I-Biograge
UPatrice Lumumba uwusopolitiki, uNdunankulu wokuqala weCongo ngemuva kokuthola inkululeko yawo, uphawu lomzabalazo wabantu base-Afrika ukuze bazimele.
UPatrice Emery Lumumba wazalwa ngoJulayi 2, 1925 esifundazweni saseKasaia Belgian Congo, emndenini wakwaFrances Francois Toleng, utshwala noJulienn Vamato Lomangei. Lapho bezalelwa uPatrice bakaTetla, bayala igama lika-Elias Okt'Asombo, okusho ukuthi "indlalifa kwaleli lahlali". ULumumba wayenabafowethu abathathu (u-Emil Kalem, Yen Clark noLouis Perhema Lumumba), kanye nomfowabo ohlanganisiwe weTolegan Jean.
UPatrice wafunda emndenini wamaKatolika wesikole samaProthestani, khona-ke esikoleni sezithunywa zevangeli samaKatolika kanye nonyaka owodwa eposini ezokuxhumana eposini, aphothula iziqu. Ngemuva kokuthola iziqu esikoleni, uPatrice wasebenza njengeposi eLeopoldville (manje - kinshasa, inhloko-dolobha yeCongo) kanye neStanlyville (kusukela ngo-1966, uKisangani ubizwa ngokuthi).
Ebusheni bakhe, uLumumba waba nesithakazelo emibonweni yefilosofi yokukhanyisa uJean-Jacques Rousseau neVoltaire. Ubuye walithanda uMoliere noVictor Hugo futhi babhala izinkondlo, eziningi zazo ezazisezindambeni zokulwa nempi.
Ipolitiki
Ngo-1955, uLumumba wajoyina iqembu le-Belgium leBelgium futhi waqala ukusabalalisa izincwadi zeqembu. Ngemuva kohambo lwesonto elingamasonto amathathu ukuya eBelgium, ngo-1955, uPatrice waboshwa ngamacala okugcwaliswa kwezimali. Ngemuva kokuthi uLumumba abuyisiwe imali, isigwebo sakhe seminyaka emibili sancishiswa saba unyaka owodwa.
Ngo-Okthoba 5, 1958, uLumumba, kanye nabanye abasebasha abasebasha, abathola imfundo enhle futhi bathumela izinhlanga ezihlukile, basungula iqembu eliphakathi kweCongo futhi laba ngumholi walo. I-NDK yalwelwa inkululeko yezwe, ukuhanjiswa kukahulumeni, ukuthuthukiswa komnotho nokungathathi hlangothi ezindabeni zamazwe omhlaba.
Ngokushesha, uLumumba waba ngumuntu odumile - wayenobuhlakani futhi wayenamakhono amahle kakhulu omculo. Ngo-December 1958, uLumumba wahamba njengomunye wabathumeli engqungqutheleni yabantu base-Afrika e-Accra (eGhana). Emhlanganweni wamazwe omhlaba, ohlelwe nguMongameli waseGhana Kwame NKruum, uLumumba uqiniswe ngokwengeziwe ekukhohlisweni kwakhe kwePananforkanist, futhi uNkruum wahlabeka umxhwele ngokuqonda kanye namakhono eLumumba.
Ngo-Okthoba 1959, uLumumba uboshelwe ukufunwa kokulwa nokulwa nokwebuthuli emasolini, lapho kwabulawa khona abantu abangama-30. ULumumba ugwetshwe izinyanga ezingama-69 ejele. Usuku lokuqala lwecala, ngoJanuwari 18, 1960, waba ngosuku lokuqala lwengqungquthela yeCongo yetafula eliyindilinga eBrussels, okuzayo kwekusasa leCongo.
Okhethweni lwasekhaya lukaDisemba, i-NDK yathola amavoti amaningi, yize uLumumba esejele. Ngenxa yengcindezi evela ezihambelweni, uPatrice wadedelwa futhi wamukelwa engqungqutheleni yeBrussels.
NgoJanuwari 27, 1960, inkululeko yeCongo yamenyezelwa engqungqutheleni. Ukhetho lukazwelonke lwalandelwa ngoMeyi, umphumela obaluleke kakhulu lapho ukunqoba kukaLumumba neNDK beba. NgoJuni 23, 1960, uLumumba oneminyaka engu-34 waba ngundunankulu wokuqala weCongo ezimele, noJoseph Casavuba waba ngumongameli.
