I-Biograge
U-Alfred Bernhard Nobel ungowakhemisi futhi unjiniyela waseSweden, wasungula i-dynamite, jelly eyedwa, i-corfodies.
Isazi esizayo, Swede ngobuzwe, sazalwa ngo-Okthoba 21, 1833. Ubaba ka-Alfred wayengumsunguli - i-autodidact i-Imanuel Nobel, umlimi ovela esifundeni sakho. Isazi Nugtget saduma ngokukhiqizwa kwezimayini zamasosha, ezazisetshenziswa yi-Russian artillery ngesikhathi seMpi yaseCrimea. Ukuze uthole lokhu okusunguliwe, iSwede yethulwe kwi-Imperial Award.
Unina ka-Andrietta Nobel wayengunkosikazi wasendlini, waletha amadodana amane: U-Alfrert, uRobert, uLudwig no-Emil. Umndeni waqala wahlala eSweden kuqala, wabe esethuthela esifundeni saseFinland, lapho ngangithuthela eRussia, eSt. Petersburg. U-Imanuweli akazange azenze nje yizempi, umnikelo omkhulu kuYise kaNobel ekwakhiweni kwezinhlelo zokufudumala kwezindlu ngomumo wamanzi. Unjiniyela wasungula imishini yokubutha amasondo enqola.
Izingane zikaNobel zafunda ekhaya. Babene-aurings peath efundisa abafowethu bemvelo ngokwemvelo, izincwadi kanye nezilimi zaseYurophu. Abafana ngasekupheleni kokuqeqeshwa bephethwe yisiSwedish, isiRussia, isiFulentshi, isiNgisi nesiJalimane. E-17, u-Alfred wathunyelwa ohambweni oluya eYurophu naseMelika. Enhlokodolobha yaseFrance, le nsizwa yakwazi ukusebenza ngokubambisana nezazi zeTeophyl Job, ezazinqunywa ngo-1936, eziqukethe i-glycerin. UPeluza kanye no-Askeranio Sobero ngo-1840-1843 wasebenza ekwakhiweni kweNitroglycerin.
Ngaphansi kobuholi bososayensi baseRussia uNikolai Nikolayevich Zinina Alfred wathunyelwa ngokufundwa kwe-trinitrate ye-glycerin. Ekugcineni umsebenzi wesayensi waholela ososayensi abasha bokuqanjwa, okwenza amakhemikhali adume. Umsebenzi oyinhloko e-Biography of Nobel ukudala amandla we-dynamite, okwakulotshwe ngoMeyi 7, 1867.
Isayensi kanye nokusungulwa
Kusuka eFrance, uNobel uthunyelwa e-United States ukuzosebenza elabhorethri yomsunguli waseMelika wemvelaphi yaseSweden kaJohn Erikson, owaba nempi yempi yombango yeNorthers naseningizimu. Usosayensi ubuye wahlanganyela esifundweni sezakhiwo zamandla elanga. Umfundi osemusha ngaphansi kobuholi be-Master wenza okuhlangenwe nakho okuzimele kwamakhemikhali nangokomzimba.
Ukubuyela eStockholm, uNobel akayeki lapho. I-Chemist isebenza ekufuneni into esebenzayo eyehlisa ingozi yokuqhuma kwe-glycerin trinitrate. Ngenxa yokuhlolwa okukodwa, okwenziwa ezitshalweni zeNobory eStockholm, ngoSepthemba 3, 1864 kwaba khona ukuqhuma. Le ngozi yabulala izimpilo zabantu abaningana, kubandakanya nomfowethu omncane u-Emil. Ngesikhathi senhlekelele, le nsizwa yagcwalisa iminyaka engama-20. Ubaba akazange asinde ekulahlekelweni, egijima ngemuva kwesifo sohlangothi futhi akavukanga ekufeni.
Inyanga ngemuva kosizi, u-Alfred wakwazi ukuthola ubunikazi be-nitroglycerin. Emva kwalokho, unjiniyela wanezela ukudala i-Dynamite, i-detomator ye-gelatin dynamite nezinye iziqhumane. Usosayensi uphumelele futhi ekwakhiweni kwezinsimbi zomnotho: Isiqandisi se-Appatus, i-Steam Boiler, i-barometer, i-barometer, imitha yamanzi. Usomakhemikhali wenza izinto ezingama-355 emkhakheni we-biology, chemistry, Optics, umuthi, metallurgy.
