I-Biograge
I-Novodvorskaya Valery Ilinichna iyinhlangano ephelele ekwakhiweni komcabango wokuphambana eRussia. Imisebenzi yeNovodvorskaya - Isishoshovu sezepolitiki, intatheli ephumelelayo, ophimphakathi, i-polyglot, i-blogger kanye ne-blogger - kwakukhona kuwo wonke amazinga okuphila eSoviet Union naseRussia Federation. Kuyisibonelo sokholo eqinisweni lebhizinisi labo futhi kulandela izimiso nokubukwa kwalo, okuphambene nokushushiso nezinye izimo ezinzima.
Izenzo zalensikazi kanye nezitatimende ezibukhali ezixakile emphakathini zingahlaziywa ngendlela ehlukile ngokuphelele, kepha umsebenzi omude we-Novodvorskaya wakwenza kwaba ngumhlaba odumile emhlabeni wonke futhi wathola ukuhlanganiswa okuningana kwemicabango nezahlulelo zakhe.
"Ugogo" we-Soviet Revolution, njengabalandeli kanye nabalandeli bakubiza ngokuthi, basungula inhlangano yezepolitiki, babhala izincwadi eziningi futhi benziwa kaninginingi ekwenzeni izindlela zolwazi ezindabeni ezifanele kakhulu.
Impilo yeValeria NOVODVORKAYA ngumlando wokuxabana "kwendoda encane" kanye nesikhungo sokuqamba, umlando wokunqoba kanye nomzabalazo wezomqondo.
Intombazane ngo-1950 yazalelwa eBelarus, abazali bayo babengabameli babantu abasebenza ngobuhlakani - umama wasebenza njengodokotela noNjiniyela baba nguDadi. Emndenini, uValeria, ngokwamazwi akhe, kwakukhona izinguquko, nezicukuthwane, kanye nabamele igazi lasebukhosini.
Ebuntweni, uValeria Ilenichna umndeni wakhe wathuthela eRussia wahlala eMoscow. Yonke ubuntwana, uNovodvorskaya wayevame ukugula ngokwanele, wahlushwa i-asthma, ngakho-ke waya njalo eSanatorium futhi waqinisa umzimba. Ngonyaka ngaphambi kokuba umuntu abe mnyama, umama wakhe nobaba banquma ukudivosa umama wakhe, uValeria wahlala ehlala nonina. Waphothula esikoleni, ngemuva kwalokho uNovodvorskaya wangena eNyuvesi ukuze afunde izilimi zakwamanye amazwe.
Imisebenzi yomphakathi nezepolitiki
Ebusheni, uValery Novodvorskaya uthole amaqiniso anele angathandeki ngezwe ayehlala kulo. Izindaba ezikhuluma nge-gulag ekhona kanye nenqubo yokulwa nabalobi bango-1965, nangemva kokungena amabutho eCzechoslovakia, uValery waqala ngokungafanele kuHulumeni okhona nohulumeni waseSoviet wonke.
Izenzo zesishoshovu sosencane azizange ziphoqelelwe ukuba zilinde isikhathi eside - yakha iqembu eliyimfihlo labantu abanomqondo ofanayo, ababeka umsebenzi wabo ukuqothuka ngokushesha kweqembu elibusayo nokushintshwa kwekhadinali ezweni lezepolitiki ezweni. Qaphela ukuthi kuhlelwe ukuthi kuhlelwe ngabantu abasha ngezikhali, ngakho-ke akukho lutho olukhishwe ngaphandle kobudlova okungenzeka.
Njengengxenye yokwakhiwa kwe-Anti-Soviet Propagwanda, uValery uchitha amapheshana anamavesi, agcwele ama-perturbation kanye nobubi emibuthanweni ebusayo. Kulokhu, unikezwa kuqala enkantolo futhi utheleke eFustovo, wabe esehanjiswa eKazan ukuyolapha ukuxilongwa kwe-sluggish paranooid schizophrenia. Owesifazane uphume entandweni yeminyaka embalwa kuphela kamuva, ngo-1972, ngaphandle kokubambezeleka, waphinde wabuyela emisebenzini yezenhlalo, eqala ukusebenza eSamizdat.
