I-Biograge
UMargaret Hilda Tatcher (iminyaka yokuphila ka-Okthoba 13, 1925 - Ephreli 8, 2013) - Ubuntu obudumile, owokuqala emlandweni wosopolitiki owaba ngundunankulu wokuqala.Mayelana ne-Iron Lady, eyathola igama lesidlaliso elinjalo ngenxa yemvelo elingokwezifiso kanye nezindlela zokuphatha eziqinile, khumbula ngezindlela ezihlukile. Kepha akunandaba ukuthi awuzange uzigweme ngokuphelele, uTooraite, uThiccher kwadingeka enze izinqumo ngesiphetho se-Great Britain ezikhathini ezinzima (inhlekelele, impi, ukuwa kodonga lwaseBerlin, njll.).
Ubuntwana nentsha
I-biography yama-baroneles adumile manje anentshisekelo engavamile phakathi kwabantu. Kwaphela iminyaka eyi-12, uThephane unaso isikhundla esiphakeme esinjalo ezweni futhi waba yisikhonzi eside kakhulu emlandweni wekhulu lamashumi amabili.
Ama-Roberts wengane kaMargaret (igama lentombi) lalibanjelwe edolobheni laseTegem. Lapho, ubaba u-Alfred Roberts wabusa izitolo zokudla. Ngemuva kwelebula ethi "indodakazi yomthengisi" yamhumusha kaningi emsebenzini wezepolitiki, kodwa futhi isizile phakathi kwesixuku sezikhulu.
Ngaphezu kukaMargaret emndenini, enye intombazane egama linguMuriel yakhuliswa - udadewethu osekhulile. U-Alfred Roberts wabamba iqhaza kwezepolitiki yasendaweni, wasiza ekubhekaneni nezinkinga zomphakathi wezenkolo, wayeyingxenye yobulungu boMkhandlu kaMasipala.
Amantombazane asemndenini uRobert aqhakambisa ku-ror, eyayingakwazi ukungathinti umlingiswa, kepha ubaba wayehlala elungele. Wahlukaniswa ngolwazi olujulile emkhakheni wezomnotho nezepolitiki, afunde okuningi futhi afaka uthando lwezincwadi ezinganeni zakhe, evakashele umtapo wezincwadi wendawo kanye nabo. Uthathe umgadli omncane omncane waya emihlanganweni yoMkhandlu, okwamvumela ukuba afunde ubuhlakani neshashalazi lapho.
Ekuqaleni, undunankulu wesikhathi esizayo wafunda esikoleni sedolobha emgwaqweni we-Huntingtaueder, kodwa wasebenza kahle esikoleni, kwanikezwa isikole esikhethekile ukuthola izifundiswa esikoleni esikhethekile samantombazane. Othisha babheka intokazi esencane, umfundi wempepho, kodwa wabuka intukuthelo evuthayo, ekhukhumezayo nolimi olubukhali. Ngakho-ke, lelo gama elincane lathola isidlaliso sesikole esijabulisayo phakathi kontanga - iMaggie Toothpick.
UMargaret ukhokhele isikhathi eside, kepha ngokufana wakwazi ukudlala umdlalo epiyano, ahambele izifundo zamakhono enkondlo. Intombazane yayazisa ukudlala i-hockey otshanini futhi iphumelele ehhashini lokuhamba.
Ngonyaka owedlule, isikole seMaggie safaka isicelo ekolishi laseSomervilian lase-Oxford University. Inhlanhla yamamatheka entombazaneni, futhi yamukelwa eFactch of Chemistry ekufundisweni (1943). Ngesikhathi kubafundi bakaMargaret, uMargaret wasebenza ngelebhu yocwaningo, kwathi ngemuva kokuthola nemfundo yezomthetho e-Oxford University.
Isiqalo sesiqalo
Intshisekelo kwezombusazwe uMargaret wakhombisa kudala. Ngo-1946, wayengusihlalo wenhlangano yeqembu elilondolozekile eyunivesithi. Ngemuva kokuphothula eyunivesithi, intombazane encane enenjongo yathutha iKolchester yangena enhlanganweni yendawo lapha.
UMargaret uxhase izixhumanisi nabangane abavela e-Oxford, omunye wabo - usihlalo weDarthford Association eKent. Iqembu laholela ekufuneni amakhetho azuzisayo okhethweni, futhi uMargaret wathola isiphakamiso sokufaka inani labafakizicelo. NgoJanuwari 1951, iTatcher yathola isimo sokhetho.
Ukuhlonipha umcimbi onjalo, kwakuhlelwe isidlo sakusihlwa, lapho uMargaret Roberts ahlangana khona nendoda, ngeRad oshintshe isiphetho sentombazane - usomabhizinisi uDenis Titcher. Umfo ozethembayo wabhekisisa umuntu othokozisayo lowo othokozisayo ogama lakhe linguMargaret futhi ngokushesha wanikela ngesandla nenhliziyo enale ntombazane, ebona ukuthi amakhosi asekhaya ngeke asebenze kuwo.
