I-Biograge
UFernan Magellan wagcwalisa iphupho likaChristopher Columbus futhi waba ngowokuqala owavakashela emhlabeni wonke. I-Navigator yenza ukutholakala kwalokhu: Waba ngumfaki wezindawo ezintsha futhi waba nobunzima, futhi wafakazela nokuthi umhlaba uthambile.
Imvamisa kwenzeka ukuthi indawo nesikhathi sokuzalwa kwabantu abakhulu akwaziwa. I-biography enembile kaFernan Magellan ayifikanga kubantu besikhathi, ngakho-ke ungahlulela impilo ye-navigator kuphela ngokuqagela ososayensi.
Ngokusho kwezazi-mlando, uFernan wazalwa ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-15, ngo-1480. Kepha mayelana nosuku lokuzalwa, ososayensi baphambuka ngombono: Abanye bakholelwa ukuthi lo mcimbi wenzeka ngo-Okthoba 17, kanti abanye bayaqiniseka ukuthi umgibeli wesikhathi esizayo wazalwa ngoNovemba 20. Idolobha laseMagellan libhekwa njengedolobhana laseSabrose, elitholakala ePortugal, noma edolobheni ethekwini ezweni elifanayo. Abazali bakaFernan baziwa nangokuthi baziwa: Babesekilasini elimpofu, kodwa elihle. Ubaba Rui (Rodrigo) uDi Magalyaine wakhonza i-Alcald, futhi yini umama womhambi we-Alda de Mosquito (Mishkit), akasaziwa.
Ngaphezu kukaFernan emndenini kwakukhona izingane ezine.
Lapho i-Navigator yesikhathi esizayo ineminyaka eyi-12, wayeyinceku enkantolo kaLeonora Alisian, umlingani weNkosi yasePortugatha i-II uJouana II ephelele. Esikhundleni semikhosi yenkantolo kanye nothango lwenceku engafanele, isayensi enembile yayinesifiso sokuthi: Ikhasi livame ukuthatha umhlalaphansi egumbini futhi lifundwe ngezinkanyezi, i-cosmography kanye nokuzulazula.
Enkonzweni yephakethe lenkantolo, umgibeli wesikhathi esizayo wahlala iminyaka engama-24.
Ukuphuma
Ngo-1498, amaPutukezi avula indlela yolwandle eya e-India, ngakho-ke lapho uFernun Manellan ebeka iminyaka engama-25 ubudala, umhambi wesikhathi esizayo eshiya ivolontiya esetshenzelwa enkonzweni, bese enqoba i-East ngaphansi kobuholi kaFrancischi di ameeida.
Ngemuva kokusebenzela imikhumbi yasolwandle iminyaka emi-5, uMagellan uzama ukubuyela ezweni lakubo, kodwa ngenxa yezimo ezisele eNdiya. Ngoba isibindi esibonisiwe nesibindi, uFernan uthola isihloko sesikhulu nodumo phakathi kwamasosha.
Ngo-1512, uMagellan ubuyela ePorton eLisbon. Naphezu kwesibindi esibonisiwe ngesikhathi ukunqotshwa kwaseMpumalanga, ezweni lezwe lase-Navigator ngaphandle kokuhlonishwa.
Ngesikhathi sokucindezelwa ukuvukela eMorocco, uMagellan walinyazwa emlenzeni wakhe, owenza i-navigator yesiPutukezi i-chrome impilo, ngakho-ke kwaphoqeleka ukuthi iphoyisa laphoqeleka ukuba lishiye phansi izintambo.
Uhambo emhlabeni wonke
Esikhathini sakhe samahhala, isihambi safunda imilando eyimfihlo yenkosi yasePortugal, lapho kwakunguFernan futhi ngathola imephu yakudala yabanye uMartin Bejhema. I-navigator ithola ubunzima obuxhuma i-Atlantic Ocean ngolwandle oluseningizimu engachazeki. Imephu yeGerman Geographher futhi iphefumulelwe uFernan olwandle.
