I-Biograge
Igama laleli sefilosofi sefilosofi lijwayelekile kuwo wonke umuntu. I-Confucius iyi-Chinese edume kakhulu. Ukufundiswa komcabangi wakudala kususelwa kumibono yombuso. Kwathonya izimpilo ze-East Asia. I-Confucianism ayikaze ifakwe eChina ukubaluleka kwayo ubuBuddha. Yize izingqinamba zenkolo zefilosofi ye-concucianism azithinteki, igama likaConfucius lalibhalwe enkolweni yezenkolo.I-Confucius ngumsunguli emcabangweni wokwakha isimilo, iphelele yomphakathi. Ukulandela imithetho yefilosofi, umuntu uyobe evumelana naye kanye nezwe elingaphandle. Ukuthandwa kwama-aphorisms kanye nezahlulelo zikaConfucius akuphelanga futhi namakhulu angama-20 eminyaka ngemuva kokufa.
Ubuntwana nentsha
I-Biography kaKun, inzalo yayo eyiConfucius, ichazwa kahle izazi-mlando ze-Medieval China. UConfucius - inzalo ye-wei tzu, umkhuzi we-Emperor Dynasty Zhou Chen-Wan. Ngokwethembeka ku-Emperor Wei-Tzu uthole ukubekwa e-Perrisitionry of Sun neSihloko ZHU HOU HOU. Ngesikhathi sokuzalwa, ukudideka kwe-genus Wei Tzu kwase kugula futhi kwathuthela embusweni we-Lou enyakatho yeChina. Ubaba uConfucius Shlhunian wayenabafazi ababili. Owokuqala wabeletha amadodakazi ayisishiyagalolunye. Okwesibili wabeletha indodana, kepha kwafa umfana obuthakathaka.
Ngo-551 BC. UShuuang oneminyaka engu-63, wawumfantu wazala isancinza uYan Zhengezay, ngaleso sikhathi wawucishe ube yishumi nesikhombisa. Ngokusho kwenganekwane, yasuka egqumeni, ngaphansi kwesihlahla se-tite. Ngesikhathi sokuzalwa kwengane kusuka ngaphansi komhlabathi uthole umthombo asongelwe kuwo. Ngemuva kwamanzi, ukuvuza kuyeka. Ubaba waphila kafushane ngemuva kokuzalwa kweNdodana. Lapho ukudideka kwakungeyenye futhi nesigamu, uShilyan washiya lo mhlaba. U-Yan Zhengzay, owayengabafazi abadala abangakholeki, washiya indlu yomyeni wakhe wasondela ezihlotsheni zakhe, eTshufu. U-Yan Zhengzay nomfana baphila ngokuzimela. UConfucius kusukela ebuntwaneni kwadingeka wazi ukuncipha.
Umama uConfucius waphefumulela umfana ukuthi kufanele abe ngumlandeli ofanele wohlobo. Yize umndeni omncane uhlala ebuphofini, umfana wasebenza ngenkuthalo, wazi kahle ulwazi oludingekayo yi-aristocrat yaseChina. Ukunakwa okukhethekile kwakhokhelwa kwezobuciko. Ukukhuthala ezifundweni zakhe kwakunezithelo: UConfucius oneminyaka engu-20 ubudala waqokwa ukuba aphendule imigoqo yenhloko ye-Ji e-East China. Base bephendula izinkomo.
Imfundiso
UConfucius waphila ngesikhathi sokushona kwelanga kwe-Empire Zhou. Umbusi ulahlekelwe kancane kancane amandla, enikela ngombusi wezinto zomuntu ngamunye ngediphozithi. Idivaysi yozakhamizi yombuso yehle. Izimpi ze-Internatial zaholela abantu ukuba bahlukumeze.
Ngo-528 BC Ns. U-Yan Zhengzay ushonile, umama uConfucius. Ukulandela amasiko okulila isihlobo, washiya iminyaka emithathu eyesiyekile. Lokhu kunakekelwa kwavumela isazi sefilosofi ukuba sihlole izincwadi zasendulo futhi zidale inkomba yefilosofi emithethweni yobudlelwano ekwakheni isimo esivumelanayo.
Lapho ifilosofi eneminyaka engama-44 ubudala, yabekwa umbusi wendawo yokuhlala engokwezinye izikhulu zikaLou. Isikhathi esithile wayeyinhloko yenkonzo yokwahlulela. Ukusuka ekuphakameni kwesiteshi, uConfucius wanxusa igunya lokujezisa abantu kuphela uma kwenzeka ukungalaleli, kanti kwezinye izimo - "ukuchaza abantu imisebenzi yabo nokufunda."
