I-Biograge
UMaria Skododovskaya-Curie ungusosayensi wasePoland owavula izinto zamakhemikhali ze-radium ne-polonium.
UMaria wazalwa ngo-07.11.1867 eWarsaw. Ungumntwana wesihlanu futhi omncane kunabo bonke babafundisi beBronislava noVladislav Skodovsky. Abafowethu nodadewethu abaphezulu uMariya (okuwumndeni obizwa ngokuthi yi-mania) - USophia (1862-1881), uJoseph (1863-1937), UJoseph (therapist), uBronislav (1865-1939, udokotela kanye nomqondisi wokuqala " (1866 -1961, Mfundisi kanye nomphakathi). Umndeni wawuphila kabi.
Lapho uMariya eneminyaka eyishumi ubudala, umama wakhe washona ngenxa yesifo sofuba, futhi uyise waxoshwa ngenxa yalokho futhi waphoqeleka ukuba athathe izikhundla ezikhokhelwa kancane. Ukufa kukamama, futhi kungekudala nodadewethu baseSofia, kwakuyisizathu sokuthi intombazane yenqaba ubuKatolika futhi yaqina kakhulu.
Eminyakeni engu-10 ubudala, uMaria waqala ukuya esikoleni sokonga, kwathi indawo yokuzivocavoca yamantombazane, aphothula indondo yegolide. UMaria akakwazanga ukuthola imfundo ephakeme, ngoba amadoda kuphela amukela amanyuvesi asePoland. Ngemuva kwalokho uMaria noDade Bronislav banquma ukuya ezifundweni ze-volatile University engaphansi komhlaba, lapho kwamukelwa khona abesifazane. UMaria wahlongoza ukuba afunde futhi, ukusizana ngemali.
Owokuqala eNyuvesi wangena uBronislav, futhi uMaria wathola ubuqili. Ekuqaleni kuka-1890, uBronislav, owashada nodokotela kanye nesishoshovu sikaCaser Dluka, umeme uMaria ukumthuthela kuye eParis.
Ukuqongelela imali yokuqeqeshwa enhlokodolobha yaseFrance, uSkodovskaya wayedinga unyaka nohhafu - ngoba lo maria waphinde waqala ukusebenza ne-warsaw. Ngasikhathi sinye, le ntombazane yaqhubeka nokufunda eyunivesithi, futhi yaqala ukufundwa kwesayensi elabhorethri, eyayiholwa ngumzala wayo uYuzef Boguski, umsizi uDmitry MendeleV.
Isayensi
Ekupheleni kuka-1891, uSkodovskaya wathuthela eFrance. EParis, uMaria (noma uMarie, njengoba azobizwa kamuva) aqashe i-attic endlini eduze kweNyuvesi yaseParis, lapho intombazane yafunda i-physics, khona amakhemikhali kanye nezibalo. Impilo eParis ibingelula: UMaria wayevame ukuphuthelwa, ukwaziswa okudume kabi kusuka kundlala futhi akazange abe nethuba lokuthenga izingubo zasebusika ezifudumele nezicathulo.
Isitolo sagcina safundwa ntambama, kwathi kusihlwa wafundisa, wathola ipeni eliphilayo. Ngo-1893, uMarie wathola iziqu ku-physics futhi waqala ukusebenzela ilabhorethri yezimboni zikaSolwazi GABRIEL LIPPMAN.
Ngokuyalela kwenhlangano yezimboni, uMaria waqala ukuhlola izakhiwo zikazibuthe zezinsimbi ezihlukile. Ngawo lowo nyaka, i-skodovskaya yenzeka ngoPierre Curie, owayengeyena kuphela osebenza naye elabhorethri, kodwa futhi nomlingani wakhe.
Ngo-1894, uSkodovskaya wafika ehlobo eWarsaw ukubona umndeni. Wayesezondla izinkohliso ukuthi uvunyelwe ukusebenza ezweni lakubo, kepha le ntombazane yenqatshelwa eKrakow University - Kungamadoda kuphela athatha umsebenzi. ISklodovskaya ibuyele eParis futhi yaqhubeka nokusebenza kwi-PhD Dissertation.
Umsakazo
Kuhlatshwe umxhwele ukutholwa okubili okubalulekile kukaWilhelm X-ray kanye noHenri Becquer, uMarie wanquma ukutadisha imisebe ye-Uranium njengesihloko esingenzeka se-dissertation. Ukuze ufunde amasampula, umlingani kaCurie wasebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obusha ngaleyo minyaka. Uxhaso lokucwaninga ososayensi abatholakele ezinkampanini ze-metallurgical kanye nezimayini.
Ngaphandle kokuba ilabhorethri, ukusebenza egumbini lokugcina lesikhungo, bese kuthi ku-Barn Street, kwaphela iminyaka emine ososayensi bakwazile kabusha amathani ayi-8. Umphumela wokuzama okukodwa kwamasampula e-ore olethwe eCzech Republic kwakuwumbono wokuthi ososayensi babhekana nezinye izinto ezinemisebe ngaphezu kwe-uranium. Abaphenyi baveze ingxenyana, imisebe eminingana, kunokuba i-Uranium emsulwa.
