I-Biograge
UGeorge Bernard Shaw - Umdlandla omkhulu wemvelaphi yase-Ireland, umklomelo we-laureate woMklomelo kaNobel emkhakheni wezincwadi, umlobi weqoqo lemidlalo namanoveli ambalwa.Ubuntwana nentsha
Ikusasa lokudlala lazalelwa eDublin, inhloko-dolobha yase-Ireland, ngo-1856. Ubaba uJohane uJohane wahweba okusanhlamvu, kepha ngokushesha washisa wawumlutha kancane ukuphuza. Umama uLucinda Show wayengumculi ochwepheshe. Ngaphezu kukaBernard emkhayeni, ezinye izingane ezimbili zakhula, uLucinda Frances kanye no-Elinor Agnes.
Ngiseyingane, umfana wavakashela iDublin College Wesley, futhi kusukela eminyakeni eyishumi nanye - isikole samaProthestani, lapho ukunakwa okukhethekile kukhokhwe khona ukungabi nalutho, kepha ukuthuthukiswa ngokomoya kwezingane. Ngasikhathi sinye, abelusi bebengagobekezi izijeziso ezingokomzimba futhi bathela izingane ngezinduku, okwathi, njengoba kwakucatshangwa, kwahamba kuphela.
UBernard osemusha akakwazanga ukubekezelela isikole kanye nohlelo lonke lwemfundo, ambona khona ebhentshini lesikole. Kamuva, wakhumbula ukuthi kungenye yezinto ezimbi kakhulu, uma kungeyena umfundi wokugcina ekilasini.
Lapho eneminyaka eyishumi nanhlanu, umbukiso uthole umabhalane ehhovisi, ebibandakanyeke ekuthengiseni indawo ethengiswayo. Abazali babengenamali yokukhokha iNdodana ukuba bayifunde ekolishi, kodwa izihlobo zasiza le nsizwa ukuba ithathe isikhundla esihle ngaleso sikhathi. Emisebenzini yakhe, kufaka phakathi ukuqoqwa kwemali ngezindlu ezivela kwabampofu. Izinkumbulo zalesi sikhathi esinzima zibonakaliswe komunye wemithi "emidelayo" ebizwa nge- "House of Widow".
Lapho le nsizwa iyishumi nesithupha, unina, ethatha womabili amadodakazi, waphonsa uyise washiya eLondon. UBernard wasala noyise eDublin, eqhubeka nomsebenzi wakhe kwezindawo ezithengiswayo. Ngemuva kweminye iminyaka emine, ngo-1876, umbukiso usaqhubeka noMama waya eLondon, lapho ayebambisene nezemfundo futhi athola umsebenzi kwelinye lamaphephandaba asemadolobheni.
Ukudala
Ekuqaleni, lapho ufika eLondon, uBernard Shaw wavakashela imitapo yolwazi kanye neminyuziyamu, egcwalisa izikhala ekwakhekeni kwazo. Unina we-playwright waziphilisa, enikeza izifundo zokucula, nendodana enekhanda langena ezinkingeni zezepolitiki.
Ngo-1884, lo mbukiso wajoyina umphakathi waseFabian, waqamba kanjalo ukuhlonipha umphathi wamaRoma uFabia. UFabiy wanqoba izitha ngenxa yokuskena, ukuqaphela kanye nekhono lokulinda. Umqondo oyinhloko weFabians ukuthi ubuhlalu bokuthi ubuhlalu buwukuphela kohlobo lokuthuthuka okwengeziwe kwe-UK, kepha izwe kufanele lize kuye kancane kancane, ngaphandle kokuvukelwa kwama-cataclysms kanye nokuvukelwa.
Ngaleso sikhathi esifanayo eMnyuziyamu waseBrithani, uBernard Shaw wahlangana nomlobisi womlobi, ngemuva kokuxhumana lapho i-playwrww etholwa ngayo yesikhathi esizayo inqume ukuzizama ngobuntatheli. Ekuqaleni wasebenza njengombhalo ozimele, wabe esesebenza iminyaka eyisithupha njengomgxeki womculo eLondon Emhlabeni, okwathi ngemuva kwalokho wahola ikholomu enikezelwe enkundleni yemidlalo eshashalazini e "Saterey Revene".
Ngasikhathi sinye nobuntatheli, lo mbukiso waqala ukubhala amanoveli, ngubani ngaleso sikhathi akekho owathathwa muntu. Esikhathini esiphakathi kuka-1879 no-1883, uBernard Shaw wabhala amanoveli amahlanu, owokuqala wawushicilelwe kuphela ngo-1886. Kamuva, ngokulandelayo abagxeki, ngemuva kokuhlaziya izivivinyo zokuqala zeBernard Shaw, zifike esiphethweni sokuthi izici ezikhanyayo zivele kubo zivela komunye umsebenzi we-playwright, izincazelo ezimfushane zezimo kanye nezingxoxo ezigcwele izimpikiswano.