UNobel uqale wathuthukisa ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali kosilika wokufakelwa kanye ne-nitrocellulose. Ukusungulwa ngakunye, usosayensi owathandwa ngosizo lwezinkulumo ezinemiboniso yamathuba wedivayisi noma yento. Izethulo ezinjalo zonjiniyela wamakhemikhali zazijabulela udumo phakathi komphakathi ongenalwazi, osebenza nabo kanye nabangane bakaNobel.
UNobel wayethanda ukubhala imisebenzi yemibhalo, izincwadi zobuciko. I-Avenue Chemist yayiyizinkondlo kanye neProse, eyakhelwa usosayensi yadluliselwa esikhathini sakhe samahhala. Eminye yemisebenzi ephikisayo ka-Alfred Nobel kwakuwukudlala "I-Navida", okwakuvinjelwe iminyaka eminingi ukuze kushicilelwe futhi kuthathwe ngo-2003 kuphela ngo-2003 kuphela ngo-2003, kwalethwa yiStockholm I-DRAMA Theatre.
U-Alfred wayenesifiso sesayensi, ifilosofi, umlando nezincwadi. Abangani bakaNobel babengabaculi abadumile, ababhali, ososayensi, izibalo zikahulumeni zalesosikhathi. UNobel wayevame ukumenyelwa ekuvuseleleni nasekuseni kwasebukhosini. Umsunguli wabanjwa ubulungu obuhlonishwayo bezemfundo eziningi zase-Europe of Science: IsiSweden, isiNgisi, iParis, University of Ustro. Kulonke uhlu lwakhe lwenkonzo, isiFulentshi, isiSweden, iBrazil nemiyalo yaseVenezuela sibaliwe.
Umndeni kaNobel wabhekana nobunzima bemali obuhambisana nokusebenzisa imali unomphela ezivivinyweni. Kepha ekugcineni, abafowethu bathola iphakethe lamasheya e-Baku Amafutha ediphozithi futhi abuyele.
Engqungqutheleni Yezwe Yamanye Amazwe, okwenzeka eParis ngonyaka we-1889, uNobel waphikisana nezinkulumo zakhe. Lokhu kudale umcimbi we-sarcasm kusuka kwabanye ababambiqhaza. Ekhanda labaholi bomhlaba abaningi abathuthukile, akuzange kufakwe, njengoba umuntu eyasungulwa yithuluzi lokubulala nempi. Eminyangweni ka-Alfreda ebizwa ngokuthi "inkosi yokubulawa kwabantu", "Millionaire egazini", "ukubulawa kweziqhumane" okuvikelekile ". Ubudlelwane obunjalo nososayensi bakhungathekile futhi bacishe baxhase.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
U-Alfred Nobel wahlala eBachelor, wayengenaye umfazi. Intombazane yokuqala eyathanda usosayensi wesikhathi esizayo, yaba yikhemisi elincane. Kungekudala nje ngemuva kokumazi noNobel, izici ezisencane zafa ngenxa yesifo sofuba. U-Alfred ekhala ngesithandwa, ukunakwa konjiniyela kwaheha umlingisi omangalisayo uSara Bernard, noNobel baze babuza isibusiso sakhe emshadweni. Kepha i-Andriet eyamukelwa kude ayizange ivume ukukhethwa kwendodana. Ngemuva kwegebe elinenkanyezi u-Alfred Alfred waya emsebenzini wayeka ukufuna umngane wempilo.
Kepha ngo-1874, usosayensi wayeseshintshile empilweni yomuntu siqu yesayensi. Uma ufuna onobhala, u-Alfred wahlangana ne-Countess Berta Kinski, ngokushesha waba usosayensi othandekayo. Ngemuva kweminyaka eminingana yobungani be-ardor, intombazane ishiye ukugibela yasuka enhlokodolobha ye-Austria yaya kwelinye icala.
