I-Biograge
I-biography kaNikolai Pirogov, ayephila kabani "udokotela omnandi" - isibonelo esihle senkonzo engenabugovu yesayensi yezokwelapha. Inani elingenakuqhathaniswa lokutholakele elisindise impilo yezinkulungwane zabantu namanje asetshenziswe kwezokwelapha.Ubuntwana nentsha
Ubuhlakani besikhathi esizayo be-World Medicine bazalelwa emndenini omkhulu wesikhulu sezempi. UNicholas wayenabafowethu nodadewethu abaneminyaka emithathu, abaningi babo ababesencane. Ubaba u-Ivan Ivanovich wabafundile futhi wazuza impumelelo enkulu yomsebenzi. Kumkakhe, walithatha intombazane efanelekile evela kuhlobo lwabathengisi lwakudala, owaba umfazi wendlu kanye nonina wezingane zabo eziningi. Abazali banaka ngokukhethekile ekukhulisweni kukaChad: Abafana babezimisele ukutadisha ezikhungweni ezihlonishwayo, futhi amantombazane athole imfundo ekhaya.
Umndeni wakwaPyrrows wakuthanda ukufunda nokuba nomtapo wezincwadi ohlaba umxhwele endlini. Ababelethi bahlala ndawonye futhi baphike, njalo ngeSonto umndeni bavakashela esontweni, baphawula okuthunyelwe bahlonipha amaholide enkolo.
Phakathi kwezivakashi zendlu enomoya wokungenisa izihambi kwakukhona odokotela abaningi ababezimisele ukudlala nge-nikolai currious futhi batshele izindaba ezijabulisayo ukuthi zisebenze. Ngakho-ke, kusukela ekuqaleni kweminyaka, wanquma ukuba noma ezempi njengobaba, noma udokotela, njengekhaya labo uDkt Mukhin, umfana waba mkhulu.
UNicholas ROS enganeni ehlukumezayo, waqala wafunda ukufunda nokuhlala izinsuku ngemuva komtapo wezincwadi kababa. Kusukela eminyakeni eyisishiyagalombili, waqala ukumema othisha, kwathi kwabayishumi nanye banikezwe ibhodi yangasese yaseMoscow.
Ngokushesha ubunzima bezinto ezibonakalayo baqala emndenini: Indodana endala kunazo zonke u-Ivan Ivanovich Phere yadlala ngokungathi sína, kwathi uyise wayenamahloni, okwakufanele azovela ezimalini zawo. Ngakho-ke, izingane kwakudingeka zithathe izivakashi ezihlonishwayo futhi zihumushe ekufundeni kwasekhaya.
Umndeni uDkt Mukhn, oke wabona amandla amaNicholas e-Medicine, afake isandla eyunivesithi e-Medical Pubty. Ngezinsizwa ezinesiphiwo, kwenziwa okuhlukile, futhi waba ngumfundi eminyakeni eyishumi nane, hhayi eshumini nesithupha, njengoba kufunwa yimithetho.
Isikole Sami, uNikolai uhlanganiswe nomsebenzi eshashalazini ye-anatomical, lapho athola khona okuhlangenwe nakho okusenkingeni ngokuhlinzwa futhi ekugcineni wanquma ekukhetheni umsebenzi owengeziwe.
Umuthi kanye ne-pedagogy
Ngemuva kokuphothula e-University of Pirogov, eqondiswe edolobheni laseDerpt (manje manje, lapho asebenza khona eyunivesithi yendawo iminyaka emihlanu futhi eneminyaka engamashumi amabili nambili avikela i-dissertation yakhe yodokotela. Umsebenzi wesayensi wePirogov udluliselwe kwisiJalimane, futhi ngokushesha babenesithakazelo eJalimane. Udokotela onethalente wamenyelwa eBerlin, lapho amaphayi asebenza khona iminyaka emibili enodokotela ohlinzayo baseJalimane.