Ngo-1898, uCuri wavula i-radium ne-polonium - lokhu kwabizwa ngokuthi ukuhlonipha unyaka kaMarie. Ososayensi banqume ukungaboni ngaso linye ukutholakala kwabo - yize kungaletha abashadikazi imali eningi eyengeziwe.
Phakathi kuka-1898 no-1902, uCirie washicilelwa ngokuhlangene futhi ngawodwana, azonke ama-athikili wesayensi angama-32, okubandakanya noyedwa, lapho kwabikwa khona lapho kuvezwa khona i-radium, kubhujiswe amaseli anempilo.
Ngo-1910, usosayensi uMariya noFrench u-Andre Debindi waqala ukugqamisa i-radium ehlanzekile yensimbi. Ngemuva kweminyaka engu-12 yezivivinyo, ososayensi bagcina bakwazile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi i-radium iyinto ezimele yamakhemikhali.
Ehlobo lika-1914, i-radium Institute yasungulwa eParis, futhi uMaria waba yinhloko yokwahlukana kokusetshenziswa kwemisakazo kwezokwelapha. Ngesikhathi sempi yezwe yokuqala, ukufakwa kwe-radiographic ephathekayo kwasungulwa ekwelashweni kwama-curries alimele, abizwa ngokuthi "ama-petites curies" ("ama-curie amancane"). Ngo-1915, uCurie weza nezinaliti eziyize equkethe "i-radium manation" - igesi engenamigqa engenamigqa ekhishwe yi-radium (eyayikhonjwe njenge-radon), eyayisetshenziselwa ukuqeda izicubu ezinegciwane. Ukwelashwa okungaphezu kwesigidi ukwelashwa ngempumelelo ekwenzeni ngempumelelo ukusetshenziswa kwalezi zingcweti.
Umklomelo kaNobel
Ngo-1903, iRoyal Academy of Science of Sweden inikeze chet curie kanye nomklomelo we-henri beququel NOBEL ku-physics yokufeza izifundo ezifundweni zemisebe yezemfundo. Ekuqaleni, iKomidi lihlose ukugubha uPierre noKeakel kuphela, kodwa elinye lamalungu eKomidi kanye ne-Defender yamalungelo abantu besayensi, iSweden Magnematian Magnus Gustav Mittag LefeForg, waxwayisa uPierre ngalesi simo. Ngemuva kwesikhalazo sakhe, igama likaMariya langezwa ohlwini lwalowo mklomelo.
UMarie ungowesifazane wokuqala owathola umklomelo kaNobel. Imali evunyelwe abashadikazi ukuthi baqashe umsizi welebhu kanye nokuhlomisa ilabhorethri ngemishini efanelekile.
Ngo-1911, uMarie wathola umklomelo kaNobel e-Chemistry futhi waba owokuqala emhlabeni wonke umLaureate walepremiyamu. UMaria ubuye wanikezwa izindondo eziyi-7 zokutholwa kwesayensi.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Ngenkathi ngiseyindodana, uMaria wathandana nendodana kaHotholi Wezempi, uKazimaj Loravsky. Abazali bensizwa babephikisana nezinhloso zakhe ukuthi bashade nomhluzi ompofu-sklodovskaya, kanti iKazimezh ayikwazanga ukumelana nentando yabadala. Igebe lalibuhlungu kakhulu kubo bobabili, futhi uLoravsky waba ukuguga wazisola ngesinqumo sakhe.
Uthando olukhulu lwempilo kaMariya kwakunguPierre Curie, isayensi yesayensi yemvelo evela eFrance.
Inzalo ehlanganyele kwisayensi yemvelo enobunye abantu abasha, kwathi ngoJulayi 1895, abathandi bashada. I-Young ishiye inkonzo yenkolo, futhi esikhundleni sengubo yomshado, i-skodovskaya yabeka empahleni eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka lapho kamuva asebenza khona elabhorethri.
Abalingani babenamadodakazi amabili - i-Irene (1897-1956), usosayensi wamakhemikhali, no-Eva (1904-2007) - umgxeki womculo nomdlalo weshashalazi nomlobi. UMaria uqashe ubuchule basePoland ukuze aqeqeshe amantombazane ngolimi lwakhe lwendabuko, futhi futhi wayevame ukubathuma ePoland nogogo wakhe.
Abalingani bakaCurie babenezinkulumo zokuzilibazisa ezimbili ezivamile, ngaphezu kwesayensi: ukuhamba phesheya kanye nokuhamba ngebhayisikile - izithombe ezivikelekile - izithombe ezivikelekile zabalingani bezinto ezithengiswayo eduze kwezipho zomshado. EPierre SkodoodovSkaya uthole uthando, nomngane ongcono, nozakwabo. Umlingani womuntu (uPierre wacela iqembu lamahhashi ngo-1906) kwakuyimbangela yokudangala okunzima kakhulu uMarie - izinyanga ezimbalwa kuphela kamuva, owesifazane wakwazi ukuqhubeka nokusebenza.
