I-Biograge
Umthengisi weMarco Polo -Velessian Merchant, umlobi odumile, umlobi owabhala "incwadi ebizwa ngokuthi ukwehluka kwezwe", lapho atshela khona umlando wohambo lwakhe emazweni ase-Asia. Akubona bonke abacwaningi abavumelana nokwethenjwa kwamaqiniso abekwe encwadini, kepha kuze kube manje kusele nemithombo ebalulekile yolwazi emlandweni, ethnography kanye ne-geography of the maphakathi neNkathi Ephakathi.
Incwadi yasebenzisa ama-navigators, ama-cartographgers, abacwaningi, ababhali, abahambi nabatholayo. Wahamba noChristofore Columbus ngesikhathi sokubhukuda kwakhe edumile eMelika. UMarco Polo ungowokuqala kwabaseYurophu abaya kuhambo oluyingozi emazweni angaziwa.
Ubuntwana nomndeni
Imibhalo yokuzalwa kukaMarco ayigcinwanga, ngakho-ke imininingwane ngalesi sikhathi se-biography yakhe ayilungile. Kukholakala ukuthi wayengumuntu onesifo, wayengowobukhosi baseVenetian, babenejazi lezingalo. Uzalelwe ngo-1254, Septhemba 15, emndenini we-venetian Merchant Niccolo Polo, owathengiswa ubucwebe nezinongo. Wayengawazi umama wakhe, njengoba efela ekubelethweni. Umfana nobabekazi bendabuko babebandakanyekile emfundweni.
Indawo yokuzalwa yesihambi esidumile nayo nayo inges poland kanye neCroatia, ephonsela leli lungelo, okuholele ebufakazini bamaqiniso athile aqinisekisa izinhlobo. Izigxobo ziphikisana nokuthi isibongo sePolo sinemvelaphi yasePololand, abaphenyi baseCroatia banethemba lokuthi ubufakazi bokuqala mayelana nokuphila komhambi odumile basezweni labo.
Ukuthi uMarco Polo wafundiswa, akukaziwa yini. Umbuzo wokufunda nokubhala kwakhe kuyimpikiswano, ngoba incwadi edumile yabhalwa ngaphansi kokubika kweKameya, iPisanec Rusticiano, eyayisethabeni lakhe ejele laseGenose. Ngasikhathi sinye, kwenye yezahluko zencwadi ebhaliwe ukuthi ngenkathi uhamba wabhala amanothi encwadini yakhe yokubhalela, wazama ukunaka lokho okwenzeka futhi waqopha konke okusha nokungajwayelekile. Ngokuzayo, uhamba emhlabeni wonke, wafunda izilimi eziningana.
Ukuhamba nokuvula
Ubaba we-Navigator yesikhathi esizayo, ngenxa yomsebenzi wakhe, wahamba kakhulu. Lapho ehamba emhlabeni, wavula izindlela ezintsha zokuhweba. KwakunguYise owayeshaya uthando lwendodana yakhe ngokuhamba, ekhuluma ngamachibi akhe nasezihlalweni sakhe. Ngo-1271, uhambo lwakhe lokuqala lwenzeka lapho ahamba ngalo noyise. Into yokugcina yayinguJerusalema.
Ngawo lowo nyaka, kwakhethwa ubaba omusha waseRoma, owamisa umndeni kaPolo (ubaba, uMfoweth 'uMoro noNdodana uMarco) izithunywa ezisemthethweni eziya eChina, lapho izwe le-Mongolian Khan libusa. Ukuma kokuqala ogwini loLwandle iMedithera kwakukhona u-Laias - indawo lapho izimpahla zalethwa khona e-Asia, lapho bathenga khona abathengisi eVenice naseGenoa. Ngokulandelayo, indlela yabo yadlula ngoMalny Asia, i-Armenia, i-Interfluid, lapho bavakashela khona uMosul noBaghdad.
Abahambi base bethunyelwa ePersian Tabriz, lapho ngalezo zinsuku kwakuyimakethe yasePearl ecebile kunazo zonke. EPheresiya, ingxenye yokwandlo kwabo kwaphazanyiswa ngabaphangi abahlasela abaphethe i-caravan. Umndeni Polo wasinda ngokuyisimangaliso. Ukunakekela ukoma ogwadule olushisayo, phezu kokuphila nokufa bafika edolobheni lase-Afghani laseBalkhe futhi bathola ukusindiswa kwalo.
Amazwe aseMpumalanga, abazithola kuwo, eqhubeka nohambo lwabo, egcwele izithelo nomdlalo. EBadakhshani, esifundeni esilandelayo, izigqila eziningi ngamatshe ayigugu amamayini. Ngokwesinye sezinguqulo, kulezi zindawo ngenxa yokugula kukaMarku, bayeka unyaka. Ngemuva kwalokho, ukunqoba amandla amaPamir, waya eKashmir. UPolo wamangala ngabathakathi bendawo esithinta isimo sezulu, kanye nobuhle besifazane bendawo.
