I-Biograge
UCharles Robert Darwin - isazi semvelo, imfundiso yokuphayona ngemvelaphi yokuphila emhlabeni kusuka kukhokho jikelele, ngokuvela kohlobo ngalunye. Umbhali wencwadi ethi "Imvelaphi Yezinhlobo", imfundiso yemvelaphi yomuntu, imiqondo yokukhethwa kwemvelo kanye nokobulili, isifundo sokuqala se-Etolodological "ukuvezwa kwemizwelo kubantu nasezilwaneni mayelana nezimbangela zokuziphendukela kwemvelo.
UCharles Darwin wazalwa ngoFebhuwari 12, 1809 eShripshire (eNgilandi) efeni laseDarwin Mount, eShrewsbury. URobert Darwin, uyise womfana, udokotela kanye nezezimali, indodana yososayensi isayensi yemvelo u-Erasmus Darwin. Umama uSusann Darwin, eMaiden - uWajwood, indodakazi yomculi jozayia wajwood. Izingane eziyisithupha zakhula emkhayeni weDarwin. Lo mndeni wavakashela eSontweni LaseKhadiania, kepha umama kaCharles ngaphambi komshado ungumbhali weSonto lase-Anglican.
Ngo-1817, uCharles wanikezwa isikole. UDarwin oneminyaka eyisishiyagalombili wahlangana nesayensi yemvelo futhi wenza izinyathelo zokuqala zokuqoqa. Ehlobo lika-1817, umama womfana ushonile. Ubaba wanika amadodana kaCharles no-Erasmus ngonyaka we-1818 baya egumbini lokugibela ngaphansi kweSonto lase-Anglican - Isikole seShrusbury.
UCharles akaphumelelanga ukutadisha. Kwanikezwa izilimi ezisindayo nezincwadi. Uthando olukhulu lomfana luqoqa amaqoqo nokuzingela. Ukuziphatha kukaYise nothisha akuzange kuphoqe ukuthi amaCharles angenele ingqondo, futhi ekugcineni bamhambile. Kamuva, uDarwin osemusha wabona enye inkanuko - chemistry, lapho uDarwin aze akhuzisa khona inhloko yendawo yokuzivocavoca. I-Gymnasium Charles Darwin iqediwe kude nemiphumela emihle.
Ngemuva kokuphothula iziqu endaweni yokuzivocavoca ngo-1825, uCharles, kanye nomfowabo, wangena e-Eversity of Edinburgh, eFactch of Medicine. Ngaphambi kokungena kule nsizwa yasebenza njengomsizi emkhakheni wezokwelapha kaYise.
E-University of Edinburgh, uDarwin wabamba iminyaka emibili. Ngalesi sikhathi, usosayensi wekusasa wawuqonda ukuthi umuthi wawungeyona ukubizwa. Umfundi wayeka ukuya ezinkulumweni futhi waphatha ukukhiqizwa kwezilwane ezigcwele. UCharles uthisha kule ndaba kwakuyinceku ekhululiwe uJohn Edmontone, owavakashela ohambweni lwase-Aramoni eqenjini laseNatomotor le-Waterton.
Ukutholwa kokuqala kweDarwin okwenziwe endaweni ye-anatomy yama-invertebrates asemanzini. Usebenza usosayensi osemusha owethulwa ngoMashi 1827 emhlanganweni wePliniyevsky Student Society, ilungu lakwa-1826. Emphakathini ofanayo, uDarwin osemusha wahlangana nokuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo. Ngaleso sikhathi, wasebenza njengomsizi waseRobert Edmond Grant. Kuzwakale inkambo yomlando wemvelo kaRobert Jamert, lapho athola khona ulwazi oluyisisekelo eGeology, asebenze namaqoqo aphethwe ngumnyuziyamu we-University of Edinburgh.
Izindaba eziphathelene nezifundo zeNdodana azizange zihole ukujabulisa uDarwin-Old. Ngabona ukuthi angikwazi ukuba ngudokotela ngoCharles, uRobert Darwin waphikelela ngokufika kweNdodana eKrelishi laseChrist Cambridge University. Yize izivakashi ze-plniyevsky Society zinyakazisa i-veru darwin ezimfundisweni zesonto, akazange aphikise nentando kaBaba, kwathi ngo-1828 wakhuthazelela izivivinyo zokungena eCambridge.
