I-Biograge
Ngekhulu le-17, izibonakaliso zokuqala zenkululeko zivele eNgilandi. Lapho amanyuvesi efundisa imfundiso yenkolo kanye neziphetho zika-Aristotle, ifilosofi yakudala yasikhohliwe, isayensi yemvelo yafika izongena esikhundleni. Futhi, ngekhulu le-17 eNgilandi liyimpi yombango, ebhalwe ngokushintshwa kancane kancane kwenkosi ngokuphelele kuMthethosisekelo. Ngaleso sikhathi, isazi sefilosofi esikhulu saseNgilandi uJohn Lofke sazalwa, emsebenzi wakhe sasisekelwe ngesisekelo somkhuba wefilosofi wefilosofi.Ubuntwana nentsha
Isazi sefilosofi esizayo sazalwa ngo-1632 edolobhaneni elincane laseRing ringtone, eliseduze neBristol County.
Ubaba weBoy John Lofke wayengomunye wabameli abahamba phambili esifundeni ababephila ekuchumeni.
UJohn Sr. Ukuzwakala, ngaleso sikhathi, lapho uNgilandi ebusa uKarl I, wakhonza njengokaputeni we-Cromwell Army ngesikhathi sePhalamende. Ngesikhathi sokuvukela, i-Locke Peerer ngenxa yokuphana okungakaze kwenzeke kulahlekelwe yimali yakhe yonke, enikeza imali kwabaswele. Ngakho-ke, uBaba wafundisa iNdodana okudingeka uzame ukuphila umphakathi.
Ukusuka e-biography kaMama wesosayensi, kwaziwa ukuthi igama lakhe lentombazana - inkosi. Imininingwane engaphezulu ngowesifazane owakhuphula isazi sefilosofi kubantu besikhathi ngesikhathi bengafikanga.
Umfana wakhulela emndenini ophikisayo, akekho ubaba, noma umama owayesekela lo mkhosi ngokuphelele, futhi futhi akazange akwese umbuso weSonto Lase-Anglican elivelele.
Abazali bakaJohane bakhuphuka iNdodana, ngamunye wabo wenza owakhe umnikelo wakhe ekukhuleni komfana. Ngakho-ke kusukela kuYise ka-Locke Jr. kuzuze ifa lenkululeko kanye nomusa ezintweni ezincane zansuku zonke, futhi kusukela kwisiliphu sefilosofi sikamama sazuza njengefa.
Owesifazane wayesaba ukulahlekelwa yizingane, ngoba uMfoweth 'uJohm washona ebuntwaneni ngenxa yempilo ebuthakathaka. Ngakho-ke, umama we-Locke waphila ukwesaba kwaphakade phambi kukaNkulunkulu futhi wathandaza njalo.
Umfana wakhuliswa enkolweni futhi eqinile, emithethweni yePuritan. Esikhathini esiningi, umfana wahlanganyela kuYise, ethuthukisa eyakhe indlela, okuthi, ngokuzayo, uJohn JR. uncome.
UJohn Senior wabamba indodana yakhe kude nawe nasekulaleleni okugcwele. Ube esevumele umfana avumele ukuthi umfana asondele, futhi ithoni embi nemiyalo yathuthela ezeluleko empilweni. Kancane kancane, "umphathi" no "abangaphansi" balingana phakathi kwabo futhi bahlotshaniswa nobungane obuqinile.
I-Locke yakhula inomfana onesiphiwo futhi ifundwe kahle. Umngani kababa, uColonel Alexander Popham, welulekwa ukuba anikeze uJohn Jr. esikoleni saseWestminster.
Izingodosofi zefilosofi ezihaha ngokweqile zithi u-Locke wayengumfundi omuhle kakhulu esikoleni: umfana kuzo zonke izifundo eziphathwa ngenkuthalo nangokuseduze.
Ngo-1652, ukhiye ungena e-University of Oxford, lapho afunda khona umuthi, isiGreki nesiLatini, izincwadi, njll. Isayensi Yemvelo Kwabafundi Osebancane bafundisa uRobert Boyle ngokwakhe. Eminyakeni ye-University, i-Lofke yaqala ukuhileleka kwifilosofi yezibalo, uRené Descartes, owaba ekuqaleni kokubuka komhlaba okwenziwe ngumfundi.
Ukuvuka kwentshisekelo kaJohn Locke kwagqugquzela uthisha wakhe nomeluleki wakhe uRobert Boyle.
UDescartes wafundisa ukonyathisa amazwi angenalutho angenangqondo, kulowo wonke uJohane wacabanga ukuthi kukholwa ukuthi abafowethu babengudadewabo katalente.
