I-Biograge
Umlingiswa odumile emhlabeni wesayensi yemvelo u-Albert Einstein (iminyaka yokuphila: 1879-1955) Yazi ngisho nobuntu abangazithandi izinto eziqondile, ngoba isibongo salo muntu sesibe yigama elithile labantu abanamakhono amnandi ngokwengqondo.U-Einstein umsunguli we-physics ekuqondeni kwayo kwanamuhla: usosayensi omkhulu ungumsunguli wemfundiso yokuxhumana kanye nombhali wemisebenzi yesayensi engaphezu kwamakhulu amathathu. U-Albert waziwa nangokuthi ungumuntu osolwa ngumuntu ohlonishwayo ngudokotela ohlonishwayo ngezikhundla zemfundo eziphakeme ezingamashumi amabili emhlabeni. Lo muntu udonsela ubuqili: Amaqiniso athi, naphezu kobuhlakani obumangalisayo, akazange aqambe ukuxazulula izingqinamba zasekhaya, okwenza kube yisibalo esithokozisayo emehlweni omphakathi.
Ubuntwana nentsha
I-biography yososayensi omkhulu iqala ngomuzi omncane waseJalimane we-Ulma, oseMfuleni iDanube - le yindawo lapho u-Albert azalwa khona ngoMashi 14, 1879 emndenini ompofu wemvelaphi yamaJuda.
Ubaba we-Genious Physics Herman wabandakanyeka ekukhiqizweni komatilasi abagodliwe ngo-fiber, kodwa ngokushesha umndeni wakwa-Albert wathuthela eMunich. UHerman, kanye noJakobe, umfowabo, waqala inkampani encane ethengisa izinto zikagesi, ezaqala ngokuphumelelayo, kodwa ngokushesha azikumi ukuncintisana kwamafemu amakhulu.
Ngiseyingane, u-Albert wabhekwa njengengane cishe, ngokwesibonelo, akazange akhulume nomuntu oneminyaka emithathu ubudala. Ababelethi besaba ngisho nokuthi i-Chado yabo ayisoze yafunda ukubiza amagama lapho u-Albert esebenza njengoba eqala izindebe zakhe, ezama ukuphinda imishwana ekhumbulekayo. Futhi, umama wesosayensi uPaulina wayesaba ukuthi umntwana wangena ngaphakathi kwangaphakathi: umfana wayenekhanda elikhulu, elalingena kakhulu, futhi ugogo wakhe u-Einstein aphindaphinde aphindaphinde umzukulu wakhe.
U-Albert wathuthela kancane ontanga futhi wasithanda kakhulu isizungu, ngokwesibonelo, wakha izindlu zamakhadi. Ukusuka eminyakeni emincane, i-Great Physist yabonisa isimo esingesihle ngempi: Wazonda umdlalo onomsindo emasosheni, ngoba wenza impi enegazi. Isimo sempi empini asiguqulwanga e-Einstein nakulo lonke impilo yakhe: Waphikisana ngentshiseko izipesheli zegazi nezikhali zenuzi.
Izinkumbulo ezikhanyayo zobungcweti ziyikhampasi eyamukelwa nguyise eneminyaka emihlanu ubudala. Lapho-ke umfana wayegula, futhi uHerman wambonisa into eyayinesithakazelo enganeni: Ngemuva kwakho konke, kuyamangaza ukuthi umcibisholo wohlelo lokusebenza wakhombisa indlela efanayo. Le nto encane yavula inzalo emangalisayo e-Young Einstein.
U-Albert omncane wayevame ukufundisa umalume wakhe uJacob, osekuthi ubuntwana bafaka umshana wakhe ukuba abe yisayensi yezibalo ngqo. Bahlangane bafunda izincwadi eziku-geometry kanye nemathematics, futhi baxazulule umsebenzi wabo wobungcweti obusebasha bekuyinto injabulo njalo. Kodwa-ke, umama ka-Einstein Paulina waphatha kabi lelo zifundo futhi wakhomba ukuthi ingane eneminyaka emihlanu, uthando lwesayensi enembile ngeke lusongelwe kunoma yini enhle. Kepha bekucacile ukuthi le ndoda izothola izinto ezinhle ngokuzayo.
Kuyaziwa nangokuthi u-Albert kusukela ebuntwaneni unesithakazelo enkolweni, wayekholelwa ukuthi akunakwenzeka ukuqala ukufunda indawo yonke ngaphandle kokuqonda uNkulunkulu. Usosayensi wesikhathi esizayo enonya wabheka abapristi futhi akazange aqonde ukuthi kungani ingqondo ephakeme kakhulu yeBhayibheli iyeka impi. Lapho umfana eneminyaka eyi-12, inkolelo yakhe yenkolo yadilizwa ehlobo ngenxa yokutadisha kwezincwadi zesayensi. U-Einstein waba ukuzibophezela eqinisweni lokuthi iBhayibheli liyisimiso esithuthuke kakhulu sokuphatha intsha.
