakhe embodiya lapho ebhekene noRobinson Cruzo. Ngakho-ke, abanye abacwaningi bavame ukubona ukuthi uHenry Pitring wasebenza njenge-prototype.
Lo dokotela wathunyelwa kusixhumanisi esiya eNtshonalanga-India, kepha akazange asamukele isiphetho sakhe futhi, kanye nabalingani bakhe, abaleke. Kunzima ukusho ukuthi inhlanhla ohlangothini lukaHenry yayikhona. Ngemuva kokuphuka komkhumbi, wazithola esiqhingini esingahlalwa ngosawoti-ithoshi, yize kunoma yikuphi ukuqeda konke kungaqeda kubi kakhulu.
Abanye abathandi bamanoveli bavame ukuthi umlobi waphoqelelwa indlela yokuphila yenkampani ethile yaseRichard Nox, ayihlala ekudingisweni iminyaka engama-20 eSri Lanka. Akudingekile ukukhipha lokho okuphindwe kabusha eRobinson Cruise uqobo. Leli gama elithi master libe nempilo ecebile, akagcini nje ngepeni engena e-Impull, kodwa futhi wahlanganyela ebuntalini futhi ehlelekile.
I-Biograge
URobinson Cruzo wayeyindodana yesithathu emndenini futhi kusukela ebuntwaneni ebuntwaneni ephupha ama-adventures marine. Abazali bomfana babefuna ukushaya ikusasa elijabulisayo futhi bengafuni ukuthi impilo yakhe ifane ne-biography ka-Amerigo Vespucci noma eGalileo LaseGalile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umdala kaRobinson washona empini e-Flanders, futhi maphakathi anyamalale.
Ngakho-ke, ubaba wabona eqenjini elikhulu lokusekelwa okuwukuphela kwesikhathi esizayo. Wancenga izinyembezi inzalo ukuba angenele ingqondo futhi alwele impilo elinganisiwe neyothule yesikhulu. Kepha umfana akazange alungiselelwe noma ibuphi ubuciko, kepha wachitha izinsuku eziyize, ephupha ukunqoba isikhala samanzi.
Imiyalo yenhloko yomndeni yathulisa kafushane uthuli lwayo oluluhlaza, kodwa kwathi le nsizwa ineminyaka engu-18, yaqoqa ngasese, yayenga ngohambo lwayo lwamahhala, olunikezwe ngumngane wakhe. Kakade usuku lokuqala esitsheni kwakucindezelwa izivivinyo zesikhathi esizayo: Isivunguvungu esisheshayo sivuke emphefumulweni weRobinson Phendula, owadlula kanye nesimo sezulu semvula futhi ekugcineni wasatshalaliswa ngotshwala.
Kuyafaneleka ukusho ukuthi kwakungeyona iqembu elimnyama lokugcina empilweni kaRobinson Cruzo. Le nsizwa yakwazi ukuvela kumthengisi encekwini ebabazekayo yesikhumulo esidabukisayo ngemuva kokuthathwa kweTurkey Corsars, futhi yavakashela eBrazil ngemuva kokuba umkhumbi wasePutukezi wamsindisa. Kuliqiniso, imibandela yensindiso yayinokhahlo: Ukaputeni wathembisa inkululeko yakhe encane ngemuva kweminyaka eyi-10.
EBrazil, uRobinson Crusoe wasebenza hhayi ukusonta izandla kumahlathi kagwayi kanye nomoba. Umlingisi ophambili womsebenzi uqhubeke nokuphuthuma imiyalo kaYise, kepha uthando lwe-adventure lwaluthatha indlela yokuphila ethule, ngakho-ke ukuhamba nge-cruise futhi kwahileleka ekuhambeni. Ozakwabo bakwaRobinson kule ndawo yokusebenzela sebezwile izindaba zakhe ngokuhambela ogwini lwaseGuinea, ngakho-ke akumangazi ukuthi abatshali banqume ukwakha umkhumbi ukuze bathuthe ngasese izigqila ziye eBrazil.
Ukuhamba kwezigqila ezivela e-Afrika kwahlotshaniswa nobungozi benguquko yasolwandle nobunzima obuvela ohlangothini olungokomthetho. URobinson ubambe iqhaza kulokhu kuhamba okungekho emthethweni njengomabhalane womkhumbi. Umkhumbi wahamba ngomkhumbi ngomkhumbi ngoSepthemba 1, 1659, okungukuthi, impela ngemuva kweminyaka eyisishiyagalombili emva kokuphunyuka endlini.
Indodana yolahleko ayizange inikeze incazelo kwi-Omen of Omen, futhi ngeze: Iqembu lasinda ngesivunguvungu esinamandla, futhi umkhumbi wanikeza ukugeleza. Ekugcineni, ababambiqhaza ababesele bangena esikebheni, esasibhidliza ngenxa yomsindo omkhulu wentaba. Ukhathele uRobinson waphenduka iqembu kuphela elizungezile: Umlingiswa ophambili wakwazi ukungena ezweni, lapho kwaqala khona iminyaka yakhe eminingi yezehlakalo.
Isakhiwo sendaba
Lapho uRobinson Cruzo ebona ukuthi esesiqhingini esingahlanzekile, ukuphelelwa yithemba nosizi kwabamfokazi abafile kwasuswa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izigqoko ziphonswe ogwini, amakhabe nezicathulo ezikhunjuzwa ngemicimbi edlule. Ukunqoba ukudangala, umsizi waqala ukucabangisisa ngendlela yokusinda kulokhu okusanhlamvu futhi ukhohliwe uNkulunkulu. Iqhawe lithola okuhlinzekwayo namathuluzi emkhunjini, futhi nalo lihlanganyela ekwakhiweni kwe-shala ne-palicoze ezungeze yona.
