I-Biograge
I-Imanuel Kant ngumcabangi waseJalimane, umsunguli wefilosofi yasendulo kanye nethiyori yokugxeka. Izingcaphuno zokungafi zaseCant zangena endabeni, futhi izincwadi zososayensi zaqhubeka nokuvivinya umzimba kwefilosofi emhlabeni wonke.
UKant wazalwa ngo-Ephreli 22, 1724 emndenini wezenkolo emadolobheni aphansi ePönigsberg ePrussia. Uyise uJohann Georg Kant wasebenza njengengcweti futhi wenza isihlalo sobuciko futhi wenza isihlalo, futhi umama u-Anna Regina wahola abendlu.
Kwakunezingane eziyi-12 emndenini kaKant, futhi u-Imanuweli wazalwa ngowesine, iningi lezingane labulawa ebuntwaneni ezifweni. Odade abathathu nabafowethu ababili bahlala bephila.
Indlu lapho uKant enza khona ubuntwana ngomndeni omkhulu, yayincane futhi impofu. Ngekhulu le-18, isakhiwo sabhujiswa ngomlilo.
Isazi sefilosofi esizayo sachitha ubusha bakhe emaphethelweni edolobha phakathi kwabasebenzi kanye nobuciko babantu. Izazi-mlando ziphikisane isikhathi eside, uStalia ungowobuzwe, abanye babo babekholelwa ukuthi abanye babo balwa nokhokho befilosofi - amapulangwe avela eScotland. Umcabango onjalo wavezwa futhi u-Imanuel uqobo encwadini eya eBishop Lindblo. Kodwa-ke, lolu lwazi aluzange luqinisekiswe ngokusemthethweni. Kuyaziwa ukuthi umkhulu kaCant Great wayengumthengisi esifundeni saseMemelsk, kanye nezihlobo ezisebhodini likamama babehlala eNünberg, eJalimane.
Abazali bakaKanto babeka imfundo engokomoya eNdodaneni, babenamabala okugeleza okukhethekile eLutherency - Pietism. Umnyombo wale mfundiso ukuthi umuntu ngamunye ungaphansi kukaNkulunkulu, ngakho-ke kwakhethwa ubuhlakani bakho. U-Anna Regina wafundisa indodana yakhe izisekelo zokholo, futhi wafaka futhi ezweni elincane othandweni lomhlaba.
URegina oPhela uRegina wathatha izingane zakhe ngezintshumayelo nasekufundweni kweBhayibheli. UDkt Theology Franz Schulz wayevame ukuvakashela umndeni wakwaKant, wabona ukuthi wayengenamkhawulo esifundweni semiBhalo Engcwele futhi akwazi ukumisa imicabango yakhe.
Lapho uKanta eneminyaka eyisishiyagalombili, emiyalweni yeSchulz, abazali bamthumela kwesinye sezikole eziholayo zaseKönigsberg - indawo yokuzivocavoca ebizwa ngegama ngemuva kukaFriedrich, ukuze umfana athole imfundo ehlonishwayo.
Esikoleni, uKant wafunda iminyaka eyisishiyagalombili, kusukela ngo-1732 kuya ku-1740. Amakilasi e-Gymnasium aqala ngo-7: 00 futhi agcina kuze kube ngu-9: 00. Abafundi batadisha imfundiso yenkolo, abahlanjululwe kanye nezivumelwano ezintsha, isiLatini, isiJalimane nesiGreki, i-geography, njll. Ifilosofi yafundiswa izikole eziphakeme kuphela, futhi uKanta wayekholelwa ukuthi le nto yafundwa esikoleni ayilungile. Amakilasi ku-Mathematics akhokhelwa futhi ngesicelo sabafundi.
U-Anna Regina noJohann Georg Kant babefuna ukuba yiNdodana babe umpristi ngokuzayo, kodwa umfana wahlabeka umxhwele ngezifundo zesiLatini, owayefundisa uHeidrey, ngakho-ke wayefuna ukuba ngumfundisi we-verbost. Futhi imithetho eqinile nokuziphatha okuqinile esikoleni sezenkolo, uKanta akazange amlandele umphefumulo. Isazi sefilosofi esizayo sasinempilo ebuthaka, kepha wafunda ngenkuthalo ngenxa yengqondo nobuhlakani.
Eminyakeni eyishumi nesithupha, ukungagxili kungena e-University of Koenigsberg, lapho umfundi aqale wethula khona ukutholwa kweNewton, uMartin Knitzen, i-chietist kanye noWlefiana. Izimfundiso zika-Isaac babenomthelela omkhulu ekubukeni komfundi. UKant waphatha ngenkuthalo izifundo zakhe, naphezu kobunzima. Izintandokazi zefilosofi zibe yisayensi yemvelo nenembile: ifilosofi, i-physics, iMathematics. Isifundo sencwadi yezenkolo ye-cant savakashelwa kanye kuphela ngenxa yenhlonipho yakwa-Pastor Schultu.
Abantu besikhathi bengakaze bafinyelele imininingwane esemthethweni yokuthi uKant wafakwa ohlwini e-Albertine, ngakho-ke kungenzeka ukwahlulela ukuthi wafunda e-ThemOLOGY, kungenzeka kuphela ngokuqagela.