Ukutadisha eCambridge akukhanga kakhulu nguDarwin. Isikhathi sabafundi sasihlanza ukuzingela nokugibela amahhashi. Isifiso esisha savela - entomology. UCharles wangena embuthanweni wabaqoqi bezinambuzane. Usosayensi wesikhathi esizayo wenza abangane noSolwazi Cambridge John Stevens Genlola, owavula umfundi umnyango wezwe elimangalisayo leBotany. I-Gensall yethula uDarwin ngezikolo zemvelo eziholayo ngaleso sikhathi.
Ngendlela yokuhlolwa kokugcina, uDarwin waqala ukuphoqa impahla elahlekile ezifundweni eziphambili. Uthathe indawo eyi-10 emiphumeleni yemiphumela yezivivinyo zokukhishwa.
Uyahamba
Ngemuva kokuphothula iziqu ngo-1831, uCharles Darwin wasala eCambridge isikhashana. Wazinikela isikhathi sokutadisha imisebenzi ngoWilliam Paleley "Imfundiso yezemvelo" no-Alexander von Humboldt ("Pertery Natery"). Lezi zincwadi ziletha uDarwin emcabangweni wokuhambela izindawo ezishisayo ukutadisha isayensi yemvelo ekusebenzeni. Ukuqaliswa komqondo wokuhamba, uCharles waphasisa inkambo ye-geology ye-Adam Sedgevik, wabe esekushiya uMfu enza uMbuso waWales wamatshe eMpter.
Lapho ngifika ngivela eWales Darwin, ngangilinde incwadi kaSolwazi Gensall ngokuncoma kwekaputeni yomkhumbi we-Expeditary of the English Royal Fleet "Beagle" Robert Fitzroy. Umkhumbi ngaleso sikhathi waqhubeka nohambo oluya eSouth America, futhi uDarwin angathatha indawo yemvelo eqenjini. Kuliqiniso, isikhundla sasingakhokhelwa. Ubaba kaCharles wehlukaniswe ngokwesigaba ohambweni, futhi igama elithi "ngoMalume Charles, uJozane Muzwood II, asindise lesi simo. Intsha yemvelo yaya kohambo lomhlaba.
Uhambo lwaqala ngo-1831, futhi lwaphela ngo-Okthoba 2, 1836. I-Crew ye- "Beagle" yaholela emsebenzini ekudutshulweni kwe-cartographic of agwini. UDarwin ngaleso sikhathi wabhangqwa ebhange lokuqoqwa kwemibukiso ukuze iqoqo lomlando wemvelo kanye ne-geology. Wahola umbiko ogcwele ngokubuka kwakhe. Ngecala ngalinye elifanele, usosayensi wathumela ikhophi lamarekhodi eCambridge. Ngesikhathi sohambo, uDarwin waqoqa iqoqo elibanzi lezilwane, ingxenye enkulu yayo eyabiwe yi-invertebrate yasolwandle. Kuchaze ukwakheka kwendawo yolwandle oluningi.
Eduze naseziqhingini zaseGreen Cape Darwin kwathola ukutholwa kwethonya lesikhashana sokuphumula kwezinguquko zenkantolo ezisetshenziswe nguye ngokubhala ku-geology ngokuzayo.
EPatagonia, wathola izinsalela eziphithizelayo ze-megatarium yasendulo yesilwane. Ukuba khona eduze naye ngohlobo lwasemakhosini wesimanjemanje kufakazelwa ukunyamalala kwakamuva kwezinhlobo zezilwane. Ukutholwa kwabangela inzalo emibuthanweni yezesayensi yaseNgilandi.
Ukufundwa kwengxenye yeplastiki ezayo ye-patagonia, evula izingqimba zakudala zomhlaba, kwaholela eDarwin kuze kube sekupheleni kokungathembeki kwezinsolo eLileel "ekushayweni nasekufeni kwezinhlobo".