Ukubuyela ezweni lakubo, indoda ilindele ukuthola umnyango eMoscow University, kodwa yathathwa ngomunye umuntu onokuxhumana okudingekayo. Ngakho-ke, ama-pie ahlala eDerpete futhi ngokushesha adume ngakho sonke isifunda sekhono elihle. UNikolai Ivanovich wathathwa kalula ngemisebenzi enzima kunazo zonke, okungeyona eyayenza phambi kwakhe, echaza imininingwane ezithombeni. Ngokushesha amaphayi aba nguprofesa wokuhlinzwa namaqabunga eFrance ahlole imitholampilo yendawo. Izikhungo azizange zimhlaba umxhwele, futhi udokotela ohlinzayo weParis uVelpo Nikolai Ivanovich athola ngokufunda i-monograph yakhe.
Lapho ebuyela eRussia, wanikezwa ukuhola uMnyango Wokuhlinzwa e-Medical and Okuhlinzwa Academy of St. Petersburg, futhi ngokushesha ama-pirogger avule isibhedlela sokuqala sokuhlinzwa ukuze kube nemibhede eyinkulungwane. ESt. Petersburg, udokotela wasebenza iminyaka eyi-10 futhi ngaleso sikhathi wabhala imisebenzi yezesayensi ekuhlinzekeni ngo-anatomy. UNikolai Ivanovich weza futhi walawula ukukhiqizwa kwezinsimbi zokwelashwa ezidingekayo, ngokuqhubekayo zisebenza esibhedlela sakhe futhi kwaxoxiswa kweminye imitholampilo, futhi ebusuku zisebenze e-anatomic, zivame ukuba yizimo ezingesona zodwa.
Indlela yokuphila enjalo ayikwazanga ukungathinti isimo sempilo sikadokotela. Lezi zindaba zasiza izindaba zokuthi umyalo ophakeme kunawo wonke wenkosi wavunywa yiphrojekthi yesikhungo sokuqala se-anatomical sokuqala, lapho i-pirogov yasebenza khona eminyakeni yamuva. Ngokushesha umsebenzi wokuqala owenziwe ngempumelelo wenziwa kusetshenziswa i-anesthesia ebalulekile, eyayiyimpumelelo kwisayensi yezokwelapha yezwe, futhi imaski eyakhiwe ye-anesthesia yayisasetshenziswa kwezokwelapha.
Ngo-1847, uNikolai Ivanovich amaqabunga e-Caucasian Wap avivinye intuthuko yesayensi ensimini. Lapho, wachitha izinkulungwane eziyizinkulungwane eziyishumi usebenzisa i-anesthesia, esetshenziswa ekusebenzeni amabhandeshi afakwe ngesitashi, esaba prototype yebhanderage yanamuhla ye-gypsum.
Ekwindla ka-1854, amaphayi aneqembu lodokotela nabahlengikazi baya empini yeCrimean, lapho eba udokotela ohlinzayo oyinhloko eSevastopol ezungezwe isitha. Ngenxa yemizamo yodadewethu abadalwe nguye, isindiswa esikhulu samasosha nezikhulu zaseRussia zasindiswa. Wathuthukisa okusha ngokuphelele ngasikhathi sinye uhlelo lokuphuma, ukuthutha kanye nokuhlunga okulimele ezimweni zokulwa, ngaleyo ndlela wabeka izisekelo zomuthi wesimanje wezempi.
Lapho ebuyela eSt. Petersburg, uNikolai Ivanovich wahlangana nombusi futhi wahlanganyela ukucatshangelwa kwakhe ngezinkinga nobubi bebutho laseRussia. U-Alexander II wathukuthela ngeBoldhekoyhekih, futhi wayengafuni ukumlalela. Kusukela lapho, uPirogov wahlazeka egcekeni futhi waqokwa ngokuthi uTrasti we-Odessa naseKiev Districs. Uthumele imisebenzi yabo yokuguqula uhlelo lwemfundo ekhona yesikole, futhi yaphinde yabangela ukunganeliseki kubaphathi. IPirogov yathuthukisa uhlelo olusha, oluphetha izigaba ezine:
- Isikole samabanga aphansi (iminyaka emi-2) - Izibalo, uhlelo lolimi;
- Isikole Sesekondari Esingaphelele (iminyaka emi-4) - Uhlelo lwezemfundo Jikelele;
- Isikole Sesekondari (Iminyaka emi-3) - Uhlelo Olumfundisi Jikelele + Izilimi + Izinto Ezisetshenzisiwe;
- Isikole esiphakeme: Izikhungo zemfundo eziphakeme
Ngo-1866, uNikolai Ivanovich wathutha nomndeni wakhe waya efeni lakhe eVinnitsa Gubernia, lapho avula khona umtholampilo wamahhala futhi waqhubeka nokwelashwa kwakhe. Ukugula nokuhlupheka kwafika "kudokotela omuhle" ovela kulo lonke elaseRussia.