UConfucius usebenze isikhashana yisikhulu sezikhulu eziningi. Kepha akunakwenzeka ukuthobeka nenqubomgomo entsha yombuso eyenziwe yasula. Waqala ukugibela eChina kanye nabafundi, eshumayela imfundiso yefilosofi.
Ngonyaka we-60 kuphela weConfucius ebuyela kuNative Tsuufu yakhe futhi akazange ashiye ekufeni. Konke impilo yakhe yonke iConfucius ibanjelwe abafundi, ukusebenza ekuhlelweni kohlelo lwencwadi ehlakaniphile ye-China: "Izincwadi zezingoma", "izincwadi zokushintsha" zefilosofi yaseChina. Wamafa akwaBASASA WAMAHHALA WE-Confucius uqobo, ubuqiniso bokuphela komuntu - "intwasahlobo kanye nekwindla" kumiswa ngokuthembekile.
Izazi-mlando zaseChina zinabafundi abayizinkulungwane ezintathu zefilosofi, kepha baziwa ngokuthembekile ngo-26. Yan-yuan ibhekwa njengomfundi owuthandayo weConfucius.
Ngokusho kwezingcaphuno zezitatimende zefilosofi yasendulo, abafundi bakhe babehlanganisa incwadi yamazwi e- "Lun Yu" ("izingxoxo kanye nezahlulelo"). Idalwe yi-da-xye ("imfundiso enkulu") - incwadi ekhuluma ngendlela yokwenza ngcono umuntu, "zhong-yun" ("Bhuka cishe maphakathi") - mayelana nendlela yokuqonda ukuvumelana.
Confucianism
Esikhathini seBhodi le-Han Dynasty (ngekhulu 2 leminyaka BC - 3 Ad ad) Yakhiwa ukufundisa kukaConfucius kwakhiwa esigabeni semibono yombuso ophakathi noMuso Lombuso. Ngalesi sikhathi, uConfucianism waba yinsika yokuziphatha okuhle kwaseChina futhi kwakha indlela yokuphila yabantu baseChina. IConfucianism idlale indima enqumayo ekwakhekeni kokubonakala kwempucuko yaseChina.
Isisekelo sefilosofi ye-confucian ukwakhiwa komphakathi, isisekelo saso esivumelana. Ilungu ngalinye lalo mphakathi lisendaweni yalo futhi lenze umsebenzi olungiselelwe kulo. Isisekelo sobudlelwano phakathi kweziqongo neNizami sethembekile. Ifilosofi eyakhelwe ezimfanelweni ezinhlanu eziphambili ezenzeka kumuntu olungileyo: inhlonipho, ubulungisa, isiko, ukuhlakanipha, ukuhlonishwa.
"Zhen" - "Inhlonipho", "Ukuphana", "Nomusa", isigaba esiyisisekelo sefilosofi yaseChina. Lokhu kuyisisekelo sothando lwesihlanu okufanele umuntu athole khona. I-Zhen ifaka phakathi izingxenye ezintathu eziyinhloko: uthando nobubele kubantu, isimo esifanele sabantu ababili phakathi kwabo, isimo sengqondo somuntu emhlabeni jikelele, kubandakanya nezikhonzi ezingaphili. Le ndoda, yaqondakala nguZhen, ilingana nomhlaba wangaphandle, yenza "umthetho wegolide wokuziphatha": "Musa ukubeka okuthile ongakufuni." Uphawu "Zhen" - isihlahla.
"Futhi" - "Ubulungisa". Umuntu olandelayo "no-" akwenzeki ezithembisweni zobugovu, kodwa ngoba indlela "futhi" iyiqiniso kuphela. Kususelwa ekubuyiselweni: Abazali bavuswa, futhi ukubonga ukubahlonipha. "Futhi" ezilinganisweni "Zhen", kunika umuntu ubunzima ngokubhekana ne-egoism. Indoda enhle ifuna ubulungiswa. Uphawu "kanye" - Metal.
"Lee" - "Isiko", kusho "ukuhlonishwa", "Ethics", "umkhosi". Kulomqondo, isazi sefilosofi saseChina sitshalile imali ngenxa yemikhakha yokuziphatha kwezingxabano ezibushelelezi ezivimba isimo sobumbano bomhlaba. Indoda eyayikwazi "uLee," ayigcini nje ngokudumisa abadala, kodwa futhi iyaqonda indima yabo emphakathini. Uphawu "lee" - umlilo.