Lapho egujwe usuku lokuzimela ngoJuni 30, abantu abaningi abasezingeni eliphakeme babekhona, kubandakanya neNkosi uBelgian BoBUEN. ULumumba wenza inkulumo ethuthukisiwe, ememezela ukuthi inkululeko yeCongo izovinjelwa ngegazi bese inqoba, hhayi isipho esiphanayo seBelgium. UPatrice waqeda ukukhuluma kwakhe ngamazwi adumile:
"Asiseyona izinkawu zakho!"Ngemuva kokuthola izwe leNkululeko, uLumumba waphakamisa amaholo kubo bonke abasebenzi bakahulumeni, ngaphandle kwabasebenzi be-Fors Pupil (Gendarmerie adalwe ngabakwaBelgian Colonizers) kunokuba bangenwe ukunganeliseki ezikhundleni zabo. NgoJulayi 5, 1960, ubunzima baseCongo baqala ukunyuselwa eLeopoldville naseStanlyville.
ULumumba usho emsakazweni, owalungiselela izinguquko ngokuphelele kuzo zonke izindawo, ngenxa yalokho ngemuva kwamasonto ambalwa yonke into engakubona enye ubuso beCongo. Naphezu kwemizamo kahulumeni, ukuvukela ezweni kwaqhubeka.
NgoJulayi 8, emzameni wokwenza lokhu, uLumumba waqamba kabusha isimo ePybblik ebukhosini bakazwelonke, wazama amabutho ase-Afrika, uqoqe i-Sergeant-Piktor Londul Commander-in, nendlunkulu yempi. Lezi zenzo zenziwe, yize kungenakubonwa kweLandela kanye namahemuhemu ngokuxhumana kwe-mobutu ne-Belgian and American Tellinnces Services.
Bonke abanye abaphathi baseYurophu bathathelwa indawo, kepha abanye babo bashiyelwa abeluleki. Ngosuku olulandelayo, ukuvukela kwasakazeka ezweni lonke. Kwalinganiselwa ukuthi kulezi zinsuku kwabulawa cishe ama-European amabili.
Ekuqaleni kukaJulayi, iBelgium yathumela abasebenzi bamasosha angama-6,000 eCongo, okusolakala ukuthi bavikele izakhamizi zabo ebudloveni. Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa kamuva, uLumumba wathumela i-Telegraph Nikita Khrushchev enesicelo sokusiza ngalesi simo esifundazweni saseKatanga, lapho inani elimhlophe elimhlophe nemithombo yamaminerali ligxile khona. Umholi weKatanga, uChomba wazimemezela ngokwakhe njengoMongameli wesifundazwe esizimele saseKatanga.
Isinqumo sokuphendukela e-USSR sijabulile, ikakhulukazi i-United States. NgoJulayi 24, uLumumba waya eNew York ezohlangana nonobhala jikelele we-UN Hammarshelder. Umhlangano kaLumumba uzwakalise ukungeneliseki kwakhe ngamabutho aseBelgian eCongo futhi wabuza eMelika American. Unobhala we-US Christian Germal Germal waqinisekisa ukuthi i-United States izosiza iCongo, kepha kuphela ngaphakathi kohlaka lwemizamo emikhulu ye-UN.
Ngemuva kokubuyela ezweni lakubo, ngo-August Lumumba umemezele isimo esiphuthumayo futhi sabiza ukuhlasela kukaKatanga. Ngosuku olufanayo, iSouth Kasia, engomakhelwane ngesifunda saseKatanga, imemezele ukuphuma kwayo eCongo.
ULumumba washeshe wayala amasosha amaCongo ukucindezela ukuvuselelwa engcupheni eningizimu - kule ngxenye yeCongo bekukhona imigqa yesitimela ehlakaniphile edingekayo emkhankasweni kaTatang. Ukuhlinzwa kuphumelele, kepha ngokushesha izingxabano zishintshele ebudloveni ubuzwe. Ibutho laqala ukuhlanganyela ekubulaweni kwabantu abaningi abanokuthula kukaBuba. Izakhamizi namakhanda aseNingizimu Kasia abheka ukuthi okunecala kuphela kulesi simo nguLumomba.
Ngemuva kwalokho uMengameli uCasevubu wonakalise obala ubumbano lwezepolitiki noLumumba, usho ukungabizeli kwemibono yakhe yokwakha isimo sobumbano. Ngaleso sikhathi, uLumumba wafuna ukuthi amabutho okugcina ukuthula wokuhlanza ukuthula asiza ekucindezeleni ukuvuselelwa, ukusongela ngokwaziswa kwamasosha aseSoviet uma kwenzeka ukwenqatshwa. ICasawabu iqale ukwesaba ukuthi i-State Coup yazokwenzeka ezweni, futhi kusihlwa ngoSepthemba 5, wamemezela umsakazo oxosha amaLumumba kanye nezikhonzi eziyisithupha zokubulawa kwabantu baseSouth Kasia naseCops yaseSoviet eCongo .
