I-Biograge
UThomas Jefferson ungumongameli wesithathu wase-US, umsunguli kababa we-American Nature, umbhali weSimemezelo Sokuzimela.
Usopolitiki wesikhathi esizayo wazalwa ngo-Ephreli 13, 1743 edolobheni laseShumielle, eVirginia, ngaleso sikhathi okwakuthathwa njengekoloni, emndenini wabatshali abanethonya. Okhokho bakaTeter Jefferson babevela eWales English County. Umama uJane Landolph wayehlobene kakhulu noSihlalo wokuqala weCongress Congcuress. Eminyakeni emibili ngemuva kokuzalwa kukaThomas, umndeni wathuthela efenikazi, eyaqhubeka ngemuva kokushona komnikazi - uColonel William Randelf.
Lapho eneminyaka engu-9, uThomas waqala ukuqeqeshwa esikoleni saseWilliam Douglas, lapho izisekelo zesiLatini, zafundiswa izilimi zasendulo zamaGrikhi neziFulentshi. Ngemuva kweminyaka eyisithupha, umfana unikeza iminyaka emibili esikhungweni semfundo, owahola umpristi uJames Mori. Kusukela ngalesi sikhathi, ubaba kaTomas usedlulile, osemusha uzixazulula okwesikhashana endlini kaMori. Ngesikhathi sezifundo zakhe, umfana wathola ulwazi oludingekayo lomlando kanye nesayensi eqondile. Ngo-1760, uThomas uba ngumfundi waseWilliamsburg College "uWilliam noMariya", lapho akhetha khona ukutadisha isifundo sefilosofi, izibalo kanye nomthetho.
Uthisha, uProfesa uWilliam omncane wethula le nsizwa ngemisebenzi yososayensi abavelele. U-Isaac Newton, John Locke And Francis Bacon - ubuhlakani abathathu, obuthonya ukwakheka kokubukwa komhlaba kanye nokubukwa kwezepolitiki kwe-FUTHI MAHHALA. Wawazisa kakhulu uJefferson osemusha nemisebenzi yezazi zefilosofi zasendulo nama-playwrights, okufundwa kwawo uhlelo lolimi lwesiGrikhi lwasendulo. Ngaphezu kwezinto eziphambili, uJefferson wafunda ukudlala i-violin.
Insizwa engenazo izinkulumo kanye nemisebenzi yomuntu ngamunye, insizwa esetshenzisiwe kuyo inkampani yaseSokresnikov, ihambela izehlakalo ze-Secret Student Society "Club of Flat Hats" noma amabhola ahlelwe eMbusion uVirginia Francis Forhore. Lokhu akuzange kuvimbele uThomas ukuthi aqede ukufundwa ngamamaki aphezulu kakhulu ezifundweni afundwayo. Iminyaka emihlanu, i-aristocrat yachitha ekubuseni ubuqili ngaphansi kokuholwa nguGeorge Vita, okwathi ngemuva kwalokho waqala umsebenzi wakhe ozimele ngummeli.
Ipolitiki
Iminyaka emibili yomsebenzi wezomthetho, ngo-1769, uJefferson ukhethwa nguVirginia Culusionals obambe iqhaza. Ngo-1774, ngemuva kokusayinwa kwezenzo ezinqunyelwe yiPhalamende laseBritish entshonalanga, uThomas ushicilela umyalezo ekubuyekezweni komndeni kweBritish America, okubonisa inhloso yamakoloni ukuze wethule umbuso. UJefferson ngesibindi ugxeka imisebenzi yePhalamende lesiNgisi kunokubanga uzwela kubantu.
