I-Biograge
UMartin Luther King ungumuntu omkhulu kakhulu waseMelika, umlobi wamalungelo abantu nenkululeko. Isikhulumi esizalelwa ngaphansi saba i-laureate yoMklomelo Wezwe weNobel, futhi imibono yayo yokulingana yaba yisisekelo somphakathi wesimanje ohloniphekile. Le ndoda isibe yisithonjana sikazwelonke sokulwa nokwahlukanisa e-United States, nangombono wakhe iningi labantu emhlabeni wonke livumelana.Ubuntwana nentsha
Ngekhulu lama-20 eYurophu. Yize ubugqila bekhanseliwe ngoDisemba 1865 ngenxa yempi yombango, isimo sengqondo mayelana nezingxenye zombala zabantu emphakathini wokubandlulula awuzange uzishintshe, ngoba uMbuso osezingeni lomthetho akenzi lutho ukuvikela abantu abanesikhumba esimnyama.
Umbala waphulwa ngamalungelo futhi wabheka abantu bebanga lesibili. Abakwazanga ukuthola umsebenzi ojwayelekile futhi bancishwa ilungelo lokukhetha. EMelika, ngemuva kweMpi Yombango, imithetho engekho emthethweni yakwaJohn Crowe, ngokusho kwayo okuncane okunemibala engakwazanga ukuma engxenyeni enomhlophe. Abantu babizelwe inani lezinhlamvu okungenani nengxenyana encane yeGazi le-Negro.
Ngalesi sikhathi, uMartin Luther King wazalwa ngoJanuwari 15, 1929, uMartin Luther King wazalelwa edolobheni lase-Atlanta, eGeorgia, eseningizimu yeMelika. Eningizimu, iningi labantu beNegro lekilasi eliphakathi ligxile.
Ubaba kaMartin Luther King Martin Luther King wayengumfundisi esontweni laseBaptist, futhi umama u-Albert Williams inkosi emshadweni wasebenza njengomfundisi. Inhloko yomndeni ekuqaleni yabizwa nguMichael, kodwa yashintsha igama lakhe negama leNdodana lapho lineminyaka engu-6.
UMartin Jr. wayeyingane yesibili emndenini, futhi angasho ukuthi amaKhosi ayehlala kabi: Umndeni wempi yesikhathi esizayo ngokulingana ungelo lesi sifundo ngaphezulu kwesilinganiso futhi saphila ngokuchuma.
INkosi yakhuliswa endaweni eqinile nenkolo, yabazali ngezinye izikhathi babesebenzisa isijeziso esingokomzimba. Kepha uMartin Senior no-Albert Williams bazama ukuvikela indodana yakhe ekuzondeni kwabazoba nobuhlanga.
Lapho umfana eneminyaka eyisithupha, umngani wakhe owayedlala naye egcekeni, ngokuzumayo wathi umama ngeke avume ukuba abangane noMartin, ngoba amnyama. Ngemuva kuka-Albert, uWilliams wazama ukuncoma umfana wathi uMartin wayengemuhle kunabanye.
Lapho uKingo eneminyaka eyishumi nane, wahlabelela ekwathini yesonto lamaBaptist. Ngaleso sikhathi, u-Atlanta wayengukuphela kwefilimu "ehambile ngomoya", futhi ikwaya ebambe iqhaza kulo mcimbi.
Usopolitiki wesikhathi esizayo akazange athuthukiswe ngonyaka, uMartin Luther King ehlonishwayo efundwe esikoleni seNegro. Umfana bekungafanele aqede amakilasi angu-9 no-12, njengoba afunda ngokuzimela iKharikhulamu Yesikole futhi angena e-University of Morhauz ngaphandle kweminyaka eyi-15. Ngo-1944, uMartin uba ngumnqobi emncintiswaneni wezikhulumi, ezaziqhutshwa eGeorgia phakathi kwabantu abanemibala.