NgoSepthemba 14, uLumumba waboshwa ngaphansi kwendlu, lapho agcina ekwazile ukubaleka. Kepha ngoDisemba 1, ngokusekelwa kokudla okuvela e-United States naseBelgium, amabutho kaMbulu akwazi ukuthwebula uLumumba athathe i-LEOPOLVILLE. Kwakushiwo ukuthi uLumumba uzotholwa enecala lokuvuselelwa kwebutho enyameni nakwamanye amacala.
I-Soviet Union yafuna ukukhululwa kwePatrice, ibuyise njengenhloko kaHulumeni weCongo, izimemezelo zamandla weMobitu nokuphuma ngokushesha kwamaBelgians ezweni, kanye nokuboshwa kweMobutu. UHammarsheld uphendule wathi uma amabutho e-UN azosuswa eCongo, "konke kuzowa." Cishe akekho amalungu oMkhandlu Wezokuphepha we-UN akazange asekele i-USSR esifisweni sokusindisa uPatrice.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
ULumumba wayazi ukuthi uTetla ulimi, ongumnikazi waseFrance, kanye neLingala (ulimi lweqembu labantu be-bantuet), isiSwahili (izilimi ezinkulu kakhulu ze-bantian (izilimi ezinkulu kakhulu zaseBantian) noBuba (ulimi lwabantu base -bo).
Ngo-1951, uLumumba washada noPaulina Orangu, owamnika izingane ezinhlanu: UFrancois, uPatrien omncane, uJulien, uRoland noPatrice. Emgwebeni wasejele uLumumba wahlela ukushukumisela eGibhithe kumkakhe nezingane. Kamuva, indodana endala kunazo zonke uFrancois yathuthela eHungary, lapho ayithola khona imfundo ephakeme kanye neziqu zobudokotela emnothweni wezepolitiki.
Indodana encane kaLumumba, umfana - uPatrice, izalwa ezinyangeni eziyisithupha ngemuva kokushona kukayise, yenza njengomengameli okhethwayo okhethweni lwango-2006 eCongo, kodwa yathola amavoti angama-0.42% kuphela.
Ukushona
NgoDisemba 3, uLumumba noMkhulu wakhe uMaurice Mpolo noJoseph Okito bathunyelwa ebherki yamasosha ekamu elinzima, ukusuka lapho ngoJanuwari 17, 1961 ngendiza eKatanga, kwaChacom. Lapho efika, uLumumba washaywa ngabaphathi baseKathangan naseBelgian.
Kamuva ngalobo busuku, uPatrice wayiswa ehlathini lezithulu ukudubula. Ngesikhathi sokubulawa kwawo, kwakukhona i-chambomb kanye nongqongqoshe ababili; Ukudutshulwa kwenziwa ngabaphathi abane baseBelgian. Ukubulawa kwenzeka phakathi kuka-21: 40 no-21: 43. Emizimbeni kamuva wanquma ukuqeda - izidumbu zaxoshwa, zahlakazwa futhi zichithwe e-sulfuric acid, kanye nedayisi lokugaya futhi laphonswa.
Ukuqinisekiswa okusemthethweni kokufa kukaLumumba akutholanga amasonto ama-3, naphezu kwamahemuhemu. Futhi ngoFebhuwari 13 kuphela, umsakazo wamemezela ukuthi uLumumba ubulawa izakhamizi ezithukuthele ze-Katanga izinsuku ezintathu ngemuva kokuphunyuka ejele.
Ngemuva kokumemezela ukufa kukaLumumba, kwaqhutshwa imibhikisho yasemigwaqweni emazweni aseYurophu, naseNew York, ukuboniswa kokwakha umkhandlu wezokuphepha kwe-UN kwaholela ekulweni okunesihluku. Emehlweni awo wonke umhlaba, uChacombe wabonakala u-villain, noLumumba - umfel 'ukholo.
Kamuva, ukuhlonipha uLumumba, imigwaqo yabizelwa emizini yaseYurophu nasemadolobheni aseRussia, e-Ukraine, eTunisia, njll. Ngo-1961, uchungechunge lwezitampu zokuposa esinezithombe zaphezulu, kwaze kwaba ngu-1992 , inyuvesi yobungani bobungani eMoscow yayigqoka igama likaLumumba.