Kusukela ngo-1977 kuya ku-1990, i-Novodvorskaya yasebenza njengomhumushi eyunivesithi yezokwelapha eMoscow, nansi futhi yathola imfundo ephakeme ngumsebenzi "uthisha".
Ngalesi sikhathi, lona wesifazane watholwa enecala lokuphindwaphindwayo njengento engekho emthethweni, ekuhleleni imibuthano engagunyaziwe kanye nokuqhuma kwezitatimende ezilwa neSoviet kanye neminye imisebenzi ye-anti-soviet. Futhi efulethini lakhe lalihlala liseshwa, futhi uValery Ilinnu ngokwakhe wayehlaselwa njalo ezophenywa ngemibuzo. Izikhathi eziningana kwathunyelwa ngenkani ukwelashwa ngeketanga lezengqondo kokuxilongwa okwenziwe.
Ngaphambi kokuwa kwe-USSR, uValery Novodvorskaya wasukuma ekwakhiweni kweqembu lokuqala lezepolitiki alwa nohulumeni ezweni, ngaphandle kwalokho, uValery Ilinichna wanyathelisa ngenkuthalo izindatshana ezingezona zomazisi ezikhuluma ngo-Gorbachev. Ngo-1990, kwashicilelwa incwadi yakhe yokuqala - iqoqo lezindatshana uNovodvorskaya kusuka kumamagazini nasemaphephandabeni. Le ncwadi isilungiselele umsebenzi oyisisekelo wabesifazane.
Ukuphathwa
Izincwadi eziningi zeNovodvorskaya zaba yisibonelo somsebenzi othelayo we-distIdent, okuwukuthi ongakutshela lo mhlaba. I-Bibliography Valeria Ilinichny inezincwadi ezi-5. Zonke izincwadi zombhali zibonisa isikhundla sayo ezindabeni eziningi ezifanele zomphakathi nezepolitiki.
"I-Carthage yami kufanele ichithwe", "Ngakolunye uhlangothi lokuphelelwa yithemba", "phezu kwalasha emangeni", "Zithokozise amaSlav", "Izimbongi noTsari" - Lezi zincwadi zibonisa ukubulawa kombhali okungokomlando, imithwalo yayo yolwazi oluhlukile namakhono amahle okuhlaziya wombhali. Izithombe ngumlobi osembozweni lencwadi ngayinye ethembisa ukuthengisa okuphumelelayo futhi okuphakanyisiwe okuvela ezilalelini kumsebenzi ngamunye.
I-Novodvorskaya nezepolitiki zanamuhla
Isigaba esisha somsebenzi we-NovodVorskaya sawela isikhathi ngemuva kokuwa kwe-USSR nangosuku lwanamuhla. Emibandela yenkululeko nokuntuleka kokucwaninga, owesifazane angafinyelela ezingeni elisha lomsebenzi kuphela kunaye.
I-Novodvorskaya ekuqaleni kuka-1993 yaba yingxenye yeDemocratic Union of Russia Party, wabe esewagcina ngenkuthalo ngezenzo zezepolitiki zikaB. Helsin. Ngonyaka owedlule, kwaqalwa icala lobugebengu elibhekene nesishoshovu sokuba khona kokungabonakali (okuvuselela inzondo) yemicabango kanye nezikhalazo ezihlokweni zezombusazwe; Ngemuva konyaka, leli cala lavalwa. Imvamisa iNovodVOrskaya yahlulelwa yi-athikili ngokugqugquzelwa kokuthengiswa kwezentengiselwano nenzondo.
I-Novodvorskaya yabamba iqhaza okhethweni ku-State Duma yenhlangano yesibili, kodwa wehluleka ukunqoba. Emashumini eminyaka alandelayo, wahlanganyela ngenkuthalo kuzo zonke izinhlobo zokuphromotha kanye nemibuthano, esebenza ngokuxhaswa kweSaakashvili futhi wagxeka imisebenzi kaPutin ye-VV. Ngo-2012, waba ngomunye wabaholi be- "Ukhetho Oluqotho Ukhetho".