Endaweni entsha yokutadisha, inkosi ingena kwisivumelwano se- "National Association of inqubekela phambili ye-Purpost Colour Purpost" futhi ifunde lokho ngokumelene nohlanga abasebenza khona njengobumnyama obumnyama nabemhlophe.
Ngo-1948, uMartin uqeda inyuvesi futhi wamukela izinga le-bachelor of sociaology. Njengomfundi, uMartin Luther King usiza uyise eSontweni Lase-Ebeseker. Emsebenzini weKing, isibalo sikahulumeni esizayo sasiyisimenywa esivame njalo: Ngo-1947, umfo wamukela umsizi weSan esontweni.
Usopolitiki uyaqhubeka nokufunda emfundweni yezenkolo yeChrozer edolobheni laseChester, ePennsylvania. Lapho, inguquko yesikhathi esizayo ithola isilinganiso sezenkolo ye-Dr., Kodwa iyaqhubeka nezifundo zayo esikoleni seziqu zeBoston kanye no-1955 ithola isilinganiso se-PH.D ..
Ukukhuthala
UMartin Luther King wangena ezinyathelweni zikaBaba noMkhulu, kwathi ngo-1954 usopolitiki uba ngumfundisi esontweni laseBaptist. Kuyo yonke impilo, indoda ethile yayishukumisa imibono yenkululeko nokulingana kwabantu. Inkosi yayinamakhono avelele ahlelekile, athumela kuthrekhi efanele.
UMartin wayengumhlanganyeli okhuthele weNatoHantal, kodwa ngo-1955 waba yinhloko yenhlangano yokuthuthuka eMontgomery.
UMartin Luther King walingisa ukuqunjelwa kwemigqa yebhasi eMontgomery. Ngokusho kwesivumelwano esingekho emthethweni, abagibeli bemibala abanalo ilungelo lokuthatha imigqa emine yokuqala ebhasini, eyayihloselwe izakhamizi ezimhlophe. Futhi, abanye abashayeli bamabhasi baziphatha ngokuqinile futhi bavumele ukuthukwa kwamaMelika aseMelika. Amapaki omphakathi omphakathi we-Rosa Rosa anqabile ukunikela ngomuntu "onelungelo", oboshwe ngalo ngamaphoyisa endawo. Futhi lesi akusona isimo sokuqala sokuziphatha obala, e-United States bekunomkhuba ovame ukuboshwa kwabantu abangenacala abamnyama. Umshayeli webhasi akazange asongele noma yini, noma ngabe edubula umgibeli wase-Afrika waseMelika.
UMartin Luther King, akavumelani nale nkinga yomphakathi, wahlela ukuhoxiswa okungadlangile kwezokuthutha, lapho kwakunesikhumba esimnyama. Umbhikisho uthathe isikhathi esingaphezu konyaka, izinsuku ezingama-382. Umbala wenqabile ukudlulela ezintathelweni zomphakathi futhi wahamba ngezinyawo nezingcingo zenkululeko nokulingana. Kwesinye isikhathi izimoto zase-Afrika zaseMelika zaxosha ukuboshwa kwazo, kepha ngokwezigaba azizange zisebenzise izithuthi zomphakathi. Cishe abantu abayizinkulungwane eziyi-6 babamba iqhaza esitokisini.
Isenzo eside siphumelele, ngo-1957 uhulumeni ophakeme wase-US wanquma ukuthi ukwephulwa kwamalungelo ezinye izingxenye zabantu base-Alabama kuyaphikisana noMthethosisekelo wase-US, futhi isikhathi sishicilela izithombe kanye noMartin embozweni.
Akubona bonke abantu abayisekela iKosi, phakathi nokubhikisha kwazama kaninginingi, futhi kwazama nokushaya indlu. UMartin Luther King waba uhlobo lombala wabantu, kanye nophawu lomzabalazo wokulingana kwenkululeko namalungelo. Ukuze asungulwe yiNkosi, indlela ephikisayo engenabo udlame uLuther King yanikezwa umklomelo weNobel Peace Prize.