Futhi, isazi sefilosofi esizayo saqala ukunamathela ezimfundisweni zikaJohn Wilkins, owayehlobene nesayensi, futhi usosayensi uRichard Losewe ubeka uthando lwensizwa ngomuthi.
Umbono wolwazi
UJohn Lofke ubhala incwadi yakhe esemqoka "isipiliyoni sokuhlaziywa komuntu" ngo-1690. Izimfundiso zika-WeCKE zifake isandla kwizesayensi ezisebenza "emibonweni yokuzalwa", ezithatha umsuka kwifilosofi yasendulo yamaSulumane ama-Plato, bese lo mqondo ubheka ama-Descartes ngekhulu le-17, omisebenzi yakhe wafunda uJohn Locke.
"Imibono ye-Congenional" Ulwazi lomuntu olungeke luthengwe, njengoba lungasuselwa kumizwa. Okungukuthi, lezo zimiso eziholela ekuvumeleni komuntu kwendawo yonke ngenxa ye- "intamba yemvelo".
Kepha uJohn Lofke akazange awuxhase lo mbono, kodwa nakaphambene, wenza esendabeni yakhe ngokuvumba okuvela endaweni ehlukile yokubuka. Ngokusho kwefilosofi, abantu bakhetha imibono ethile (ngokwesibonelo, ukutholwa kwezokwelapha) hhayi ngenxa ye- "yebo", kodwa ngenxa yokusebenza. Usosayensi wayekholelwa ukuthi isisekelo solwazi lomuntu siyisipiliyoni sempilo esakhiwe emithonjeni yenyama.
Imibono eyinkimbinkimbi yenziwa ngesizathu futhi iqukethe imibono elula. Futhi kuvela imibono elula ngenxa yesipiliyoni sempilo yomuntu ngamunye: umuntu "iphepha elingenalutho", eligcwele impilo i-Reflexia.
Ngakho-ke, uJohn Locke uxosha ngezinkambo, ezabhala ukuthi umphefumulo uhlala ucabanga, futhi ukucabanga kuwuphawu lwaphakade lomphefumlo.
Ngokusho kwesazi sefilosofi sesiNgisi, ulwazi lusipiliyoni, futhi ngokusho kwe-Descartes, ukucabanga kuyisimo somuntu.
UJohn Lofke ungumcabangi omkhulu we-English wekhulu le-19, kepha zonke iziphetho zososayensi azikhiqizwa ngokuzimela, kepha ngenxa yezinye izibalo. Ngakho-ke, naphezu kokuchazwa okujabulisayo komcabango, uJohn Lofke ungumbhali ongagcwalisiwe womqondo wefilosofi.
Esimweni sobunhloli somuntu ", ithonya le-Psychologist Thomas Gobbs kanye ne-physics ka-Isaac Newton ingalandelelwa.
Umqondo wale ndawo ulele eqinisweni lokuthi umhlaba ukhawulelwe futhi isikhala siphansi kokuzithoba kwengqondo ephezulu kakhulu - uNkulunkulu. Isidalwa ngasinye sixhumana nabanye futhi sinenhloso yaso. Inhloso yomuntu ulwazi nokuhlonipha uNkulunkulu, ngenxa yalokho kuyamangaza emhlabeni futhi ezweni elihlukile.
-Obandla
Ngemuva kokuphela okuhle kwe-Oxford University, i-Locke ifundisa izilimi zasendulo iminyaka embalwa, kepha ngokushesha ishiya lokhu okuthunyelwe, ngokwamukela umnikelo wokubala u-Ashley Cooper Shefstbury. Lapho u-Anthony egula kakhulu, uJohn Lotke wabeka ukuxilongwa okulungile. Igrafu egulayo iphakamise uJohn ukuthi asebenze njengodokotela wasekhaya futhi akhulise abafana ababili.
Ngaleso sikhathi, i-Locke ibhalela umngani uClairka izincwadi futhi ichaza umbono wokukhuliswa. U-Edward waqoqa ngenkuthalo izincwadi zefilosofi ezasebenza njengesisekelo semisebenzi yabasebenzi abasebenza ngezindawo "zemfundo."
UJohn wayeqiniseka ukuthi izenzo zomuntu axhomezeki ekuboneni kwazo, kodwa zivela emfundweni, ezikhiqiza umlingiswa, intando nentando yomuntu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokusho kwe-Locke, imfundo yenyama kufanele ikhule ngasikhathi sinye ngokomoya. Okomzimba ekuthuthukisweni kwenhlanzeko nempilo, nangokomoya ekuthuthukiseni isimilo nesithunzi.