"Ji" - "Ukuhlakanipha". "Ji" - ikhwalithi yomuntu omuhle. UJi "ojwayelekile" uhlukanisa umuntu esilwaneni, "uJi" ukhulula ngokungangabazeki, hhayi ukunikela ngenkantolo. Ukulwa nobuwula. Isibonakaliso ku-Confucianism ngamanzi.
"XIN" - "Izikhombo". Othembekile nguyena ozizwa kahle. Elinye inani ukholo oluhle futhi lukhululekile. "I-Blue" Balances "Ritial", ivimbela ukungathembeki. "I-XIN" ihambelana nomhlaba.
I-Lura ithuthukise uhlelo lokuthola umgomo. Ngokusho kwefilosofi, uma ulandela ayisishiyagalolunye emithethweni eyinhloko, ungaba umuntu ophumelelayo:
- Iya kunhloso yakho, noma kancane, ngaphandle kokuma.
- Gcina ithuluzi lakho lilola: Inhlanhla yakho incike ekutheni uzilungiselele kahle kangakanani.
- Musa ukushintsha inhloso: kuphela izindlela zokufeza kwazo azibalulekile.
- Yenza izinto ezibaluleke ngempela nezijabulisayo kuwe, usebenzisa imizamo ephezulu.
- Xhumana kuphela nalabo abakhulile: uzokuhola.
- Sebenzela wena, yenza okuhle, umhlaba osondele kuwe uyisibuko sangaphakathi sakho sangaphakathi.
- Ungavumeli ukuthukwa kukufihla phansi kusuka endleleni, okubi akukudonsele okuhle kuwe.
- Lawula ulaka lwakho: kukho konke okufanele ukhokhe.
- Bukela abantu: Wonke umuntu angakufundisa okuthile noma axwayise.
Ngokuphikisana noConfucianism eChina, enye inombolo yezikole zefilosofi zivamile. Sekukonke kunezindawo eziyikhulu. Indawo eyinhloko ithathwa yiTaoosm, eyasungulwa nguLao Tzu noZhuang-Ji.
Emfundisweni yefilosofi, uLao Tzu ugcizelela ukuxhumana kwethu okungenakuqhathaniswa nesikhala. Kumuntu ngamunye kunendlela eyodwa eyenzelwe ngaphezulu. Abantu abajwayelekile ukuthonya idivaysi yomhlaba. Indlela yesintu ukuthobeka. ILao Tzu ifuna umuntu ukuthi angazami ukuthonya inkambo yemicimbi ezungezile. I-Taoism iyifilosofi enesiqalo esiyimfihlakalo, esibonakala emizweni yabantu. IConfucianism ngezizathu zayo zikhanga ingqondo yomuntu.
EYurophu, iConfuciia yafunda maphakathi nekhulu le-XVII - ngokufika kwemfashini kukho konke okuxhumene nesiko laseMpumalanga. Uhlelo lokuqala lukaLun Yuya ngesiLatini lwaphuma ngo-1687. Ngalesi sikhathi, isithunywa sevangeli samaJesuit sasithola umfutho, kubandakanya neChina. Izivakashi zokuqala ezivela eMiddle Kingdom ziza eYurophu, ezazishisa isithakazelo somphakathi kwangaziwa nakwazanga.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Eminyakeni engu-19, uConfucius washada noKikoan Shea, intombazane yendabuko. Lo mndeni wazalwa ulizibulo ukuthi, kwaziwa kakhulu ngokuthi iBo-Yu. Ngemuva kwalokho uKikoan Shi wabeletha nendodakazi.Ukushona
Ngobudala abangama-66, umfelososo wefilosofi. Lapho eshona ilanga lokuphila, wanikela ngaso sonke isikhathi kubafundi endlini yakhe edolobheni laseQuifu. UConfucius ushone ngo-479 BC. e., Eminyakeni engama-72. Ngaphambi kokufa, walala ebuthongweni wezinsuku eziyisikhombisa.
Edolobheni laseTshufu (isifundazwe saseShandong, e-East China) esizeni sendlu yabacabangayo yasendulo bakha ithempeli. Ngemuva kokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo eziseduzane nokuhlaselwa, isakhiwo sesikhule saya ethempelini lezinhlaka. Indawo yokungcwaba yeConfucius kanye nabafundi - Into yokuhamba uhambo vele ineminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezimbili. Ngo-1994, u-UNESCO waletha inkemba yethempeli, indlu yakwaConfucius kanye nehlathi elimzungezile "ezintweni zamagugu amagugu omhlaba."