Ngesikhathi sokwamukelwa komuntu, uMbusi uMagellan ucela imvume yokuxoshwa kwasolwandle, kepha uthola ukwenqaba ngenxa yokuthi wenza ngokucindezelwa kwesiphithiphithi saseMoroccal ngokuzenzela okuzenzele okwenzeke ngenkosi yesihlanu yePortul Manuel kuqala. Isizathu sokwenqaba kwakuyiqiniso lokuthi iKing ithumele umkhumbi waya eNdiya ezungeze i-Afrika, ngakho angizange ngibone izinzuzo esigwemeni saseMagellan.
Kepha uManuel unikeza ukuqonda uFernan, ongeke akwazi ukuveza ukungamlingani uma umhambi eshiya inkonzo yasePortugal. Umshuwalense ngokwenqaba okukhulu nentukuthelo yeNkosi iPornan uFernan uya eLangeni, eSpain, lapho ethenga khona indlu futhi aqhubeke nokusebenza emcabangweni wolwandle lwasolwandle emhlabeni wonke.
Ngekhulu le-15, emazweni aseYurophu, ukuthatheka kwezindawo zaseMpumalanga kanye nezinongo zathathwa njengegolide. EYurophu, izinongo zenziwa, futhi ama-Arabhu athengise emakethe ngentengo ephakeme. Abacebile ngalezozinsuku babiza ngamahlaya amahlandla.
Ngakho-ke, okushiwo ukuvela kwezilwandle kwakuwukuvula indlela emfushane kakhulu eziqhingini zaseNdiya zezinongo. ESpain, uFernan ukhuluma nge- "Chamber of Contracts" ngomqondo wohambo lwasemaal, kepha akatholi ukwesekwa kwehhovisi. I-huang de aranda ethile ethembisa uMagtellane ukusiza ngo-20% wenzuzo uma ngabe ulwandle lunqobile iziqhingi zezinongo zizophumelela. Kepha uFernan, ngosizo lomngane ka-Astrolodom, uRui Feller wangena esivumelwaneni esizumayo, esasiqinisekiswa ngokusemthethweni ngesifo somuntu sesishiyagalombili senzuzo.
Ngokusho kombhalo odonswa nguPapa ngo-1493: Izindawo ezazembulelwa e-East zazingabantu zasePortugal, futhi entshonalanga yaba yindawo yaseSpain. Inkosi yezwe laseSolar Karl yavuma uhambo lukalwandle lukaFernana Magellan ngoMashi 22, 1518. UMbusi wayenethemba lokuthi uzofakazela ukuthi iziqhingi ezicebile lapho i-walnut emnyama ne-walnut emnyama ekhula khona eNtshonalanga, futhi, ngenxa yalokho, yize ngaleso sikhathi i-portuguese corona, yize ngaleso sikhathi iCoruguese Corona yasePortugal yayingaphansi kwesivumelwano seTordeslim.
Abasolwandle bathola isabelo esisodwa samashumi amabili avela kuyo yonke ingcebo ebekwe ngesikhathi sokuphuma.
Ukubhukuda kwemikhumbi elungiselelwe ngezindawo zokudla, obani ababezokwanele iminyaka emibili yokuhlala emkhunjini. Imikhumbi emi-5 Ihlanganyele eSAVLovania:
- Trinidad (Flagship Ship Magellan),
- "San Antonio",
- "Umqondo",
- "IVictoria",
- "Santiago".
Umgibeli omkhulu wayala iTrinidad, futhi uSangyago waphatha uJuan Serran. Eminye imikhumbi emithathu, abamele abaphambili babengabameli be-Spanish NOBILITY, futhi, naphezu kwesilinganiso sokuhamba, abasolwandle babegaxekile. AbaseSpain abanelisekile ngeqiniso lokuthi uhambo oluzungezile emhlabeni, umongo wawukuthi wafezekisa i-ESIA ngokulandela entshonalanga, uyala amaPutukezi, anqabile ukulalela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uFernan akazange adalule uhlelo lokusebenza, okwabangela izinsolo ezivela kwi-Commander. Inkosi yaseSpain yawa wayala uMagellan ukutholwa, kepha abaseSpain baphetha ngesivumelwano esiyimfihlo phakathi kwabo, okuzosuswa ngukaputeni wasePortugali, uma kunesidingo.