Ukugxekwa kweshashalazi kombukiso kwaba nesithakazelo emsebenzini wombhali waseNorway Hencric IBSEN. Ngo-1891, wakhipha incwadi ethi "Quintessence of Isosunism", lapho izici eziphambili zokudlalwa kweScandinavian Playwright Shed. Ngesikhathi sobusha, umbukiso oseshatweni oseshashalazini wawunqotshwa kuphela ukudla kwaseShakespeare, kanye nama-melodramas angelutho namahlaya. Yebo, ngokusho kombukiso, waba dota wangempela e-European Drama, simphakamise esigabeni esisha ngokuvulwa kwezingxabano ezinzima nezingxoxo phakathi kwezinhlamvu.
Ugqugquzelwe yimidlalo ye-IBSEN, ngo-1885 uBernard show ubhala owokuqala 'wemidlalo yakhe engemnandi' ebizwa ngokuthi "yindlu yedstset". Kukholakala ukuthi kulo msebenzi waqala i-biography yombukiso njengomlobi - edlalwa. Inkathi entsha ye-European Drama, i-acute, ethosisiko, eyakhelwe ezingxabanweni nasezingxoxweni, yazalelwa lapha, hhayi ngezenzo ezisebenzayo zamaqhawe.
Ngaphezu kwalokho kwalandela ukudlala "Volokita" kanye "nomsebenzi kaNkk Warren", ngokoqobo ukushaya iVickordial Victorian England nge-toplicand yabo elula, abahlala bezokuhlala neqiniso. I-heroine eyinhloko 'yomsebenzi kaNkk Warren "yisifebe esidala ngobuciko basendulo futhi ngeke bayeke le ndlela yokuthola imali engenayo.
Okuphambene nalona wesifazane othengisa ngokuthengisa kuyindodakazi yakhe. Intombazane, isifunde ngomthombo wokuthola imali kamama, ishiya indlu yathola imali ngokweqiniso isinkwa. Kulomsebenzi, umbukiso wakhombisa ngokukhanyayo uhlobo lwenguquko yokwakha, ukukhulisa abasha ngezincwadi zesiNgisi nezinhle zemidlalo yaseshashalazini, ubukhali kanye nezepolitiki, kwezepolitiki kanye nezepolitiki. Uhlobo lweDrama Bernard Shaw elingokoqobo lufaka amahlaya acashile kanye ne-satire, ukuze ama-plays akhe athole ukuheha okungajwayelekile namandla entuthuko.
Njengoba seke wadala isibonelo esingakaze sibonwe 'semidlalo engathandeki ", lo mbukiso ukhiphe uchungechunge lwe-" Plamber Drays ":" Izikhali NOMUNTU "," Pula - Bheka "," Pupi ".
Ekuhambeni kwamakhulu eminyaka, umbhali ovuthiwe, umuntu onombuzo owenziwe ngokugcwele wakha ubuciko obunjalo njenge-barbara enkulu, uKhesari kanye noCleopatra, "umuntu nomphepheli" kanye ne- "Pygmalion".
I-Pygmalion ingenye yezingcezu zeBernard Shaw, into enhle, enobuhlakani neyinkimbinkimbi, enikelwe ezincwadini eziningi nama-monographs wesayensi. Maphakathi nendaba, isiphetho somthengisi ompofu wezimbali zika-Eliza Dulitle kanye namaHigins aseMnene entula acebile. Lesi sakamuva sifuna ukwenza intokazi yokukhanya okuphezulu kusuka ekuhlanganeni kwezimbali, njengoba i-Pygmalion yenganekwane yanda wahamba wayo engxenyeni yemabula.
Ukuguqulwa okumangalisayo kwe-Elza kusiza ukwembula izimfanelo ezingokomoya, umusa wokuzalwa, ubukhosi besidlali esilula sezimbali. Ingxabano yamahlaya amanenekazi amabili isongela ukuguqula inhlekelele yentombazane, ubuhle bangaphakathi abangabonanga
Umkhiqizo olandelayo wesithonjana we-playwight wawuyindlu yokudlala "yindlu lapho izinhliziyo" zabhalwa ngemuva kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. Umbiko ungowokusola ngokungenakuphikiswa umngcele wesiNgisi no-ukhilimu womphakathi wokuthi baphange izwe nalo lonke elaseYurophu esifubukeni se-run and horror. Kulomsebenzi, ithonya le-IBSEN neChekhov ekubumbeni kombukiso kulandelwa ngokusobala. Idrama ye-satyric ithola izici ze-groteesque, izinkomba nokukhombisa.
