I-Biograge
USocrates - isazi sefilosofi esikhulu kunazo zonke sezinto zakudala, abafundi bakhe kwakunguPlato, u-Alkiviad, uCenophon, e-Eclide. Imfundiso kaSocrates imake isigaba esisha ekwakhiweni kwefilosofi yasendulo, lapho ukugxila kwakungeyona imvelo nokuthula, kepha umuntu kanye nezindinganiso ezingokomoya.Ubuntwana nentsha
Ngokwemithombo ehlukahlukene, isazi sefilosofi sazalelwa ku-470-469 BC, e-Greek Athene, emndenini wama-sofrons kanye nezingqinamba zama-Fenartets. Ikusasa elikhulu lalinomfowethu ophezulu uPatrole, owathola ifa lempahla kababa, kepha uSocrates akazange ahlale ebuphofini.
Lokhu kungahlulelwa ngeqiniso lokuthi empini ne-SPARTA, ifilosofi yaya emphemlwane weqhawe esindayo, futhi yakwazi ukuyikhokha kuphela kwizakhamizi ezivikelekile. Kulandela isiphetho sokuthi uYise uSocrates ayeyisakhamuzi esicebile futhi wathola kahle, izibhamu nezinye izinsimbi.
USocrates wabamba iqhaza kathathu kwizitha, ebonisa isibindi nesibindi enkundleni yempi. Ikakhulu isibindi sefilosofi futhi iqhawe lazibonakalisa ngosuku esisindisa ngalo ekufeni kwempi yakhe, i-alkiviad.
Umcabangi wazalwa u-6 Feregelion, ngosuku "olungcolile", olwehlela kusengaphambili isiphetho sakhe. Ngokwemithetho yasendulo yamaGrikhi, uSocrates waba ngumgcini we-Mains of the Athenian Society kanye noMbuso, futhi mahhala. Esikhathini esizayo, izibopho zomphakathi zefilosofi ezenziwa ngentshiseko efanele, kodwa ngaphandle kokushisekela ngokweqile, futhi zikhokhele impilo ngezinkolelo, ukwethembeka nokuqina.
Ebusheni bakhe, uSocrates wafunda eDamon naseKonson, uZenona, no-Anaksagora no-Archeli, bakhulumisana nezingqondo ezinkulu namakhosi alesosikhathi. Akazange ashiye incwadi eyodwa, noma ubufakazi obubodwa bokuhlakanipha nefilosofi. Imininingwane mayelana nalo muntu, umlando wokuphila, i-biography, ifilosofi nemibono yaziwa ngenzalo kuphela ezikhumbuzweni zabafundi, ezesikhathi esiphila ngesikhathi sabalandeli kanye nabalandeli. Omunye wabo kwakungu-Aristotle omkhulu.
Ifilosofi
Ngaphansi kokuphila, isazi sefilosofi asirekhodanga ukukhombisa, sikhetha ukuya eqinisweni, sisebenzisa inkulumo yomlomo. USocrates wayekholelwa ukuthi iZwi liqopha ukukhumbula inkumbulo futhi lilahlekelwe umqondo. Ifilosofi yakwaSocratic yakhelwe emibonweni yezimilo zokuziphatha, ezinhle nezibukwayo, lapho athi ulwazi, isibindi, ukwethembeka.
Ngasikhathi sinye, ulwazi, ku-soperrates, futhi kukhona ubuhle. Ukungazi ngomongo wemiqondo, umuntu akakwazi ukwenza okuhle, ukuba nesibindi noma abe nokulunga. Ulwazi kuphela olukwenza lube lunhle, njengoba kwenzeka ngokoqobo.
ONGABONAKALANI KOKUXHUMANA KOKUFUNDA KWEMPILO YOKUZIPHATHA okuthathwe nguSocrates, noma kunalokho, ukushiwo kubo emibhalweni kaPlato noXenophon, abafundi basePhilosoni elikhulu. NgokukaPlato, uSocrates wayengobubi obubi ngokunjalo, yebo nakububi, okulimaza izitha. I-Xenophon inombono ophambene ngalolu daba, idlulisela amagama akwaSocrates ngobubi obudingekayo ngesikhathi sezingxabano, ngokubhekisa kokuvikelwa.