Indawo yesibili ngemuva kokuthi ithempeli e-Quifu lihlalwa yi-Beijing Temple of Confucius. Wavula iminyango ngo-1302. Indawo yenkimbinkimbi ingu-20,000 m². Ensimini kunamagceke amane emi ekhondweni "elisenyakatho-eningizimu". Egcekeni lokuqala, amapuleti angama-198, etsheni lawo ngo-51624 aqanjwe ngabantu abathole iziqu zeJinshi (izinga eliphakeme kakhulu lezivivinyo ze-imperial. Ethempelini laseBeijing Kunama-189 ama-steles avela etsheni, lapho "amashumi amathathu aqanjiwe" eConfucius aqoshwe.
Ukukhumbula
Ngonyaka emva kokushona kukaConfucius eChina, ukugujwa kwenkumbulo yefilosofi eNkhulu kwaqala. Izehlakalo zeSikhumbuzo esitimeleni saqala ngo-1984, ke - umkhosi wamazwe omhlaba wesiko leConfucian. ICongreses kuConfucianism iqhutshwa eChina. Ngokuthola impumelelo eMkhakheni Wezemfundo, imiklomelo umklomelo ogama lakhe lingu-Confucius. Ngo-2009, iChina yagubha iminyaka engama-2560 yomcabangi.
Kusukela ngo-2004, "izikhungo zeConfucius" zivulwe emhlabeni. Umqondo wokudala ukuthandwa kwamasiko nolimi lwesiShayina. Izikhungo zeConfucius Herbates abafundi nothisha eChina. Hlela izingqungquthela zeKitai zihlelekile, bamba ukuhlolwa kolimi lwe-HSK. Ngaphezu kwe- "Institutes" eyasungulwa "Amakilasi" e-Profile Enye: Umuthi, Ibhizinisi, njll. Ukuxhaswa ngezimali nokusekelwa kuhlinzeka ngoMnyango Wezemfundo Wezemfundo Kanye Nezikhungo Zokulingisa.
Ngo-2010, kwadedelwa i-biography yaseConfucius lapho kuqashwa. Iqhaza eliphambili lenziwa yiChow Yunfat. Iphrojekthi le yabangela ukungqubuzana okuningi okuvela ezilalelini nabagxeki. AmaShayina abala ukuthi umlingisi asebenze ngoConfucius kakhulu ezimpini namafilimu mayelana nobuciko bempi. Ngeke akwazi ukuhambisa kahle isithombe soMfundisi Omkhulu, aphendule isazi sefilosofi e-Kung Fu ". Izilaleli zaphazanyiswa ngolimi lomlingisi weCantonese (Chow Yunfat kusuka eHong Kong), njengoba ifilimu idutshulwe ngolimi lukaPutunhua.
Indlalifa eqondile eConfucius Kun Jian imangalela inkampani yamafilimu, ifuna ukususa ingxoxo ne-nan-tzu kusuka kwifilimu "yothando".
UConfucius wahlangabezana nezinye izithombe eziningi zomlando waseChina, kwesinye isikhathi ezibangela ukubhikisha ezihlokweni ze-ethnographicies. Ngegama lesazi sefilosofi, umzekeliso omningi we-ironic namahlaya axhunyiwe. Ngakho-ke, isazi-mlando saseChina uGzgani seluleka ngokuthi "Thatha ukudideka okukodwa ngasikhathi."
Quotes Confucius
- "Injabulo yilapho uyakuqonda, injabulo enkulu yilapho ukuthanda wena, injabulo yangempela yilapho ukuthanda"
- "Khetha owakho umsebenzi, futhi akudingeki usebenzele usuku olulodwa empilweni yakho."
- "Izinto ezintathu ngeke ziphinde zibuyele emuva - isikhathi, igama, ithuba. Ngakho-ke: Ungalahli isikhathi, khetha amagama, ungaphuthelwa ithuba "
- "Uma ukhafulela ngemuva, khona-ke useseza"
I-Bibliography
- "Izingxoxo Nezahlulelo"
- "Ukufundisa Okukhulu"
- "Bhuka Maphakathi"
- "Confucius ngothando"
- "Lunoweli. Esithi "
- "Confucius. Izifundo Zokuhlakanipha »
- "Confucius. Ukwamukela. Incwadi yezingoma namaculo "
- "Confucius ngebhizinisi"