Iminyaka yokugcina ka-Alfred yahlaselwa umlimi ongafundile, owayephupha ngokuba ngumfazi kanjiniyela odumile. Kepha u-Alfred Nobel wenqabe ngokwesigaba sentombazane.
Umklomelo kaNobel
Ngo-1893, u-Alfred Nobel wadonswa iTestamente Lokuqala, eliveze ukuthi ingxenye enkulu yenhloko-dolobha yososayensi kufanele idluliselwe ngemuva kokushona kwamakhemikhali weRoyal Academy of the Sciences academy of the Sciences of Sciences of the Royal Academy of the Science Academy of the Science. Emalini edlulisiwe yathathwa njengokuvulwa kwesikhwama, okwakuzokwazisa minyaka yonke umklomelo weDiscovery. Ngasikhathi sinye, ama-5% efa le-NONGEL abe nawo e-University of Stockholm, isibhedlela iStockholm kanye neCaroline Medical University.
Kepha eminyakeni emibili, iTestamente lalishintshiwe. Lo mbhalo usuvele ukhanseliwe ezihlotsheni nasezinhlanganweni, futhi wancoma ukwakhiwa kwesikhwama lapho inhloko-dolobha yososayensi izogcinwa khona ngendlela yamasheya kanye nama-bond. Imali engenayo evela ekuvikelweni okuphoqelekile ukwahlukana njalo ngonyaka ngemiklomelo emihlanu. Umklomelo ngamunye (manje umklomelo kaNobel) uzonikezwa ukutholwa emkhakheni we-physics, amakhemikhali, i-physiology noma umuthi, izincwadi nokuphakanyiswa kokuthula.
Ukushona
NgoDisemba 10, 1896, unjiniyela wabulawa yimiphumela yokushaywa unhlangothi e-villa yakhe eSan Remo. Uthuli lososayensi lwathuthwa ezweni lakubo lwangcwatshwa emathuneni aseNorra.
Ngemuva kokuvula iTestamente futhi ngaphambi kokubulawa kwentando, u-Alfred Nobel wadlula iminyaka emithathu. Ngemuva kwezimiso zezimpahla zePhalamende laseSweden ngo-1901, imiklomelo yokuqala yezimali yakhokhelwa ososayensi abahlukile.
Amaqiniso athakazelisayo
- Ukusungulwa okuyinhloko kuka-Alfred ngamahemuhemu eza ngengozi: Ngesikhathi sokuhamba kweNitroglycerin, ibhodlela elilodwa lishayiwe, into yawa emhlabathini futhi kwavela ukuqhuma. Kepha usosayensi akazange aqinisekise le nguqulo. UNobel waphikisa ukuthi umphumela odingekayo wafinyelelwa ngocwaningo olubuhlungu.
- U-Alfred Nobel wangcwatshwa ngumphakathi, ephila, ngo-1888. Umlayezo oyisimanga ngokushona komfowabo osekhulile wososayensi, izintatheli zabona njengezindaba zokufa kuka-Alfred Nobel futhi zaphuthuma ukugqamisa umcimbi ojabulisayo. Ngalezo zinsuku, u-Alfred wathola ukuthi umphakathi ungathandeki kanjani ukuvela kososayensi. Ukuba yi-pacifist, uNobel weza nendlela yokukhuthaza igama lakhe, ukuqinisa imali ezizukulwaneni ezizayo zososayensi kanye nabaphathi bokuthula.
- Ososayensi bazibuza ukuthi kungani uNobel enganikezwa umklomelo wempumelelo kwizibalo. Abaningi bahlangana kangangokuba u-Alfred babenobutha uqobo ku-Mathematics Mittag Leffleur. Kepha eqinisweni, u-Alfred Nobel wabheka le sayensi ngethuluzi lokuxhaswa ngocwaningo emkhakheni wamakhemikhali kanye ne-physics.
- Ngekhulu leminyaka e-United States, umhleli wencwadi yesiSathane uMark Abrahams wahlelwa ngumklomelo weSchnobel, owaqala ukunikezwa abasunguli bempumelelo engajwayelekile futhi engadingekile.