Into edingeka kakhulu kuRobinson yaba ibhokisi lombazi, ngaleso sikhathi wayengeke akwazi ukushintshana ngomkhumbi wonke agcwele igolide. UCruzo wabona ukuthi kuzodingeka abe esiqhingini esingahlanzwanga. Kwakuzofanela abe nenyanga eyodwa hhayi ngisho nonyaka, ngakho-ke waqala ukuhlomisa insimu: kanti uRobinson wahlwanyela amasimu anezikhonkwane, nezimbuzi zasendle ezithathwe zaphenduka umthombo wenyama nobisi.
Lesi sihambi esingesihle sazizwa siyindoda yokuqala. Iqhawe elisikiwe lempucuko kwadingeka ukuthi lisebenzise ingxube nokuzikhandla: wafunda ukubhaka isinkwa, enza izingubo futhi ashise izitsha ebumbeni.
Phakathi kokunye, uRobinson wabamba izimpaphe emkhunjini, ephepheni, uyinki, eBhayibhelini, kanye nenja, ikati kanye nepholishi lokuxoxa, elixosha ubukhona bakhe obunesizungu. "Ukunciphisa umphefumulo wakho," umsizi waholela khona idayari yomuntu siqu, lapho abhalwe khona futhi ephawuleka, futhi imicimbi emincane, nakancane imvula. "
Ukuhlola isiqhingi, iCruzo yathola iminonjana yokonga kwe-cannibal, ehamba emhlabeni futhi ihlele imikhosi, lapho isidlo esikhulu siyinyama yabantu. Ngolunye usuku, uRobinson usindisa ukugcwala okuthunjwa, okwakufanele afike emakhonsi asetafuleni. I-Cruise ifundisa ukwazana okusha ngesiNgisi futhi ikubiza ngolwesihlanu, ngoba ukwazana kwawo okufanele kwenzeke ngalolu suku lwesonto.
Ekuhambeni okulandelayo kwe-cannibal, e-cruise, kanye noLwesihlanu, hlasela futhi ugcine ezinye iziboshwa ezimbili: ubaba wangoLwesihlanu kanye ne-SPANIARD, umkhumbi wakhe osephukile.
Ekugcineni, uRobinson wabamba inhlanhla yomsila: umkhumbi waya ngomkhumbi uye esiqhingini ethathwe izihlubuki. Amaqhawe omsebenzi akhulula ukaputeni abuye amsize abuyisele ukulawula phezu komkhumbi. Ngakho-ke, uRobinson Cruzo ngemuva kweminyaka engama-28 yokuphila ehlane esiqhingini sasehlane ubuyela ezweni elithuthukile ezihlotsheni ezazimcabanga ukuthi ufile isikhathi eside. Incwadi kaDaniel inesiphetho esijabulisayo: eLisbon Cruzo ithola inzuzo evela emasimini aseBrazil, okwenza kube yinto enhle kakhulu.
URobinson akafuni ukuhamba kabanzi ngolwandle, ngakho-ke uhambisa umcebo wawo eNgilandi emhlabeni. Lapho, limlindile ngolwesihlanu: Ngokuhlangana kwePyrenees, amaqhawe avimba indlela yebhere elambile nomhlambi wezimpisi okufanele balwe nabo.
Amaqiniso athakazelisayo
- Inoveli esemayelana nesihambi, esishise esiqhingini esingavinjelwe, sinokuqhubeka. Incwadi ethi "Ukufika Okunye Kwe-Robinson Cruzo" kushicilelwe ngo-1719 kanye nengxenye yokuqala yomsebenzi. Kuliqiniso, akatholanga ukuqashelwa nodumo phakathi kokufundwa komphakathi. ERussia, le noveli ayizange ishicilelwe ngesiRussia kusukela ngo-1935 kuya ku-1992. Incwadi yesithathu ethi "Ukuboniswa Okubi kweRobinson Cruzo" akukahunyushelwe oya eRussia.
- Efilimu "Impilo kanye ne-Adventures emangalisayo kaRobinson Cruzo" (1972), uLeonid Kuravlev waya eLeonid Kuravlev, ohlukanise ipulatifomu yokudubula nge-Evgeny Zhiririkov, u-Alexey Safenkosi noVladimir Kilik. Lesi sithombe e-USSR sabuka izibukeli eziyizigidi ezingama-26,3.
- Igama eligcwele lomsebenzi we-defo lizwakala kanjena: "Impilo, impilo emangalisayo futhi emangalisayo yeRobinson Cruzo, i-york, owayehlala e-28, owayehlala enyaweni olugcwele esiqhingini esingahlali ngaphandle komlomo we UMfula i-Orinoco, lapho aphonswa khona ngokubhala ngomkhumbi, lapho yonke inqola yathuthukela khona ngaphandle kwakhe, wafa, ngokwethulwa kwepirates yakhe yokukhululwa engalindelekile eyabhalwa nguye eyedwa. "
- URobinsonDada uhlobo olusha ezincwadini ze-adventure ne-cinema, echaza ukusinda komuntu noma iqembu labantu esiqhingini esingavinjelwe. Inani lemisebenzi elihlungiwe futhi libhalwe ngesitayela esifanayo, kepha lingahlukaniswa ngochungechunge oludumile lwethelevishini, njengokuthi "Hlalani luphila", lapho uMatgene Fox edlalwa, u-Evangeline Andwuinn, uNavin Andrews nabanye abalingisi.
- Umlingiswa ophambili ovela emsebenzini we-defo awuthuthanga kuphela kwifilimu kuphela, kodwa futhi nomsebenzi opopayi. Ngo-2016, izilaleli zabona "uRobinson Cruzo: Isiqhingi esivinjelwe kakhulu."