Akazange ashiye imisebenzi yesayensi, abhale emsebenzini weCherry ekuhlithweni kwensimu yezempi eyakhanisa igama lakhe.
UPirogov wahambela phesheya, lapho ahlanganyela khona ezingqungqutheleni zesayensi kanye namasemina, futhi phakathi nolunye wohambo acelwa ukuba anikeze usizo lwezokwelashwa ku-garibaldi.
Umbusi u-Alexander II waphinde wakhumbula udokotela ohlinzayo odumile ngesikhathi seMpi yaseRussia - yaseTurkey futhi wamcela ukuthi ahlanganyele nomkhankaso wamasosha. UPirogov uvumile ngesimo sokuthi wayengeke aphazamise futhi akhawulele inkululeko yokusebenza. Ukufika eBulgaria, uNikolai Ivanovich wakhuphula inhlangano yezibhedlela zamasosha, edlula izinyanga ezintathu amakhilomitha angamakhulu ayisikhombisa namakhilomitha angamakhulu ayisikhombisa futhi evakashela izindawo ezingamashumi amabili. Ngenxa yalokhu, umbusi wakhalazela kuye umyalo we-White Eagle kanye nogwayi wegolide namadayimane ahlotshiswe ngomfanekiso wokuzithiba.
Eminyakeni yokugcina, usosayensi omkhulu onikezelwe ekusebenzeni kwezokwelapha futhi wabhala "idayari yodokotela wakudala," ngokuwuphothula ngaphambi kokufa uqobo.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Isikhathi sokuqala uPirogov ashada ngo-1841 emzukuluni kaGeneral Tatishchev, ekaterina berezina. Umshado wabo uthathe iminyaka emine kuphela, oshade naye wabulawa ezinqolobaneni zokuzalwa kanzima kwengane, washiya amadodana amabili emva kwakhe.
Ngemuva kweminyaka eyisishiyagalombili, uNikolai Ivanovich washada noBaroness Alexander von Bistrom, isihlobo se-navigator edumile yaseKruzenshtern. Waba umsizi othembekile namaComrades, imizamo yakhe yavulwa umtholampilo wokuhlinzwa eKiev.
Ukushona
Imbangela yokufa kwePirogov yasebenza njengesimila esibi, esivele ku-mucosa yomlomo. Wahlolwa odokotela abahle kakhulu boMbuso WaseRussia, kepha abakwazanga ukusiza. Udokotela ohlinzayo omkhulu ushonele ebusika bango-1881 eCherry. Izihlobo zisho ukuthi ngesikhathi sobuhlungu kwakukhona ukusitheka kwelanga kwelanga. Umlingani kamufi wanquma ukuphefumula umzimba wakhe, futhi, esethole isixazululo seSonto Lama-Orthodox, wacela umfundi uPirogova Dada Roddodov, obesebandakanyekile kule ndaba.
Isidumbu sabekwa e-Crypt ekhethekile ngewindi, elakhiwa kamuva yiBandla. Ngemuva kwenguquko, kwathathwa isinqumo sokugcina umzimba wososayensi omkhulu nokwenza umsebenzi ukuze akubuyisele. Lezi zinhlelo zavinjelwa impi, futhi i-gonogenation yokuqala yenziwa kuphela ngo-1945 ngochwepheshe eMoscow, eLeningrad naseKharkov. Manje leli qembu liyabandakanyeka ekugcinweni komzimba wePirogov, esekela isimo semizimba kaLenin, uKim Il Siena noH Chi Minh.
UManor Pirogov wasala kuze kube namuhla, manje uhlele umnyuziyamu wososayensi omkhulu. Ineminyaka yami yonke ibambe ukufundwa kwePirogov egameni lodokotela ohlinzayo ku-World Medicine, kuqoqwe imihlangano yezokwelapha yamazwe omhlaba.