Ngisho nangaphambi kokuqala kwempi yenkululeko ebusika bango-1775, uThomas uba yilungu leCongress Conglow. Kwaphela iminyaka emibili, kwalungiswa "ukumenyezelwa kwenkululeko", usuku lokutholwa kwalo kwakunguJulayi 4, 1776 - waba usuku olusemthethweni lokuzalwa kwesizwe saseMelika. Imibono yezepolitiki yezepolitiki, ngaphezu kokusebenzisa ngohlobo lwencwadi eyinhloko yase-US, uThomas Jefferson wethulwe endabeni yendabuko yaseVirginia, lapho kwakhethwa khona ngo-1779 ngumbusi. Ngo-1781-1782, uThomas usebenza ngomsebenzi we- "Amanothi esifundazweni saseVirginia", ngokubhala athola ngayo isihloko sososayensi we-Encyclopedist. Ukubhalwa kwashicilelwa ngemuva kokuphela kwezobutha.
Kusukela ngo-1785, uJefferson uba yinxusa lensizwa eFrance, kodwa uyaqhubeka nokwenza umthetho e-United States. Ngokwembango kaJefferson, umbhali walungisa umbhali woMthethosisekelo kanye noBill ngamalungelo weCongressman James Madison. Ukubuya ngemuva kweminyaka engu-5 ezweni lakubo, usopolitiki uthola isikhundla soMbhala Kahulumeni Wase-US wokuqala futhi ungena ezinhlwini zeDemocratic Republiphal. EPhalamende, amalungu eqembu akhuthaza imibono yenkululeko yokuzikhethela yombuso ngamunye nenqubomgomo yezolimo yombuso, okwenza ukubheja ngokulima kanye nezandla zezandla ezincane.
Isimemezelo senkululeko
Ukumenyezelwa kwenkululeko kwakhiwa abalobi abahlanu: UThomas Jefferson, uJohn Adams, uBenjamin Franklin, uRoger Sherman noRobert Livivieston. Esigabeni sokugcina, idokhumenti yahlanjululwa izinsuku eziyi-17 ngomuntu oyedwa - uThomas Jefferson, ngemuva kwalokho abathuthukisi abasele kanye nabamele izinhlaka zokuphatha eziyi-13 basayiniwe.
Esigabeni sokuqala, ama-postutas amathathu okulingana kwabantu amenyezelwa: ilungelo lokuphila, inkululeko nempahla. Ingxenye yesibili nelesithathu yesimemezelo ifakwe ubukhosi obukhona bamakoloni nenqubomgomo yokungaphazanyiswa kwe-UK empilweni yezifundazwe.
Imibono Yezombusazwe
Izindlu zikaJefferson zenza ukugxekwa koMthethosisekelo wokuqala wase-United States, okungazange kukhawulele inani lezinsuku zokugcina ukuze kukhethwe umuntu oyedwa ehhovisi likaMongameli. Izimfuneko zokwehliswa kweJefferson zibonwe ekukhuleni kokukhiqizwa kwemisebenzi enkulu. Usopolitiki wayeqiniseka ukuthi isisekelo somnotho oqinile ngumphakathi wamapulazi wangasese amahhala.
Inkululeko yomuntu ayisebenzi kuphela empilweni yakhe nasendaweni yakhe, kodwa futhi naselungelo lokuveza imicabango obala. Ukukhanyiselwa kwabantu kugcizelela umphakathi mahhala. Ngakho-ke, zonke izakhamizi zinamalungelo okuthola imfundo. UJefferson wenziwa ukwahlukaniswa kombuso kanye nesonto. Kamuva, isazi sefilosofi sizokwakha ukuhunyushwa kwaKhe okwakhe 'kweTestamente Elisha', okuphoqelekile kuyo yonke le eyekhulu leminyaka ukuzonikezwa obongameli bezwe. Usopolitiki akavunyelwana nenhlangano kahulumeni, eyamenyezelwa nguMthethosisekelo we-1787. UThomas wakhuthaza inzuzo yamandla wombuso phambi kukahulumeni omkhulu.