Ogwini lweChile, iqembu elithi "Beagle" lithola ukuzamazama komhlaba. UCharles wabona umhlaba ugxeka ngaphezu kwezinga lolwandle. E-Andes, wathola igobolondo lama-invertebrates asemanzini, aholela ososayensi ngokuqagela ngokuvela kwezinduna ezivimbelayo kanye nokuhanjiswa ngenxa yokuhamba kwe-tectonic ngenxa yokuqunjelwa komhlaba.
Eziqhingini zaseGalapagos, uDarwin wabona umehluko phakathi kwezinhlobo zezilwane zasekhaya ezivela ezihlotsheni zomhlaba kanye nabamele iziqhingi ezingomakhelwane. Into yocwaningo kwakuyimifudu emihle nezinyoni zihlekisa.
E-Australia, babona izilwane ezimangalisayo ezithule kanye neSunkonos ziyehluka kakhulu ezweni lezilwane lakwamanye amazwekazi uDarwin acabanga ngokungathi sína ngomunye umuntu "uMdali".
Ngeqembu le- "Beagle", uCharles Darwin wavakashela iCoconut Islands, iGreen Cape, isiqhingi saseTenerife, eBrazil, e-Argentina, e-Uruguay, emhlabathini ovuthayo. Ngokwemiphumela yolwazi oluqoqiwe, usosayensi udale imisebenzi yedayari yemvelo (1839), "uhambo lwe-zoology emkhunjini oshisayo (1840)," ukwakha kanye nokusabalalisa izirewu zamakhorali "(1842). Ngichaze into ethokozisayo yemvelo - ama-penitenshenes (amakristalu akhethekile eqhwa eqhweni leqhwa).
Ngemuva kokubuya ohambweni, uDarwin waqala ukuqoqa ukuqinisekiswa kwemibono yawo mayelana noshintsho ezinhlotsheni. Ukuphila endaweni yezenkolo ejulile, usosayensi waqonda ukuthi i-Theory yakhe ibukela phansi izimfundiso zokutholwa komyalo wezwe okhona. Wayekholelwa kuNkulunkulu, njengasesimweni esiphakeme kakhulu, kodwa wadumala ngokuphelele ebuKristwini. Ukuhamba kwakhe kokugcina esontweni kwenzeka ngemuva kokushona kwendodakazi ka-Ann ngo-1851. UDarwin akazange ayeke ukusiza isonto futhi anikeze ukusekelwa kumalungu esonto, kodwa ngesikhathi sokuvakashela umndeni wenkonzo yesonto wahamba wahamba. UDarwin wazibiza nge-agnostic.
Ngo-1838, uCharles Darwin waba ngunobhala womphakathi waseLondon Geological. Lokhu okuthunyelwe kuhlale kuze kube ngu-1841.
Imfundiso Yokwehla
Ngo-1837, uCharles Darwin waqala ukugcina idayari, ehlukanisa izinhlobo zezitshalo kanye nohlobo lwasekhaya. Waqamba amanga imicabango yakhe ekukhetheni kwemvelo. Amanothi okuqala ngemvelaphi yezinhlobo avele ngo-1842.
"Imvelaphi yezinhlobo" iyiqoqo lezimpikiswano eliqinisekisa umbono wokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Umongo wokuzivocavoca ukuthuthukiswa kancane kancane kwezinhlobo zezilwane ngokukhethwa kwemvelo. Izimiso ezibekwe kulo msebenzi zithole igama elithi "Darwinism" emphakathini wesayensi.
Ngo-1856, ukulungiswa kwenguqulo enwetshiwe yencwadi yaqala. Ngo-1859, ukukhanya kwabona izikhathi ezingama-1250 zabasebenzi "umsuka wezinhlobo zokukhethwa kwemvelo, noma ukulondolozwa kwezinhlobo eziwusizo emzabalazweni wokuphila." Incwadi yahlanganiswa ngezinsuku ezimbili. Ngesikhathi sokuphila kwaseDarwin, le ncwadi yaphuma ngesiDashi, isiRussia, isiNtaliyane, isiSwedish, isiDanishi, isiPolish, isiHungary, izilimi zaseSpain naseSerbia. I-Darwin isebenza iphrintwe futhi ithandwa manje. Umbono wososayensi we-Natural Scientist usasebenza futhi uyisisekelo semfundiso yesimanje yokuziphendukela kwemvelo.