Izitatimende zeNovodvorskaya ngezepolitiki, izingxabano zamazwe omhlaba kanye namaqiniso anamuhla aseRussia asacaphuna. Ukungaguquki kanye nobukhali bokulinganisa kanye nezahlulelo uValery Ilinichny, obephambene nesamukelwe ngokujwayelekile, eyisidina ngendlela emangalisayo futhi uyaqhubeka nokukhangisa umphakathi.
I-Novodvorskaya ngesibindi iveze imicabango yakhe cishe "ehlanya". Isibonelo esicacile salokhu ngamazwi esishoshovu mayelana noMongameli weRussia Federation V.V. Putin. Waqanjwa komunye wabaxoxisana ngamagama awo angakhethi.
Umsebenzi wakhe uValery Ilenichna ubuye walinganisa ophansi kakhulu, ukholelwa ukuthi yona kanye umongo wazo zonke izenzo isifiso sokubuyela ezweni elichithwe kuleli zwe laseSoviet.
Kokunye kwezingxoxo zakhe ezintsha, uValery Novodvorskaya wakhuluma okuningi ngalesi simo e-Ukraine nange-Crimea. Ehlobo lika-2014, wacela abakhileyo kulelizwe ukuba banikeze iRussia ukuba baphindisele, "hhayi ukwenza sengathi unikeze iCrimea." Ubuye waveza ukuqiniseka ukuthi i-Ukraine ibekelwe ukunqoba impi futhi ibe yizwe laseYurophu, futhi izocasula kakhulu iRussia, "okuzophoqeleka ukuthi yamukele ubukhona bakho, kepha izohlala ifaka umlenze futhi yonke indawo."
By the way, i-Novodvorskaya wonke bekungumsekeli osebenzayo we-EuroMaidan, wakusekela umbono wokuvulwa kwe-Ukraina e-European Union, futhi abaholi bezwe babheka "izinguquko zangempela."
Isimo eCrimea Valery Novodvorskaya sabhekisa "ukuhlanya", futhi saxwayisa ngokuthi izimo ezimisiwe zingaholela ekuqaleni kweMpi Yezwe Yesithathu. Izenzo zikaRussia uValery Ilenichna ulinganiswe ngokuthi "umxhaso we-Brazsen ngaphandle kwesizathu," yimaphi amanye amazwe athuthukile eRussia ngeke alilingise.
Ngo-2001, i-Novodvorskaya kanye ne-V. Zhirinovsky babamba iqhaza ekudluliseleni kwezepolitiki "kwisithiyo!" esiteshini sethelevishini se-NTV. Ukuqoshwa kwalo moya sekudume kakhulu kwi-Intanethi, kusabuyekeza abantu abanesifiso sezibalo zezepolitiki zaseRussia. Kuyisibonelo sendlela ikhono lokusola impikiswano lingasiza ekunqobeni impikiswano. Ngendlela, ekugcineni kokudluliswa, izibukeli eziningi zisekelwa izwi le-V. Zhirinovsky.
UValeria Illinichna ngekhono wabhala ngekhono futhi akaphendulanga kuphela ngenxa yezehlakalo zezepolitiki. Isibonelo, wabhala i-athikili ngo-E. Nordushekeni. Umbhalo mayelana nembongi ukuhunyushwa kwempilo yokudala neyomuntu yembongi, ukuhlolwa kwemisebenzi yawo kanye namagugu okudala, kanye nokuncoma kwezimpawu zomuntu siqu zika-Eugene. Vele, njengazo zonke ezinye izindatshana zeNovodvorskaya, lo msebenzi ubudingida kabanzi ngabafundi nabagxeki.
Kunezinye izitatimende ezidumile ezingaphezulu ze-Novodvorskaya. Isibonelo, owesifazana wayekholelwa ukuthi umqondo wokuthi "amalungelo abantu" wawuphelelwe ngokokuziphatha ngakho-ke awukwazi ukusetshenziswa kwezepolitiki yanamuhla. Ngokusho kwakhe, ilungelo lingaba futhi kungafanele libe kuzo zonke izizinda zabantu, kodwa kuphela umbuthano othile wabantu, ngoba "ilungelo - umqondo we-Elitar", futhi kufanelekile kuphela izingxenye ezingenhla ze inani labantu.