UMongameli we-U.S.A
Eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-4 ngaphambi kwesikhathi sikaMongameli sokuqala, uThomas Jefferson ukhethwe yiPhini likaMongameli wase-United States, kwathi ngo-1801 kuba ngumongameli wombuso. Lapho eposini, uThomas wenza izinguquko eziningi. Uhlela uhlelo lweqembu le-oboir-oolar leCongress, linciphisa ibutho, imikhumbi liye kubuncane obuncane, izimoto kanye nezinto zokusebenza. Inwebisa umqondo wokusekelwa kombuso ezinhlangeni ezine ezibalulekile zezomnotho: ama-agrarians, abathengisi, imboni ekhanyayo nokuthumela.
Ngo-1803, uLouisiana uba nguLouisiana ngaphansi kwenkontileka yokuthengisa neFrance. Izindleko zokuthengiselana ngaleso sikhathi zabalwa ama- $ 15 million ekupheleni kwesikhathi sesibili sikaMongameli, uThomas Jefferson unikeza ubudlelwano bezombusazwe noMbuso WaseRussia. Ukuze uvikele i-United States kusuka kwizindleko ezingalindelekile futhi uvikele inkululeko yezwe, uJefferson usayina isimemezelo ekuphelisweni kokuhweba kwangaphandle ngesikhathi sempi eYurophu ngeNapoleon Bonaparte. Ukuhamba okunjalo kwaba yiphutha futhi kulimaze iMelika, kunciphisa okwesikhashana ukukhula komnotho kombuso.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Umfazi wokuqala nowukuphela koyedwa uThomas Jefferson waba udadewabo wesibili kaMarta Weils Skelton, lapho usopolitiki wekusasa washada khona iminyaka engama-29. UMartha Jefferson wazalelwa emndenini kaJohn noMartha Wales, kodwa ngesonto ngemuva kokuzalwa kwengane, kusho umama wentombazane. UMarta wathola imfundo enhle yasekhaya: wayenezilimi eziningana zakwamanye amazwe, wacula, funda izinkondlo, wadlala upiyano. Le ntombazane yahlukaniswa umlingiswa ophilayo, inhliziyo enomusa nokubukeka okuhle.
Umakoti ngesikhathi somshado noJefferson usevele wawunabafelokazi futhi wakhulisa indodana emshadweni wokuqala. Umlingani wokuqala usho eminyakeni emibili ngemuva komklamo wobudlelwano. Umshado wesibili kaMarthas waphumelela kakhudlwana. Umlingani kaMongameli wesithathu wase-United States wayengeyena nje ubuhle futhi abe yinkosikazi enhle, kodwa futhi nomshikashika omuhle kakhulu wama-Thomas aqondayo aqondayo.
UJefferson wajabula iminyaka eyi-10 efeniso langasese efeni. Ngalesi sikhathi, babenezingane eziyisithupha, ezine zazo zafa ebuntwaneni. Lo mbhangqwana wawunamadodakazi amabili: uMartha, abazali abathandana nabo ababizwa ngokuthi uPatsy, noMariya.
Ngo-1782, wabeleza indodakazi yokugcina, uMarta wafela ezandleni zakhe kumyeni we-loover. E-Odra Thomas efayo yafunga umngane wakwakho ongashadanga futhi, futhi agcina izwi. Ngakho-ke kwaqeda indaba yothando uThomas noMartha Jefferson.
Noma kunjalo, eFrance, inxusa laseMelika lavuka inoveli ngeParisian Maria Coosay. Ubudlelwano nentokazi eshadile kamuva yaphenduka yaba yimibhalo enobungane, lapho uThomas noMaria abaholwa kuze kube izinsuku zokugcina zokuphila. EParis, obunye ubudlelwane bothando beMongameli yesikhathi esizayo ye-United States yavela. Isancinza sikaTomase saba inceku encane, iKrONTUSKA Sally Hemings, udadewabo wezwe laseMartha oyedwa kuyise.
Intombazane ingahlala kumahhala eYurophu, kepha yakhetha ukubuyela e-USA, lapho, ehlala endlini kaJefferson, yazala izingane eziyisishiyagalombili. Izimbangi zoMongameli wesithathu ziveze ubuhlobo bothando lwe-aristocrat nenceku, lapho uJefferson aphendule khona ukuthula. Ngokusho kobuchwepheshe be-DNA, obephethwe vele ngekhulu lama-21, munye kuphela wamadodana kaSally ayenguJefferson. Ezinye izingane zazalwa zivela kubahloli abahlukahlukene.