Imicabango ebekiwe ezincwadini zikaClairki zibonisa ukuthi lo kasiwa we-Locke akhuphuka kanjani:
- Ukuthuthukiswa komzimba, ukuhambisana nesiyalo esiqinile, isimo sosuku nokwamukelwa kokudla okulula;
- Izivivinyo zemfundo kanye nemidlalo;
- Ingane kufanele ihambisane nesifiso futhi yenze okushukumisa ingqondo nokuthi ayiphikisani nokuziphatha;
- Kusukela esemncane, izingane zidinga ukufundisa imikhuba emihle;
- Ukujeziswa komzimba kwengane kwenzeka kuphela ngokungalaleli okuhlelekile nokuziphatha kwesidlo sakusihlwa.
Imibono Yezepolitiki
Ukubukwa kwezwe lezepolitiki kukaJohn Locke kwakhiwa ebuntwaneni ngenxa yabazali.
Ukusuka ekubukeni kwezwe lezombusazwe kwe-Locke, umbono wenguquko yentando yeningi, evezwe emibhalweni yefilosofi: "Ilungelo labantu ekuvukeleni kukaTyranny" kanye "noLwamukeli ka-1688".
Ngokusho kwefilosofi mayelana noMbuso, kufanele kuqinisekise inkululeko yomuntu siqu namalungelo abantu emvelo. Ebhodini le-Locke lithi iziphathimandla kufanele zikhethwe ngabantu, umuntu kufanele alalele umthetho owamukelwa ngokujwayelekile, futhi hhayi ukuphekela kokuzenzekela kwabantu abaningi.
UJohn naye waqala wabeka phambili umbono wokuhlukaniswa kweziphathimandla futhi wawukuzinikela emcabangweni wenkontileka yomphakathi.
Umbuso unesibopho sokuqinisekisa ukuvikelwa komuntu ngamunye kanye namagugu awo, kanye nokuxazulula imisebenzi yemvelo yobugebengu. Ngakho-ke, i-Locke inomqondo wesifundazwe somthethosisekelo somthethosisekelo kanye namandla okushaya umthetho.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Ekushayeni kanye nesizungu, uJohn Loftke weqe Kanta. Kubonakala sengathi isazi sefilosofi esikhulu ngumuntu ophilayo othanda impilo. Kodwa-ke, ukube uKant wanendlu nenceku ngasekupheleni kwempilo yakhe, khona-ke i-Locke ayinayo enye. UJohnn wayengenamakhaya achitha impilo yonke emakhaya aphesheya njengomfundisi, isibonelo - indaba eno-Anthony.
UJohn akazange azibeke umgomo wokuthola imisebenzi emiphakathi, zonke izenzo zakhe ziqhelelene. Wayeganwe ngudokotela wakhe lapho othile embuza, kwezepolitiki zafunda lapho kungenzeka, njll.
UPick John Lofke akazange akhaphele lokho okubonakalayo ezweni lezinto ezibonakalayo, futhi wayelungiselela impilo yesikhathi esizayo, eyahlulela umbhalo ongcwele, ilindele umuntu emhlabeni wezwe. Kungenzeka ukuchaza lokhu njengenhlawulo yendawo kanye nempilo yayo ebuthakathaka. Kwesinye isikhathi abantu ababuhlungu bahlala isikhathi eside, kepha bahlala belungiselela ukufa, bazihlole njengezivakashi kulomhlaba.
Abekho abafazi nezingane zososayensi. I-Locke izamile ukuhlanganisa imiqondo emibili ephikisanayo - inkolo nesayensi.
Ukushona
Iminyaka yokugcina yokuphila, u-Locke wachitha endlini yezwe noMashem oyedwa ojwayelekile, owathatha indawo indodakazi yakhe. Owesifazane wayithanda i-polosopher, ngakho izimilo zika-Locke zibuse umndeni wakhe.
Ekugugeni, u-Locke walahlekelwa ukuzwa kwakhe, kunokuba wayedabukile kakhulu, ngoba akazange azwe abathile bawo.
Isazi sefilosofi safa ngenxa yesifo somoya somoya ngo-Okthoba 28, 1704 eneminyaka engama-72. Usosayensi ungcwatshwe eduze nendawo yokugcina yokuhlala.
Amacaphuna
- "Noma iyiphi inkanuko ivela ekujabuleni noma ekuhluphekeni."
- "Akunakwenzeka ukuthi kunokuthile okudingekayo olwazini, impilo ethule nempumelelo yazo zonke izindaba kunekhono lomuntu ukuba nemicabango yabo."
- "Isibindi sangempela sivezwa ekutholeni okuzolile nasekugcwalisekeni okungenakwenzeka kwesikweletu sakhe, naphezu kwanoma yiziphi izinhlekelele nezingozi."
- "Izenzo ezingamashumi amabili zingathethelelwa hhayi ukwephulwa okukodwa kweqiniso."
- "Endodeni, kukhuliswe kabi, isibindi kuba rude ..."