Ngemuva kokuphothula esikoleni, u-Albert ungena eMunich Gymnasium. Othisha bambheka kabusha ngokubuyiselwa engqondweni ngenxa yesici esifanayo sokukhuluma. U-Einstein wafunda kuphela lezo zinto ezazinesifiso, ukungazinaki umlando, izincwadi kanye nesiJalimane. NgeJalimane, wayenezinkinga ezikhethekile: Uthisha wakhuluma namehlo ka-Albert ukuthi ngeke aqede isikole.
U-Einstein wazonda ukuya esikhungweni sezemfundo futhi walithola ukuthi othisha ngokwabo abazazi okuningi, kodwa bazishaye ukuthi konke kuvunyelwe. Ngenxa yezahlulelo ezinjalo, u-Albert osemusha njalo wabaphikisana nabo, ngakho-ke waba nedumela hhayi ngemuva nje komfula wakhe, kodwa futhi nomfundi ongenangozi.
Ngaphandle kokuphothula iziqu e-Gymnasium, u-Albert oneminyaka engu-16 noMndeni uthuthela eSunny Italy, eMilan. Ethembeni lokungena esikoleni sezobuchwepheshe esiphakeme se-Federal of Zurich, usosayensi wekusasa usuka e-Italy aye eSweden ngezinyawo. U-Einstein wakwazi ukukhombisa imiphumela ehle kwisayensi eqondile ekuhlolweni, kepha u-Albert womuntu wehluleka ngokuphelele. Kepha umbhebhetheki weSikole Sezobuchwepheshe wawazisa ikhono elivelele lentsha futhi welulekwa ukuthi angenele isikole seSwitzerland Aarau, okuyindlela, ebhekwa kude kakhulu nokuhamba phambili. Futhi u-Einstein kulesi sikole akazange abheke ubuhlakani nhlobo.
Abafundi abahamba phambili u-Aarau basala bethola imfundo ephakeme enhlokodolobha yaseJalimane, kodwa eBerlin ephansi bakalwe amakhono abathole iziqu. U-Albert wafunda imibhalo yemisebenzi efuywayo yezilwane ezifuywayo ayizange ibhekane nayo, futhi yazithatha isinqumo. Emva kwalokho, usosayensi wesikhathi esizayo wesikhathi esizayo weza kwiKhabhinethi laseSchneider, ekhombisa imisebenzi exazululiwe. U-Albert waphakamisa induna yesikole, ethi akakhethi izitshudeni zemincintiswano.
Ngemuva kokuphela kwempumelelo kokufunda, u-Albert ungena esikhungweni semfundo yamaphupho akhe - isikole saseZurich. Kodwa-ke, ubudlelwano noprofesa woMnyango Weber in the Young Genius kwakukubi: I-physics emibili ihlala isifunga futhi yaxabana.
Ukuqala komsebenzi wesayensi
Ngenxa yokungaboni ngaso linye noprofesa e-Albert Institute, bavale indlela eya kwisayensi. Unikeze izivivinyo kahle, kepha akaphelele, uProfesa wenqaba umfundi emsebenzini wesayensi. U-Einstein wasebenza ngentshiseko eMnyangweni wezesayensi wePolytechnic Institute, uWeber uthe umfundi wakhe uSmart Encane, kepha ababoni abagxeki.
Lapho eneminyaka engu-22, u-Albert wathola iziqu zothisha ku-Mathematics nasePhysics. Kepha ngenxa yezingxabano ezifanayo nothisha, u-Einstein akakwazanga ukuthola umsebenzi, ukuchitha iminyaka emibili ekufuneni okubuhlungu kwemali etholwa unomphela. U-Albert wayehlala kabi futhi akakwazanga ngisho nokuthenga ukudla. Abangani bezemfundo basize ekutholeni umsebenzi ehhovisi lobunikazi, lapho asebenze khona isikhathi esanele.
Ngo-1904, u-Albert waqala ukubambisana ne-Annala Physics Journal, ethola igunya ekushicilelweni, kwathi ngo-1905 usosayensi ushicilela umsebenzi wakhe wesayensi. Kepha inguquko ezweni lesayensi yenza izihloko ezintathu ze-physics enkulu:
- Ku-Electrodynamics yemizimba eshukumisayo, eye yaba yisisekelo semfundiso yokuxhumana;
- Sebenza okubekwe ekuqaleni komqondo we-quantum;
- Indatshana yezesayensi, eyenze ukutholwa ku-statistical physics ngokunyakaza kwe-brownow.
Umbono wokuhlobana
Ithiyori yokuhlobathe kuka-Einstein empandeni yashintsha imibono yesayensi yesayensi, eyayikade igcinwe kumakhekheniya aseNewtonia ayekhona cishe iminyaka engamakhulu amabili. Kepha umbono wokuxhumana, osuselwa ngu-Albert Einstein, wakwazi ukuqonda amayunithi kuphela, ngakho-ke kuphela umbono okhethekile wokuxhumana ofundiswe ezikhungweni zemfundo, okuyingxenye yenani eliphelele. Ikhulu lezinkulumo ngokuthembela kwesikhala nesikhathi kusuka kusivinini: ukukhuphuka ijubane lokunyakaza komzimba, okuhlanekezelwe ngosayizi kanye nesikhathi.