Ukuchazwa okuphambene nezitatimende kuchazwa ngohlobo lokuqeqeshwa kwesici seSocratic School. Isazi sefilosofi sakhetha ukuxhumana nabafundi ngendlela yezingxoxo, bakholelwa kufanele ukuthi iqiniso lazalwa. Ngakho-ke, kunengqondo ukucabanga ukuthi iQhawe uSocrates laxoxa nomphathi we-xenophone ngempi futhi waxoxa ngobubi ngesibonelo sezingxabano zezempi nesitha enkundleni yempi.
UPlato wayeyisakhamuzi esinokuthula sase-Athene, futhi uSocrates noPlato bakhuluma ngezindinganiso zokuziphatha emphakathini, futhi kwakumayelana nezakhamizi zazo ezikanye nabo eziyisikhombisa, abathandekayo nokuthi ngabe kuvunyelwe ukwenza okubi ngakubo.
Izingxoxo akuyona ukuphela komehluko kwifilosofi yakwaSocratic. Kuzici ezikhanyayo zokuqonda kwezindlela zokuziphatha, zabantu ezibhalwe yisazi sefilosofi zifaka:
- ukudilizwa, okwakhulunywa ngeqiniso lokusesha iqiniso;
- Ukunqunywa kwemiqondo ngendlela yokungeniswa, kusuka ngasese - ukuyokwejwayelekile;
- Sesha izimpendulo zemibuzo ngosizo lweMaevitka.
USocrates indlela yokusesha yeqiniso ukuthi i-polosopher yacela ukuthi i-interlocutor ihoxise izingqinamba ngesibalo esithile, ukuze ukuphendulwa kwalahleka futhi ekugcineni kwafika eziphethweni ezingalindelekile. Umcabangi kanye nemibuzo eqondile "evela kumphikisi", ukuphoqa umphikisi ukuthi aphikisana naye.
Utitjhere ngokwakhe akazange afake isicelo sesihloko somfundisi owazi konke. Ngalesi sici sokufundisa ngokweSocratsky, ibinzana elishiwo kuye lihlobene:
"Ngiyazi kuphela ukuthi yini engingazi lutho, kepha abanye abakwazi lokhu."Isazi sefilosofi sabuza, sicindezela umsizi emicabangweni emisha nokwakheka. Ukusuka ezintweni ezijwayelekile, wadlulisela encazelweni yemiqondo kakhonkolo: Sinjani isibindi, uthando, umusa?
Indlela engenaphutha yanqunywa ngu-Aristotle, owayemiselwe ukuzalwa ngemuva kwesizukulwane ngemuva kwesizukulwane futhi abe ngumfundi kaPlato. Ngokusho kuka-Aristotle, indidane eyinhloko yeSocratic ifundeka kanjena: "Ubuntu babantu buyisimo sengqondo."
USocrates owaphila ngendlela yokuphila e-ascetic, abantu beza bezokwazi ulwazi, befuna iqiniso. Akazange afundise ubungcweti nobunye ubuciko, kodwa wafundisa ukuba ngcono ezihlotsheni: umndeni, ongowokuzalwa, abangane, izinceku nezinceku.
Isazi sefilosofi asithathanga imali kubafundi, kepha abagulayo basamhwalela kuye kuma-sophists. Lesi sakamuva, sasithanda ukuxoxa ngezindinganiso zokuziphatha kanye nokomoya lomuntu, kodwa azange zenzeke ukuze uthole imali yokukhala ngezinkulumo zawo.
Isizathu sokungeneliseki ngombono wokubukwa kweNhlangano yeGrisi yasendulo nezakhamizi Athene Socrates banikeze okuningi. Ngaleso sikhathi, kwathathwa njengokujwayelekile ukuze izingane zifunde kubazali bazo, futhi azikho izikole ezinjalo. Intsha iphefumulele inkazimulo yale ndoda neGorn Valila efilosofi edumile. Isizukulwane esidala sasingatholi ngesimo sezinto ezinjalo, lapha futhi sazalwa ngokubulawa kukaSocrates icala "inkohlakalo yobusha."
Kwabonakala kubantu ukuthi isazi sefilosofi sibukela phansi kanye izisekelo zomphakathi, sibeka abantu abasha ngabazali babo, konakalise izingqondo ezisheshayo nemicabango elimazayo, izimfundiso ezintsha zangempela, izimfundiso zonkulunkulu bakaNkulunkulu.