Ngesikhathi sokulungiselela ukhetho, "intokazi yensimbi" yayihlala eDartford futhi yasebenza enkampanini eyayibandakanyeka ezifundweni zokudla.
Ukhetho 1950-1951. IPhalamende lishiye umaki emhlanganweni wezepolitiki wezepolitiki uMargaret. Abezindaba basheshe badonsela ukunaka kummeleli abasebasha kanye nowukuphela kwentokazi phakathi kwabahlanganyeli.
Umsebenzi wezepolitiki
Ngaphambi kokuthunyelwe kukaPhesti uNdunankulu, kwadingeka aphumelele izivivinyo eziningi, zama amandla ezikhundleni ezahlukahlukene. Ngo-1955, lona wesifazane waba ngumuntu ozongenela ukhetho eqenjini eligciniwe, kwathi ngo-1959 wanqoba, waba yilungu leNdlu yeCommons.
Inkulumo yokuqala yasobala yazwakala, njengenselelo kubaphathi bendawo. UMargaret wafuna ushintsho emithethweni, kwimigomo esungulwe yeqembu elilondolozekile.
Kungekudala "Maggie Toothpick" uthola isikhundla sePhini likaNgqongqoshe WePhalamende, kepha ngemuva kokulahlekelwa yileli qembu libandakanyeka ezindabeni zokwakhiwa kwezindlu.
Ngemuva kweminyaka emibili, uMargaret uyazibonakalisa, egxeka izinqubomgomo zabadlali bamazabasebenzi, eqiniseka abantu nababusi ukuthi ukulawulwa kombuso kwamanani entengo nemali engenayo kuphakathi kwezindlela ezibhubhisayo zomnotho waseBrithani omkhulu. Owesifazane wavusa intukuthelo nokushaqeka phakathi kwezikhulu zabesilisa, ukunxusa ukuvotela ukuzovutha kwezisu, ukwehla kwamaphuzu aphukile, ukwehla kwezintela, ukuvalwa kwamabhizinisi abukhali, njll. Izitatimende ezibukhali.
UThecher uncoma izindlela zokuphatha zase-US, izimiso zazo kanye nefilosofi yezepolitiki eyingqayizivele. Lapho ngo-1967, wathatha okuthunyelwe e-US Embassy eLondon, amathuba amasha alandelayo avule amathuba amasha. UMargaret wajwayelana nabantu abavelele, abahle bezombusazwe be-World Arena futhi bathola okunye ukwanda.
Ngo-1970, iqembu elilondolozekile liba "nge-helm" futhi. Iposi likaNgqongqoshe Wezemfundo kanye neSayensi le-Science Leacher kwadingeka liqonde ezinye zezifundo zempilo. I-Lady nge-Iron Grip Ethunyelwe Imizamo yokusindisa isabelozimali sombuso futhi yaba nomthelela omubi phakathi kwezakhamizi ngokukhansela ama-oda wokukhishwa kwezingane.
Abezindaba badideka ngokoqobo uThercher, kepha baqinisa kuphela umlingiswa. Ngalesi sikhathi, ngenxa yezinqumo zikaMargaret, kwaqala ukuvalwa kweDiplomas School. Futhi esikhundleni sazo, kwethulwa uhlelo lwesibili lwesibili.
UNdunankulu waseBrithani
Naphezu kwezinkinga zempilo yomyeni wakhe (umdlavuza), uMargaret Thatcher uyaqhubeka nokwakha umsebenzi wakhe, angakhokheli isikhathi somndeni. Uvela umbono omusha - ukuba yinhloko yeqembu elilondolozekile, elahlekile ngo-1974 okhethweni. Owesifazane wathembisa ukuthi ukuguqulwa kwezimiso zeqembu kwakuzoba nesisekelo futhi kuphumelele, kwathi ngo-1979 wawela esisekelweni, ethatha isikhundla sikaNdunankulu waseBrithani.
I-Iron Lady yaya kunzima kwezwe ezweni: Inkinga yezomnotho, ukwehla kwamandla emali, ukugaya, ukuntuleka kwemisebenzi, ukungasebenzi, imisebenzi yezempi eziqhingini zaseFalkland. Inqubo yokubuyiswa ayinakugwenywa, futhi ukuthi iThorcher kwadingeka yenze izinqumo eziphakeme kakhulu ukuze kufinyelelwe ukuchuma kombuso.
Undunankulu wenza ukubheja okunenzuzo, enze ubudlelwano namakholoni aseBrithani e-Afrika, futhi waqinisa isikhundla sezwe esifundeni.
Ngo-1984, kwahlelwa umzamo kwiziphathimandla ze-Ireshi Republican Army. Ngenxa yalokho, kwafa abantu abahlanu abangenacala, futhi uTheccher nomyeni wakhe bakwazile ukubalekela.