Ngo-1910-11, uCurie wagcina ubuhlobo bothando nomfundi kaPierre, udokotela nguLanzhen, osushade ngaleso sikhathi. Emshicilekweni cishe noCurie waqala ukubhala njengendlela "yokubonisa amaJuda". Lapho kuqubuka ihlombe, uMaria wayesengqungqutheleni eBelgium. Lapho ebuya phambi kwendlu yakhe, uCurie wathola isixuku esithukuthele - owesifazane namadodakazi kwadingeka acashe entombini yakhe, umlobi uCamilla Marbo.
Ukushona
NgoJulayi 4, 1934, uMarie oneminyaka engama-66 washona eSanatorium Sansenlemos ngesiphampu, empumalanga yeFrance. Imbangela yokufa yayiyi-anemia ye-aplastic, okuthi, kodokotela, yabangelwa ukuvezwa isikhathi eside emzimbeni womfazi wowesifazane.
Iqiniso lokuthi imisebe ye-Ioniting inomthelela omubi, ibingaziwa ngaleyo minyaka, izivivinyo eziningi zenziwa yi-Curi ngaphandle kwezinyathelo zokuphepha. UMaria wayegqoka amashubhu anezinkanyezi ezinemisebe ephaketheni lakhe, wazigcina ekhabetheni letafula labo futhi wadalulwa ama-X-rays kusuka kumishini ebekiwe.
Imisebe ibangele izifo eziningi zokungapheli ezingamahlalakahle - ekugcineni kwempilo wayecishe abe yizimpumputhe futhi ehlushwa yisifo sezinso, kodwa lona wesifazane akakaze acabange ngokushintsha umsebenzi oyingozi. UCurie ungcwatshwe emathuneni edolobheni laseCo, eduze kwethuna likaPierre.
Eminyakeni engamashumi ayisithupha kamuva, izinsalela zabalingani zidluliselwe eParis Pantheon, ithuna labantu abavelele baseFrance. UMaria ngowesifazane wokuqala, unikezwe umngcwabo ePantheon ngobuhle bakhe (owokuqala waba nguSophie Bertlo, wangcwatshwa nomyeni wakhe, uPhysico-Chemist Marsen Bertlo).
Amaqiniso athakazelisayo
- Ngo-1903, abashadikazi bakaCurie bamenyelwa eRoyal Institute of Great Britain ukwenza umbiko we-radioactivity. Abesifazane bebengavunyelwe ukukhuluma ngezinkulumo, ngakho-ke umbiko unikeze uPierre kuphela.
- AmaFrance acindezela ngokuzenzisa ethuse uCurie, ekhomba ekungakholelwa ebukhoneni nasekukhoneni kwakhe nokuthi wayengumfokazi. Kodwa-ke, ngemuva kokuthola umklomelo wokuqala uNobel ngoCurie waqala ukubhala njenge-heroine yeFrance.
- Igama elithi "umsakazo" lasungulwa nguCurie.
- UCurie waba nguprofesa wabesifazane bokuqala wase-University of Paris.
- Naphezu kosizo olukhulu phakathi neminyaka yempi, uMarie akazange abonga ngokusemthethweni kuhulumeni waseFrance. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokushesha nje ngemuva kokuqala kwezikhundla, uMaria wazama ukudela izindondo zakhe zegolide ukusekela amabutho aseFrance, kepha ibhange lesizwe lenqabe ukuzamukela.
- Umfundi uCurie Margarita Pershey waba ngowesifazane wokuqala okhethwe kwi-French Academy of Sciences of Science - lokhu kwenzeka ngo-1962, ngaphezulu kwengxenye yekhulu ngemuva kokuzama ukungena kule nhlangano yesayensi (esikhundleni sika-Eduar Branley, umsunguli owasiza uGulielmo Marconi yakhethwa ukuthuthukisa i-telegraph engenantambo).
- Phakathi kwabafundi be-CURI kukhona umklomelo weNobel umklomelo wesine, kubandakanya nendodakazi ka-Irene nomlingani wakhe uFrederick Jolio-Curie.
- Amarekhodi nemibhalo ehole uMaria ngonyaka we-1890s abhekwa njengengozi kakhulu ekusebenzeni ngenxa yezinga eliphakeme lokungcoliswa okuphezulu komsakazo. Ngisho ne-cookbook ye-Curie Radioactive. Ososayensi bephepha bagcinwa emabhokisini okuhola, nalabo abafuna ukusebenza nabo kufanele bagqoke izingubo ezikhethekile zokuvikela.
- Ukuhlonipha i-curie, into yamakhemikhali - i-curi yaqanjwa igama, amanyuvesi ambalwa nezikole, isikhungo se-oncology eWarsaw, i-asteroid, izinto zendawo kanye nembali ye-clematis; Imidwebo yakhe ehlobisa ama-banknotes, izitembu nezinhlamvu zemali zamazwe ahlukene omhlaba.