Umngane kaMagellan, isazi sezinkanyezi uRui Fallira, akakwazanga ukubamba iqhaza kulolu hambo, ngoba waqala ukuhlaselwa kobuhlanya.
Ukuhamba komhlaba kukaFernan Magellan kwaqala ngoSepthemba 20, 1519, amatilosi angama-256 asuka ethekwini lakwaSan Lucaras ebheke eCanary Islands.
Isitsha sasishukumisela eside ogwini olusempumalanga yeSouth America ngokufuna ulwandle eseningizimu. Iqembu le-magellan laba abathola i-Archipelago izwe elivuthayo elisendaweni eseningizimu yezwekazi futhi lihle kakhulu, lahlulela isithombe sanamuhla. AmaPutukezi ayekholelwa ukuthi iqembu leziqhingi liyingxenye ebalulekile ye- "Southern Land". Lezi ziqhingi zazibonakala zingenalutho, kodwa lapho abahambi behamba ngomkhumbi, amalambu akhanyiswa ebusuku. UFernan wayekholelwa ukuthi lokhu kuyiziqhumane zentaba-mlilo, wanikeza i-architalago igama elihlotshaniswa nomlilo. Kepha eqinisweni, lokhu amaNdiya anamathele.
Umkhumbi wabanjwa phakathi kwePatagonia kanye nomlilo womlilo (i-strait ibizwa nge-magellan manje), khona-ke abahambi babese-Pacific Ocean.
Kusukela ohambweni lomhlaba, owenza uFernan, wafakazela ukuthi umhlaba unesimo sebhola, ngo-1081 usuku lokubhukuda ngo-1522, umkhumbi owodwa kuphela "uVictoria" wabuya namatilosi ayi-18, u-Elkano ayala ngalo.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Ngaphandle, uFernan Magellan akazange afane nenzalo yenhle, njengoba ikhumbuza okungaphezu komlimi; wayenokubukeka okuvamile, ukuqina okuqinile nokukhula okuphansi. Isihambi sikholwe ukuthi kumuntu okuyinto esemqoka akuyona idatha yangaphandle, kodwa isenzo sakhe.
Eseningizimu yeSpain, uFernan Magellan uhlangana noDiego Barbosa futhi ashade nendodakazi yakhe, ubuhle Beatrice. Othandekayo uzalwa indodana efa ngenxa yokugula. Unkosikazi kaFernan wazama ukubeletha ingane yesibili, kodwa akazange asukume, wafa. Ngakho-ke, umhambi omkhulu wayengenazo izinzalo.
Ukushona
Yize uhambo olulungiselelwe ukudla okubalulekile kokudla ngaphambi kohambo, ngemuva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa zemikhiqizo namanzi aphela. Ngenxa yokuntuleka kokudla, ama-navigators kwadingeka ahlafuna ama-casing amaseyili ukuze okungenani kube khona indlala encane. Abahambi balahlekelwe ngama-navigatori angama-21 abafa ngenxa yokukhathala ne-zing.
Amatilosi, angawabonanga uSushi Long, afika esiFundazweni sasePhilippine. Iqembu le-magellan langenza ukudla okugcinwe futhi liqhubeke nokuya emhlabeni emhlabeni wonke, kepha uFernan wayehilelekile engxabanweni nenhloko yesiqhingi saseMactan Lapu-Lupu. IsiPutukezi safuna ukukhombisa abomdabu bamandla aseSpain kubashokobezi futhi bahlele uhambo lwamasosha abhekene neMaktan. Kepha, ukumangala kwabaseYurophu, balahleka ngenxa yokuqeqeshwa okunganele kanye nobuntu babashokobezi.
Ngesikhathi sezimpi zakwaFernan Magellan ebulewe, kwenzeka ngo-Ephreli 27, 1521.