Impi yaphinde yavuma uBernard Shaw ekuzibophezeleni kwakhe emibonweni yezenhlalo. Yena kuze kube sekupheleni kwezinsuku zakhe eqhubeka nokukholelwa ukuthi iRussia yeSocialist iyisibonelo sawo wonke umhlaba ompucuko, futhi uhlelo lwe-USSR socio-apolitiki luyilo kuphela lweqiniso nelulungile. Ekupheleni kokuphila kombukiso kwaba ukuzibophezela kwembono yombuso we-stalinist futhi waze wavakashela i-USSR ngo-1931.
Okwesikhashana nje, lo mbhalo wokudlala uncike emcabangweni wokuthi kuphela umashiqela ongaqondiswa emphakathini nasezweni, kodwa ngemuva kokujoyina amandla eJalimane, uHitler wenqaba umbono onjalo.
Ngo-1923, umhlaba wabona okuhle kakhulu, ngokusho kwabagxeki nabalandeli bobuciko bakaBernard Shaw, umdlalo "ongcwele kanye nokubulawa kokufela ukholo, umkhosi kaJeanne D'ARK. Imidlalo elandelayo "yaseGorky, kodwa ngempela", "embhedeni", "Milliaire", "Geneva" kanti abanye abakwamukelanga ukuqashelwa komphakathi ngesikhathi somlobi.
Ngemuva kokushona kukaBernard, izinkundla zemidlalo yesheya yamazwe ahlukene zafakwa ekufeni kwedrama, zisendaweni yemidlalo yaseshashalazini nanamuhla, kanti eminye imisebenzi yathola impilo entsha kuma-movie. Ngakho-ke, ngo-1974, kwakhululwa "ifilimu elithi" Millionaire "eSoviet Union ukuthola umdlalo onjengophawu, owayenempumelelo yezithulu. Izindima zenziwa nguYu. Borisov, V. Avnaev, V. Avnaev, Yu. I-Yakovlev nabanye abalingisi.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Ngo-1898, uBernard Shaw washada noCharlotte Pein-Towzend, umbhali wahlangana naye eFabian Society. Intombazane yayiyindlalifa ecebile, kepha uBernard akazange athakazelise izigidi zakhe. Ngo-1925, waze wenqaba nokuthola umklomelo kaNobel, futhi imali kwakufanele yamukele inxusa lesiNgisi arthur duff. Kamuva, lezi zimali zichithwe ekwakhiweni kwesikhwama sabahumushi.
UCharlotte Bernard show uphile umphefumulo emphefumulweni weminyaka engamashumi amane nanhlanu, wafa. Babengenazo izingane. Vele, umshado awuhlali uphelele, futhi phakathi kombukiso nomkakhe, nabo, babenezinkinga.
Ngakho-ke, bahlekisa ngokuthi umbhali wayethandana nomlingisi odumile uStella Patrick Campbell, owabhala "i-Pyglmalion", esungulwe yi-Eliz Dulitl ethandekayo.
Ukushona
Ingxenye yesibili yempilo yokudlala echithwa eHartfordshire, lapho noCharlotte babenendlu ethokomele emibili emibili emile eluhlaza okotshani. Umlobi waphila futhi wasebenza lapho kusukela ngo-1906 kuya ku-1950, kuze kube sekufeni.
Ekupheleni kokuphila, ukulahleka kwaqala ukuphishekela umlobi ngokulandelana. Ngo-1940, kusho uStella, othandekayo wakhe ongekho emthethweni, owayebuyisela umlobi we-playwright. Ngo-1943, uCharlotte othembekile washiya impilo. Izinyanga zokugcina zokuphila kukaBernard ziboshwe embhedeni. Wayehlangane ngesibindi ngokufa, esele ekwazi ukuphela. UBernard Shaw akazange abe nguNovemba 2, 1950. Ngokusho kwentando yomlobi, isidumbu sakhe sasishisiwe, futhi uthuli lwaluhlakazwa kanye nomlotha womlingani wakhe othandekayo.
Izilinganiso kanye nama-aphorisms
- Uma une-apula futhi ngine-apula, futhi uma sishintshana nalawa ma-apula, khona-ke une-apula elilodwa. Futhi uma unombono futhi nginomqondo, futhi sishintshana ngemibono, khona-ke ngamunye wethu uzoba nemibono emibili.
- Isono esikhulu kunazo zonke maqondana nomakhelwane - hhayi inzondo, kepha ukunganaki; Lokho kuyinto ephakeme yeqiniso yobuntu.
- Umyeni ophelele uyindoda ekholelwa ukuthi inomfazi ofanelekayo.
- Lowo owaziyo ukuthi wenza kanjani ongakwazi kanjani - ufundisa abanye.
I-Bibliography
- "Ukungavuthwa (1879);
- "Ifindo elingenangqondo" (1880);
- "Uthando Arong The Bractis" (1881);
- "Umsebenzi kaKakel Byrona" (1882);
- "Hhayi Social Socialist" (1882).