Futhi, novodvorskaya wayenesifiso sokuphendula kubantu ngohlobo lwe- "Soviet, Soviet." Waze wabizela nabazali bakhe "ngama-scoops". Ngaphansi kwaleli gama, basho umkhuba womuntu ukuba baphile "ngaphansi kwengcindezelo", ukuba yisisulu, "isidalwa esithuthumela", ukungazethembi amandla futhi singakwazi ukulwela "icala elifanele."
Impilo yomuntu siqu
UValery Ilsinichna esasiqonda ukuthi ubengamiselwe ukuba abe nendoda nezingane, ukudala iseli emphakathini esifanekisweni salo sendabuko. Ukuba yiProident, owesifazane wahlola ngokushesha isikhundla sakhe - izingane nomyeni ngaleso simo kuzoba ngabathumbi bayo, izisulu nezindlela zokukhwabanisa.
Yonke impilo yakhe, uNovodvorskaya waphila ngaphandle kobudlelwano bezothando ebekwe ngumthetho, imininingwane yempilo yakhe yothando ayikaziwa. Iningi lempilo, isishoshovu sahlala efulethini kanye noMama nekati okuthiwa uStasik.
I-Valeria Ilinichny's Companion Emsebenzini nasezinhlolweni zeminyaka eminingi isiyisishoshovu sezepolitiki uKirill Borov, kepha awukho ulwazi olunembile ukuthi ngabe laba bantu babengumbhangqwana ngomuzwa wothando.
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, i-Novodvorskaya yasebenza emsakazweni "echo Moscow", enyatheliswa emaphephandabeni nakomagazini, kwakuyi-blogger futhi yasebenzisa ngempumelelo i-Intanethi ne-LJ--Platform ngezinjongo zabo zenkululeko. Waqopha kanye nevidiyo yeBorov futhi wabekwa eziteshini ezithandwayo ku-YouTube, ebambe iqhaza kwimibukiso ye-TV.
Kuyo yonke le minyaka, isitayela esibhalwe phansi saseValeria senze ngcono kaninginingi, kwaba yisibonelo sesitayela sencwadi yenkulumo-ze.
Ukushona
Owesifazane oseye waba yinganekwane wafa ngo-2014, imbangela yokufa yizinkinga (ukushaqeka okuthe xaxa) ngenxa yokuvuvukala kwezinyawo ezihlanzayo. Odokotela basindisa impilo ye-Valery Ilinichny, yize i-Sepsis ingavinjelwa uma owesifazane ehlaba umxhwele ekunakekelweni kwezokwelapha.
Umngcwabo wawubanjelwe eMoscow, ukuhlonipha inkumbulo yowesifazane wesobunxele (wayeneminyaka engama-65 ubudala) Izibalo zomphakathi eziningi eza: u-Irina Khakamad, u-Alexey VenikomTov, uViktor Shendelvich nabanye.
I-Novodvorskaya ayijwayelekile - lona wesifazane wacela ukuzikhandla ngemuva kokufa, uthuli lwakhe lungcwatshwe emathuneni amathuna. Emngcwabeni wakhe ngo-2014, abangane abaningi kanye nozakwabo uValeria Ilinichna bavuma ukuthi lona wesifazane uhlala eyisididisi salabo abaseduze kwabantu, futhi waphawula lowo wesifazane iminyaka eminingi ukuthi "akhanye" e-Arena yezepolitiki futhi kwakha ngempumelelo umbono womphakathi. Ukuqiniseka kwakhe okunamandla, kwesinye isikhathi izwi elinomsoco lokubhikisha ngokumelene negunya elikhona lizogcinwa kuze kube phakade likubekelwe inkumbulo phakathi kwezizukulwane ezinomqondo ofanayo nezizukulwane ezalandela.
Akunakwenzeka ukusho ukuthi kanye noValery Ilinichnaya wafa wonke umsebenzi wakhe. Ibhizinisi layo liyaqhubeka ama-comrades nabalandeli, futhi kwimemori yomphakathi iyohlala iphila, kanye nemibono yakhe izokhunjulwa. Isikhumbuzo sizofakwa ezweni lakubo edumo lakhe.