Ukushona
Ngemuva kweHhovisi likaMongameli, uThomas Jefferson wagcina ehlala efeni lakhe e-Monticello yakhe, eyakhelwe kuphrojekthi yobunjiniyela yomnikazi. UThomas wayenekhono ngezindlela eziningi: ngaphezu koMthetho noMthetho, usopolitiki wawubandakanyekile ekwakhiweni, ukusungulwa, kwakha ifenisha yasekhaya.
Umtapo wezincwadi womuntu uJefferson wahlanganisa izincwadi eziyinkulungwane eziyi-6.5. Ngemuva kokushona komcabangi, izihlobo zidlulisela amagugu e-Congress Library. Usopolitiki wansuku zonke wahola izincwadi ezinezingqondo ezingcono kakhulu zesimanje, wasuka ezinhlamvu ezingamakhulu amathathu ngosuku.
Ukufa koMdali "Isimemezelo Senkululeko" saphefumulelwa ngoJulayi 4, 1826, ngosuku lokugubha iminyaka engamashumi ayisihlanu yokwamukelwa kombhalo oyisisekelo weSizwe saseMelika. UJefferson wangcwatshwa eMonticello. Ngo-1923, umnikazi we-manor wawela uMbuso, namhlanjesi masiko ayingxenye ye-UNESCO World Heritage.
Amaqiniso athakazelisayo
Amaqiniso amaningana athakazelisayo ahambisana negama ne-biography kaThomas Jefferson:
- Imemori yabamongameli abavelele ibanjwa ezimpawu ezisonkalweni se-US Monk. Ngokwezwi le-dollar ebhange, isithombe soMongameli wokuqala wezwe uGeorge Washington wabekwa; ngo-dollar amabili - umfanekiso kaThomas Jefferson; KuPyddollar - isithombe sika-Abraham Lincoln; I-Banknote engamashumi amabili nesi-Oddrall imelelwa ngumfanekiso ka-Andrew Jackson, kanye namahlanu - u-Ulysses Grant.
- Ngo-1804-1806, kwahanjiswa entshonalanga endle, ogwini lolwandlekazi lwePacific, oluholwa nguMeriezer Lewis noWilliam Clark. Iqembu labantu abangama-33 bavula amazwe amasha, iNew River Columbia, yasayina isivumelwano sokuthula nezizwe zaseNdiya.
- UThomas Jefferson wayengeyena umcabangi kanye nesazi sefilosofi, kodwa futhi nomsunguli. Isibonelo, usosayensi onekhono waqhamuka nedivaysi ukuthi izinyathelo zomuntu zibheka ngesikhathi sokuhamba.
- UThomas Jefferson wakhombisa amakhono ozakhiwo. Usopolitiki owenzelwe futhi waqeda ingxenye yezakhiwo ezakhiweni ezimhlophe, lapho kukhona khona amathoyilethi amabili ahlukene atholakala. Kuze kube nguMongameli wesithathu, abasebenzi besakhiwo sikahulumeni baseMelika bavakashele indlu yangasese emgwaqweni.
Amacaphuna
Izingcaphuno ezidume kakhulu zeJefferson:
- Musa ukuhlehlisa kusasa okungenziwa namuhla.
- Ngomoya we-mertenary wezohwebo, akukho zwe eliyizwe, noma imizwa, noma izimiso - elinye likulo.
- Imithetho kumele ihambisane nentuthuko yomphefumlo womuntu.
- Ngezikhathi ezithile, umuthi wenkululeko kufanele unisele igazi lama-TIranans kanye nezabalalelo.
- Kuphela abantu abahlala beqhubeka ngokwenzekayo banelungelo lokukhetha uhulumeni.