Lapho uKanta eneminyaka engu-13 ubudala, u-Anna Regina wagula futhi ngokushesha washona. Umndeni omkhulu bekufanele unciphise ukuphela kuhlangana. U-Imanuweli wayengelutho lokugqoka, futhi wayengenayo imali yokudla, ofunda nabo abacebile bondla. Kwesinye isikhathi izinsizwa zazingenazo izicathulo, futhi kwadingeka zibolekwe kubangane. Kepha kubo bonke ubunzima, lo mfo waphathwa ngombono wefilosofi wathi izinto ziyamlalela, hhayi okuphambene.
Ifilosofi
Ososayensi babelana ngobuhlakani befilosofi u-Immanuel Kant izikhathi ezimbili: Kubaluleke kakhulu futhi kubucayi. Isikhathi sangaphambi kwe-crochet ukwakheka komcabango wefilosofi weKant futhi ukuxolelwa kancane esikoleni sempisi yamaKristu, ifilosofi yalo ebuswa iJalimane. Isikhathi esibucayi emsebenzini we-cant - umcabango we-metaphysics njengesayensi, kanye nokwakhiwa kwemfundiso entsha, esekelwe emcabangweni wokwazi ukwazi.
I-eseyi lokuqala "imicabango ekuhlolweni zamabutho ophilayo weqiniso" Imanuweli ubhala eyunivesithi bedle uthisha Knutzen Nokho, umsebenzi ikhishwa 1749 ngenxa ngezinto ezibonakalayo Uncle Richter.
UCanta wehlulekile ukuqeda inyuvesi ngenxa yobunzima bezinto ezibonakalayo: Ngo-1746, uJohann Georg Kant uyafa, nokondla umndeni, u-Immanuver kufanele asebenze njengomfundisi wekhaya nokuqeqesha izingane ngemindeni yamanani, ezinkulu kanye nabapristi. Esikhathini sakhe samahhala, wabhala imibhalo yefilosofi, eyaba isisekelo somsebenzi wakhe.
Ngo-1755, i-Imanuel Kant ibuyile e-University of Königsberg ukuvikela i-dissertation "emlilweni" futhi yathola iziqu ze-master. Ekwindla, isazi sefilosofi sithola iziqu zobudokotela emkhakheni wolwazi "ukumbozwa okusha kwezimiso zokuqala zolwazi lwe-metaphysical" futhi luqala ukufundisa ukucabanga kanye ne-metaphysics eyunivesithi.
Esikhathini sokuqala kwemisebenzi ka-Imanuel Kant, intshisekelo yososayensi idonsela umsebenzi we-cosmogonic "umlando wemvelo wendawo yonke kanye nomqondo wesibhakabhaka", lapho ikant lilandisa ngemvelaphi yendawo yonke. Endabeni yakhe, uKanto uthembele hhayi kwi-theology, kodwa ku-physics.
Futhi ngalesi sikhathi, uKant ufunda umbono wesikhala ovela endaweni ebonakalayo futhi ufakazela ubukhona besizathu esiphakeme, lapho zonke izinto zempilo zempilo zivela khona. Usosayensi wayekholelwa ukuthi uma kunendaba, kusho ukuthi uNkulunkulu ukhona. Ngokusho kwefilosofi, umuntu kufanele aqaphele isidingo sokuba khona kwanoma ngubani osungula izinto ezibonakalayo. Lo mcabango kaKanta uzimisele emsebenzini waso osemqoka "ukuphela kokuhlinzekelwa kobukhona bukaNkulunkulu."
Isikhathi esibucayi emsebenzini kaCint savela lapho eqala ukufundisa okunengqondo ne-metaphysics eyunivesithi. I-hypothesis ka-Imanuel yashintsha hhayi ngokushesha, kepha kancane kancane. Ekuqaleni i-Imanuweli yashintsha imibono ngesikhathi nangesikhathi.
Bekusenkathini yokugxekwa kukaKant okwabhalwa ngomsebenzi ovelele ngokugaya, izimiso zokuziphatha kanye nobuhle: Imisebenzi yefilosofi yefilosofi yaba yisisekelo sokuzivocavoca emhlabeni. Ngo-1781, u-ImManuel wandisa i-biography yakhe yesayensi ngokubhala omunye womsebenzi wakhe oyisisekelo "ukuhlanza ama-razes ahlanzekile", lapho umqondo wokubaluleka kokugawulwa okuchazwe ngokuningiliziwe.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
UKant akazange ahluke ubuhle, wayekhula kancane, waba namahlombe amancanyana nesifuba sehlombe. Kodwa-ke, u-Imanuweli wazama ukuzondla ngokuhleleka kwabe vakashela i-Tailor kanye ne-hair devidresser.