I-tatcher mayelana neRussia
UMargaret Thatcher wanaka ngokukhethekile inqubomgomo yakwamanye amazwe wesimo sendabuko. Ubekholelwa ukuthi uMbuso Wase-United Masikhe ekhanda lesinqumo sezinkinga zomhlaba wonke phakathi kwamanye amazwe, njengoba wathola isimo samandla amakhulu.
Njengoba esefundise isikhundla esiphakeme, uThingati wasabela kabi ngemigomo yokuziphatha kweSoviet Union, esola abaseRussia ezifisweni zokubusa umhlaba, acabangele izindleko zezikhali zawo.
UMargaret wayengomunye walabo bantuli bezepolitiki ababefuna "ukuchitha" iSoviet Union enamandla. Wasiza ekutholeni umuntu owayebhekana nalo msebenzi. UMikhail Gorbachev waba yibo, ochwepheshe beTatcher abachazwa njengomuntu ongakhathaleli futhi onesifiso.
Ngisho nangaphambi kokuqokwa kukaGorbachev, wamenyelwa e-UK waya ehhovisi likaNobhala-Jikelele, wahlela lapho "eBhola yasebukhosini" lapho. UNdunankulu weLady ngezindlela eziningi wafunwa yindawo kaMikhail ngezinhloso ezinobuhlakani.
Ngemuva kokuthi i-Thatcher iye yasekelwa ngokungakhethi kuBoris Yeltin, okwenza ukubheja kuye. Lapho uSihlalo woMkhandlu Ophakeme akhethwa, ngokoqobo ngokushesha ukusayinwa kwesimemezelo ebukhosini baseRussia.
Ukushiya isikhundla
UThecher wenza umnikelo omkhulu emlandweni wezwe, wathatha isikhundla se-premiere, kodwa ngasikhathi sinye lapho kube nezinga eliphansi lokuzethemba nokusekelwa kweBrithani. Kodwa-ke, iTatcher yayikhathazeke kancanyana ngezilinganiso, ukuvota kwabantu. I- "Iron Lady" ayinaka izikhundla nemibono yozakwabo beqembu labo.
Indlela enjalo yabantu abaholele ekungangeni kokungaboni ngaso linye eqenjini, kamuva eyayifisa ukuxoxa ngoMargaret esikhundleni. Kwathi ngo-1990, le ntokazi ebabazekayo yaphoqeleka ukuba ishiye phansi izintambo. Umuntu omusha weza endaweni yakhe - uJohn Major.
Ngemuva kweminyaka emibili ukwesula, uThephane kwakuyilungu leChamber, kodwa ngemuva kokuthatha isinqumo sokushiya iPhalamende nakancane. Wayeneminyaka engama-66 ngaleso sikhathi.
Owesifazane onegama elikhulu wazithola ebhala imisebenzi, akhipha izincwadi eziningana, ama-Memoirs, kodwa kwakunzima ukuyibiza ngempesheni ezolile. UMargaret akakaze afihle izinkolelo zakhe, aqhubeka nokugxeka amandla, uhulumeni futhi asole osopolitiki ababodwa.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Ngo-1951, uMargaret washada. Umshado noDenis Tharcher ujwayelekile wawubhekwa njengobalwa, ngoba usomabhizinisi wamsiza ekuthuthukiseni inqubomgomo yomsebenzi. Kepha, naphezu kwezitatimende ezinomona zabantu, lo mbhangqwana waphila impilo ende yomndeni, ukukhulisa izingane ezimbili - uMark noCarol.
UDenis waqonda izindleko zomsebenzi futhi wahlala umngane omuhle noshade naye othembekile weMargaret. Ngo-2003, lona wesifazane wangcwaba umyeni wakhe, okwathi ngemuva kwalokho isimo sempilo yakhe sasisibi kakhulu.
Ukushona
Ngo-2012, owayengumholi weqembu elilondolozekile abhekene nesifo esibi, wahlinzwa, isimo sempilo yakhe siwohloka nsuku zonke. UMargaret ngezikhathi ezithile wahambela udokotela wezengqondo, ngoba Ngaphambi kokuba afe, wahlaselwa ama-hallucinations futhi acasula.
Ngo-Ephreli 8, 2013, umuntu omkhulu wezepolitiki akazange abe. Wangcwatshwa eceleni komyeni wakhe emathuneni eChelsea.
Amaqiniso athakazelisayo
- Ngo-1992, uMargaret Thatcher wanikezwa ukuthola isihloko seBaroness, enikeza indlovukazi yaseGreat Britain elizabeth II.
- Isitayela seBhodi sikaMargaret siyaphawulwa emlandweni njengenkathi ye- "tetcherism".
- Ngo-2009, ifilimu lobuciko "Margaret" yaphuma ngempilo yezombusazwe ezidumile, nango-2011 - "I-Iron Lady", eyathola umklomelo we-OSCAR.
- Umsebenzi wezepolitiki kaMargaret waphefumulela incwadi ethi "Umgwaqo Oya Egqilazweni" Umlobi Friedrich von Hayek.
- Ngo-2007, iTatcher yasungulwa isikhumbuzo (isithombe sebhulosi) ePhalamende laseBrithani.