Ngokuya ngekhulu, kungenzeka ukuthi uhambe ngesikhathi ngokunqoba ijubane lokukhanya, ngakho-ke, kususelwa ekuthini ungakwazi ukuhamba okunjalo, kwalethwa umkhawulo: Ijubane lanoma iyiphi into alikwazi ukwedlula ijubane lokukhanya. Okwesivinini esincane, isikhala nesikhathi akuhlanekezwayo, ngakho-ke imithetho ye-classical of mechanics isetshenziswa lapha, kanye nesivinini esikhulu sokuphambuka kubizwa ngokuthi yi-relativic. Futhi lokhu kungukwabelana okuncane kuphela kwawo wonke umbono okhethekile nojwayelekile wethiyori ka-Einstein onke.
Umklomelo kaNobel
U-Albert Einstein akakakakhelwa umklomelo kaNobel, noma kunjalo, lo mvuzo eminyakeni eyi-12 uzuze uhlangothi olusha lwamasosayensi ngenxa yemibono yakhe entsha hhayi yonke ecacile kwisayensi enembile. Kodwa-ke, iKomidi linqume ukuyekethisa futhi liqoke u-Albert ngomsebenzi emcabangweni we-Photo Effect, lapho usosayensi futhi enikezwe umklomelo. Konke kungenxa yokuthi lokhu kwasungulwa akuyona inguquko kangako, ngokungafani nokusuka kuyo, lapho u-Albert, eqinisweni, elungiswa.
Kodwa-ke, ngaleso sikhathi lapho i-telegraph ivela ekomitini lapho kuphakanyiswa, usosayensi wayeseJapan, ngakho-ke wanquma ukunikeza umvuzo ngo-1922 ngo-1921. Kodwa-ke, kunamahlebezi okuthi u-Albert isikhathi eside ngaphambi kohambo lwazi ukuthi uqokiwe. Kepha usosayensi wanquma ukungahlali eStockholm kuze kube manje.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Impilo ye-Great Shisost Sheaven Amaqiniso athakazelisayo: U-Albert Einstein ungumuntu ongaziwa. Kuyaziwa ukuthi akathandanga ukugqoka amasokisi, futhi azondwa ukuxubha amazinyo akhe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wayenenkumbulo embi yezinto ezilula, ngokwesibonelo, ngezinombolo zocingo.
U-Albert ushade uMillece Marich eneminyaka engama-26. Naphezu komshado oneminyaka engu-11 ubudala, ngokushesha abashadikazi babenokuhlukahluka ngokuphila komndeni, ngokwezinkulumo ezinamahemuhemu, ngenxa yokuthi u-Albert wayeseyi-slate futhi enezifiso eziyishumi. Kodwa-ke, wahlongoza umkakhe isivumelwano mayelana nokuhlanzwa, ngakho-ke kwadingeka ahambisane neminye imibandela, ngokwesibonelo, ngezikhathi ezithile asule izinto. Kepha ngaphansi kwenkontileka, i-Milem no-Albert bebenganikeli ubudlelwano bothando: Abalingani bangaphambili baze balala balala ngokwehlukana. Kusukela emshadweni wokuqala, ubuhlakani babenabantwana: indodana encane yafa, isesibhedlela sezengqondo, futhi nesosayensi yayingenabo ubuhlobo.
Ngemuva kwesehlukaniso ngesosayensi weMilea washada ne-ELSA Leagental, umzala wakhe. Kodwa-ke, wayethandeka nendodakazi ka-Elzzy, engazange ayidle imizwa yobabili umuntu owayemdala kunamdala.
Abaningi ababazi ukuthi usosayensi baphawula ukuthi wayeyindoda elungile ngokwengeziwe, wayesekulungele ukondla isandla sosizo futhi aqaphele amaphutha.
Imbangela yokufa nememori
Entwasahlobo yango-1955, ngesikhathi sokuhamba phakathi kuka-Einstein nomngane wakhe, ingxoxo ebaluleke kakhulu ngempilo nokufa, lapho usosayensi oneminyaka engu-76 esho khona ukuthi ukufa kuyimpumpula futhi.
Ngo-Ephreli 13, isimo sika-Albert sasiwohloka kakhulu: Odokotela bathola ukuthi usosayensi wenqaba ukusetshenzwa. U-Albert walala esibhedlela, lapho wagcwala khona ngokuzumayo. Wamobela amazwi ngolimi lwakhe lwendabuko, kodwa umhlengikazi akakwazanga ukubaqonda. Owesifazane wasondela embhedeni wesiguli, kepha u-Einstein usevele wafa ngenxa ye-hemorrhage esiswini sesisu ngo-Ephreli 18, 1955. Bonke abantu obajwayele baphendula ngaye njengendoda emnene futhi enhle kakhulu. Lokhu bekulahlekelwa okubuhlungu kuwo wonke umhlaba wesayensi.
Amacaphuna
Izilinganiso ze-physics kwifilosofi nokuphila yinto ye-ahlukile. U-Einstein wabumba ukubukeka kwakhe nokuzimela empilweni ngakho ngokuvumelana nesizukulwane esisodwa.
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