Isazi sefilosofi sahola impilo yokutakula futhi asikaze sishade, ngombono wakhe, ubudlelwane bothando buzovimbela imisebenzi yesayensi. Ngalesi sizathu, usosayensi akazange aqale umndeni. Kodwa-ke, uKanto wathanda ubuhle besifazane futhi wakujabulela. Emnyakeni yobudala u-Imanuweli waphuphuthekiswa ngakwesobunxele ngakwesobunxele, ngesikhathi sasemini sacela ukuba abanye ubuhle bemusha bahlala ngakwesokunene nguye.
Akwaziwa ukuthi usosayensi usethandweni: uLouise Rebecca Fritz endulo wakhumbula ukuthi wayethanda kant. Futhi, uBorovsky uthe ifilosofi ethanda kabili futhi ihlose ukushada.
U-Imanuel akakaze aphuze wabona inqubo yosuku ngokunemba kwemizuzu. Wahamba zonke izinsuku ekhefini eyodwa, ukuze aphuze inkomishi yetiye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uKanta weza ngasikhathi sinye: Abalindi bekungafanele ngisho nokubheka abalindi. Lesi sici sefilosofi esiphathelene nezindlela ezijwayelekile azithandayo.
Usosayensi wayenempilo ebuthaka, kodwa wathuthukisa inhlanzeko yakhe yomzimba, ngakho waphila nokuguga. Njalo ekuseni u-Imanuweli waqala ngehora lesi-5. Ngaphandle kokususa ama-nightcles, uKant waya ehhovisi, lapho inkampani yesazi sefilosofi Martin Martin yalungiselela umnikazi inkomishi yetiye eliluhlaza elibuthakathaka neshubhu lokubhema. Ngokwezinkumbulo zikaMartin, uKant waba nesici esiyinqaba: ngenkathi esehhovisi, usosayensi ubeka i-triangum khona phezu kwe-cap cap. Wabe eseshayela kancane itiye, aphinda ahlanganisa ugwayi afunde uhlelo lwenkulumo ezayo. Esedeskini lomsebenzi, u-Imanuel wachitha okungenani amahora amabili.
Ngo-7 ekuseni, uKant washintsha washintsha waphuma waya ehholo lezinkulumo, lapho izilaleli zokuzinikela zilindile: kwesinye isikhathi ngisho nezihlalo ezintule. Wafunda izinkulumo kancane, anciphise imibono yefilosofi ngokuhlekisa.
U-Imanuel wanaka ngisho nemininingwane emincane emfanekisweni we-interlocutor, wayengeke akwazi ukuxhumana nomfundi owayegqoke kancane. UKant waze wakhohlwa ngisho nalokho akutshela abalaleli lapho ebona ukuthi omunye wabafundi wayengenazinkulungwane zehembe.
Ngemuva kwenkulumo yamahora amabili, ifezeli lefilosofi labuyele ehhovisi futhi lanqaba emuva emaphamumu ebusuku, i-cap yabeka i-tri-anthem evela phezulu. Edeskini, kant uchithe amahora ama-3 imizuzu engama-45.
U-Imanuweli wayeselungiselela ukwamukelwa kokudlela watshela ekhishini ukuthi alungiselele itafula: Isazi sefilosofi sazonda izicucu sodwa, ikakhulukazi ososayensi kanye ngosuku. Ithebula laligcwele ukudla, okuwukuphela kwento eyayingekhona ekudleni ubhiya. UKant akazange athande ukwanda kwe-malt futhi akholelwa ukuthi ubhiya, ngokungafani newayini, ukunambitheka okubi.
Ukhiphe isipuni esithandwayo sikaKant, esasigcina ngemali. Etafuleni kwaxoxa ngezindaba zenzeka emhlabeni, kodwa hhayi ifilosofi.
Ukushona
Insalela yempilo, usosayensi wayehlala endlini, echubeka ephumelele. Naphezu kokulandela ngokucophelela kwezempilo, isidumbu sefilosofi eneminyaka engu-75 saqala ukwenza buthaka, ekuqaleni, kwamshiya amandla emzimbeni, lapho isizathu saqala ukumlahla. Eminyakeni yakudala, uKant akakwazanga ukufundisa, nasetafuleni lesidlo sakusihlwa, usosayensi wathatha abangane abaseduze kuphela.
UKant washiya ukuhamba kwakhe okuthandayo futhi wahlala ekhaya. Isazi sefilosofi sazama ukubhala indatshana "uhlelo lwefilosofi emsulwa ngokuphelele" kodwa wayengenawo amandla anele.
Kamuva, usosayensi waqala ukukhohlwa la mazwi, futhi impilo yaqala ukushesha ngokushesha. Isazi sefilosofi esikhulu sashona ngoFebhuwari 12, 1804. Ngaphambi kokushona kukaKanta uthe: "I-Es Ist gut" ("kahle").
Wangcwatshwa ngu-Imanuweli ngaseCathedral of Königsberg, kwakhiwa i-chapel phezu kwethuna langaphambi.
I-Bibliography
- Ukugxekwa kwengqondo emsulwa;
- Ahlume kunoma iyiphi i-metaphysics yesikhathi esizayo;
- Ukugxekwa kwengqondo engokoqobo;
- Izisekelo ze-metaphysics yokuziphatha;
- Ukugxekwa kwekhono lokwahlulela;