Omunye umsebenzi obalulekile weDarwin "umsuka womuntu nokukhethwa ngokobulili." Kuyo, usosayensi waba nethiyori yokhokho ophelele kumuntu nangenkawu yesimanje. Usosayensi waqhuba ukuhlaziywa kwe-anatomical ukuqhathanisa, idatha yokumbwiza ngokuqhathaniswa, ngesisekelo esibonisa ukufana komuntu nenkawu (i-Samial theory ye-anthropogeneis).
Encwadini ethi "Ngokubonakaliswa Kwemizwa Kwabantu Nezilwane, uDarwin wachaza umuntu njengengxenye yeketanga lokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Umuntu onjengezinto eziphilayo ezithuthukiswe kusuka efomini lesilwane eliphansi kakhulu.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
UCharles Darwin washada ngo-1839. Kwakungathi sína ngomshado. Ngaphambi kokuthatha isinqumo, ngabhala ephepheni lonke "ngoba" kanye "nokumelene". Ngemuva kwesinqumo, "ukushada-ukushada-ukushada" ngoNovemba 11, 1838 wenza isiphakamiso ngumzala wakhe uVajwood. U-Emma uyindodakazi kaJosai Finenze II, umalume uCharles, ilungu lePhalamende nomnikazi wefektri ye-porcelain. Ngesikhathi somshado, umakoti waphenduka eneminyaka engama-30. Kuze kube yilapho uCharles Emma enqaba izandla nokunikelwayo kwenhliziyo. Le ntombazane yaholela ukuxhumana noDarwin phakathi neminyaka yokuhambela eSouth America. U-Emma - ufundiswe intombazane. Ubhale intshumayelo yesikole sasemakhaya, wafunda umculo eParis kusuka kuFrederick Chopin.
Umshado wenzeka ngoJanuwari 29th. Umshado eSontweni laseSheshi wabamba umakoti kaMfoweth 'uJohn John Allen Merchalwood. Abasanda kushada bahlala eLondon. NgoSepthemba 17, 1842, lo mndeni wathuthela edolobheni laseKent.
U-Emma noCharles bazalwa banezingane eziyishumi. Izingane zafinyelela esimweni esiphakeme emphakathini. Amadodana uGeorge, uFrancis noHorace babengamalungu eBritish Royal Society.
Izingane ezintathu zafa. UDarwin uxhume kabuhlungu bezingane ezinesibopho esihlobene nomunye no-Emma (umsebenzi womuntu "wobuntu bezizukulwane ezivela ekuphambukeni okusondelene nezinzuzo zokuwela okude").
Ukushona
UCharles Darwin ushone eneminyaka engama-73, Ephreli 19, 1882. Ukungcwatshwa eWestminster Abbey.
Ngemuva kokushona komyeni wakhe, u-Emma wathenga indlu eCambridge. Amadodakazi kaFrancis namaHorace akhiwe ekhaya eliseduze. ECambridge, umfelokazi waphila ebusika. Ehlobo wathuthela efa lomndeni eKent. Ushone ngo-Okthoba 7, 1896. Wangcwatshwa phansi, eduze komfowethu uDarwin - u-Erasmus.
Amaqiniso athakazelisayo
- UCharles Darwin wazalwa ngosuku ngolunye usuku no-Abraham Lincoln.
- Esithombeni, uDarwin ubukeka njengengonyama.
- Umsuka wezinhlobo zezilwane usubizelwe kakhulu ekuphrintiwe kwesithupha kuphela.
- UDarwin wabona izinhlobo ezintsha zezilwane kanye nombono we-gastronomic: wazama ukunambitha izitsha ezivela kuma-armadiors, izintshe, aguti, iguan.
- Ukuhlonipha usosayensi, kwakukhona izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane ezingandile.
- UDarwin akazange alahle izinkolelo zakhe: Kuze kube sekupheleni kwezinsuku, ziphila emndenini wezenkolo ngokujulile, wayesondelene nenkolo indoda engabaza.
- Uhambo "Beagles" lweluliwe esikhundleni seminyaka emibili.