Elinye iphuzu, elabulala uSocrates futhi laholela ekufeni komcabangi, lihlotshaniswa nokumangalelwa kokungamukeleki nokukhulekelwa abanye onkulunkulu esikhundleni salabo ababonwa ngabantu base-Athene. USocrates wayekholelwa ukuthi kwakunzima kumuntu ukwahlulela ezenzweni, ngoba ububi buqhubeka ukungazi. Ngasikhathi sinye, emphefumulweni wawo wonke umuntu kunendawo enhle, futhi yonke imiphefumulo inedemoni lentando yeningi. Izwi laleli demoni langaphakathi, namhlanje esingabizwa ngokuthi ingelosi egadayo, izimangaliso ngezikhathi ezithile yiCorrat, kanjani ukwenza esimweni esinzima.
Idemoni lasiza isazi sefilosofi ezimweni zokuphelelwa yithemba futhi lihlale lichazwe, ngakho-ke kwaphazamiseka uSocrates abhekwa njengengamukeleki. Leli demon futhi lamukele ubunkulunkulu obusha, umcabangweni okusolwa ukuthi wakhuleka.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Kuze kube yiminyaka engama-37, impilo yefilosofi kangaka ayizange ihluke ezenzakalweni ezinkulu. Emva kwalokho, uSocrates onokuthula nowokuthula wahlanganyela ezikhathini ezintathu, wazibonakalisa njengeqhawe elinesibindi nelinesibindi. Empini eyodwa, wenzeka ukusindisa impilo yomfundi, umkhuzi we-alkiviad, esephule yimpi eyodwa ehlome amazinyo ama-spartan.
Le feat yayisenziwa ngemuva kokuthola umuzwa ngoSocrates, kusukela u-Alkiviad, lapho eseza emandleni e-Athene, wasungula umbuso wobushiqela esikhundleni sentando yeningi yakhe ethandekayo. Ukususwa ezinqubweni nasekufeni komphakathi nasekuhambeleni ifilosofi nokusizakala kwe-socrates akukaze kuphumelele. Uvikele ulahlwa yicala ngokungafanele, bese kuthi njengoba nje nezindlela zokubusa zababusi abeza ezinsalweni zezinsalela zamandla.
Esebekhulile, isazi sefilosofi sashada noXantippe, owayenamadodana amathathu avela kuye. Ngokusho kwamahemuhemu, umka-Soctes wabonanga umqondo omkhulu walowo oshade naye futhi wahlukaniswa nomoya olahlakayo. Akumangalisi: Ubaba wezingane ezintathu akazange ahlanganyele nakancane empilweni yomndeni, akazange athole imali, akazange asize izihlobo zakhe. Umcabangi ngokwakhe wasuthisene ngobuncane: wahlala emgwaqweni, wahamba waklebhula izingubo wazwa umcashi we-eccentric, wamletha kumahlaya akhe u-Aristofan.
Inkantolo nangokubulawa
Ekufeni kwefilosofi enkulu, siyazi ngemibhalo. Ngokuningiliziwe, inqubo yecala nemizuzu yokugcina yomqaphi ichaze i-Plato ku "ukuxolisa kukaSocrates" kanye ne-xenophon "ekuvikelweni kwe-socrates enkantolo". Ama-Athene asola uSocrates ekubonakaleni konkulunkulu kanye nenkohliso yabantu abasha. Isazi sefilosofi sashiya umvikeli futhi sakhuluma ngokwakhe, saphika amacala. Akazange anikeze inhlawulo njengenye indlela yokujeziswa, noma ngokusho kwemithetho yeDemocratic Athene kungenzeka.
USocrates akazange amukele usizo lwabangani abamphunyule noma abaphuke ejele, kodwa bakhetha ukuhlangana ubuso nobuso nesiphetho sakhe. Wayekholelwa ukuthi ukufa kuzomthola yonke indawo, nomaphi lapho abangane bakhe benzeka khona, ngoba bekumiselwe kangako. Okunye ukujeziswa kwefilosofi wefilosofi kubhekwe njengecala lakhe futhi akukwazanga ukwamukela. USocrates wakhetha ukubulawa ngokwamukela ubuthi.
Izilinganiso kanye nama-aphorisms
- Akunakwenzeka ukuthi uphile kangcono kunokuphila okuholayo esifisweni sokuphelela.
- Ingcebo nolwazi ayilethi isithunzi.
- Kune-Fin kuphela - ulwazi kuphela futhi ububi obunye kuphela ukungazi.
- Ngaphandle kobungane, akukho ukuxhumana phakathi kwabantu okunamagugu.
- Kungcono ukulokotha ufe kunokuba uphile ngehlazo.