Emva kwalokho, amaNtaliyane ayengowokuqala kusuka kwabaseYurophu eSouth Tien Shan. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-caravan yaya enyakatho-mpumalanga ngokusebenzisa izindondo zehlane taktha makan. Idolobha lokuqala laseChina elisendleleni yalo kwakunguShangzhou, elilandelwa yiGuangzhou neLachou. IPolo yayingaphansi komqondo omkhulu wamasiko endawo namasiko, izimbali nezilwane zaleli lizwe. Kwakuyisikhathi esihle sokuhamba kwakhe okumangalisayo nokutholwa.
UHana unomndeni we-Hubila uPolo waphila iminyaka eyi-15. UMar Marco osemusha wayethanda inkululeko ye-hanu inkululeko, engenasibindi nenhle. Waba ngumbusi waseChina olinganisekile, wahlanganyela empilweni yesimo, wenza izinqumo ezibalulekile, wasiza ekuqasheni ibutho, wacela ukusebenzisa ama-catapults ezempi nokunye okuningi.
Ukwenza ama-oda abukekayo amazombumbuzwe, uMarco wavakashela amadolobha amaningi amaShayina, wafunda lolu limi futhi akazange ayeke ukumangala ngezimpumelelo kanye nokuthola kwalaba bantu. Uchaze konke lokhu encwadini yakhe. Ngaphambi nje kokuba abuyele ezweni lakubo, wabekwa umbusi wezifundazwe zase-Jiannan.
UKhubilai wayengafuni ukuvumela umsizi wakhe nesilwane esifuywayo, kodwa ngo-1291 wamthumela futhi wonke uPolo uphelezela umbusi waseMongolia, owashada nombusi wasePheresiya. Indlela yadlula eCeylon naseSumatra. Ngo-1294, ngisho nangesikhathi sohambo, bathola izindaba uKhan Khubililai.
Polo inquma ukubuyela ekhaya. Indlela edlula oLwandlekazi i-Indian yayiyingozi kakhulu, ilawulwa kancane nje ukuyinqoba. UMarco Polo wabuyela ezweni lakubo ngemuva kweminyaka engama-24 yokuzulazula ebusika be-1295.
Ezweni Lomdabu
Eminyakeni emibili emva kokubuya, impi yeGenoa neVenice iqala, lapho iPolo ibamba iqhaza kulo. Kuyathunjwa futhi kuhlale ejele izinyanga eziningana. Lapha, ngokwezindaba zakhe ngohambo, kwabhalwa incwadi edumile.
Kunezinketho zayo eziyi-140 ezibhalwe ngezilimi eziyi-12. Naphezu kokunye kokuqagela, abaseYurophu bafunda kuyo ngephepha lemali, amalahle amatshe, ama-sage ntemsizi, izindawo lapho ezinye izinto eziningi zikhula.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Ubaba kaMarco waphinde washada, futhi waba nabafowethu abathathu. Ngemuva kokuthunjwa empilweni yakhe, uMark ubuye wahlakulela konke kahle: washada nomuhle futhi ocebile emnikelweni waseVenetsia, wathenga indlu, wabeletha igama lesidlaliso. Abantu bomuzi bambheka njengomqambimanga e-eccentric, bengathembeli izindaba mayelana nokuzula okukude. UMark uphila impilo echumayo, kepha ukulangazelela ukuhamba, ikakhulukazi eChina.
Ukuphela kwenjabulo ye-veniaan Carnivals enikelwe kuye, njengoba ifana nezindawo ezimnandi zamaShayina kanye nezingubo zikanokusho ze-Khan. Ngemuva kokubuya e-Asia, uMark Polo waphila eminye iminyaka engama-25. Ubambisene nezwe. Incwadi ebhalwe esiphethweni, yaze yaduma empilweni yakhe.
UPolo ushone ngo-1324 eneminyaka engama-70 eVenice. Ngamngcwaba esontweni laseSan Lorenzo, wabhujiswa ngekhulu le-XIX. Indlu yakhe yokunethezeka yashiswa ngomlilo womlilo ekugcineni kwekhulu le-XIV. Mayelana nePolo brand, impilo yakhe nokuhamba, amafilimu amaningi ajabulisayo nemibukiso ye-TV, kubangela isithakazelo sangempela phakathi kwabantu besikhathi sakithi.
Amaqiniso athakazelisayo
- Umzabalazo welungelo lokubizwa ngokuthi nguMatherland Marco Polo phakathi kwe-Italy, iPoland neCroatia.
- Wabhala incwadi mayelana nohambo lwakhe kunokuba adume.
- Eminyakeni yamuva nje yokuphila, kutholakala kuwo, okuholela ekuqulweni okungokomthetho nomndeni wawo.
- UMarco Polo wanika uJehova uyoba isigqila sakhe, waqinisa ingxenye yefa lakhe. Mayelana nalokhu, ukucatshangelwa okuningi kwavela ngezizathu zokuphana okunjalo.
- Igama lomhambi omkhulu ngo-1888 elibizwa ngokuthi uvemvane lwe-jaundice Marco Polo.