Inkosi yaqoqa imiboniso nganoma yikuphi ukubonakaliswa kokwehlukaniswa. Ngakho-ke, ngo-1962, uMartin ungena emphakathini "ukunyakaza kwamaKristu alabamiya amalungelo abantu." INkosi yakhuthaza ukuba babambe iqhaza emibonisweni yabafundi baseyunivesithi ababeya emibuleni. Yize uMartin Luther King, uMartin Luther King enemvelo enobudlova, amaphoyisa avimbela ababonisi, ngokwesibonelo, kubafundi ababhikishi behle bathola izinja zenkonzo. UMartin King ngokwakhe waboshwa kaninginingi ukuboshwa.
Ngo-1962, i-University of Mississippi yamukela umfundi omnyama uJames Meredith, owaba umbala wokuqala owangena esikhungweni semfundo. E-United States bekukhona ozakwabo abakhethekile ngombala, ababengenalo ilungelo lokufunda nge-par enomhlophe.
Kwakuthuthuka emphakathini waseMelika, kepha akuwona wonke umuntu okuvumelene nokubhaliswa kwama-Afrika aseMelika emanyuvesi, ngokwesibonelo, uMbusi u-Alabama George Wallace wavumelana nobandlululo lobuhlanga futhi wathinta umgwaqo wabafundi abamnyama abamnyama.
UMartin wavikela udumo nesithunzi samalungelo abantu futhi waqhubeka nomzabalazo wesikhathi eside ngokuhlukaniswa.
Kepha ukukhushulwa okudumile kwaletha udumo olukhulu kakhulu, okwenzeka ngo-1963 futhi kwandisa i-biography yezepolitiki kaMartin. Cishe izakhamuzi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-300 ze-America ziqoqelwe kumashi eya eWashington Shares. INkosi yavezwa yinkulumo ekhumbulekayo kakhulu, eqala ngamagama athi: "Ngiphupha." UMartin walahlekelwa ukubuyisana ngokobuhlanga futhi watshelwa ukuthi akunandaba ukuthi umuntu uphatha muphi ubuzwe, into esemqoka ukuthi ingaphakathi. Abaholi bakaMarsha bahlangana noMongameli wase-US uKennedy kwaxoxa ngezinkinga ezibaluleke kakhulu emphakathini. Ngo-1964, umthetho "wamalungelo ezomphakathi" wasayinqaliswa, okwakwenqabela ukwephulwa kobuhlanga kwamalungelo ezakhamizi ezingathandeki.
Imibono nemibono
Ububanzi beNkosi Bealunge bukhawulelwe enkingeni yokwehlukaniswa. Lo mbuso wezepolitiki owenzele ukulingana nenkululeko yazo zonke izakhamizi zase-United States of America, wayenganelisekile ngezinga lokuntuleka kwemisebenzi nendlala.
UMartin wayevame ukuhamba futhi ekhuluma, ebiza abantu ukuthi balwele amalungelo okufanele aqinisekiswe kunoma yimuphi umuntu kusukela ekuzalweni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokusho kukaMartin Luther King, noma yimuphi umzabalazo womphakathi kufanele ungabi nodlame, ngoba kungenzeka ukuthi uvumelane nosizo lolimi, hhayi ngosizo lwezidalwa ezinkulu nezimpi. ULuther wabhala izincwadi eziningi ezaba isisekelo sokuzivocavoca ngakwesokunene namandla emphakathini.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Ngesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe, uMartin Luther wayeyindoda ejabulisayo enombono onomusa omangalisayo, wakhombisa isibonelo sendoda yomndeni, umyeni nobaba omuhle, athanda izingane ezine. Ngomfundi weConstert Scott Martin Martin wahlangana ngo-1952, ukuhlala eBoston.
UChialing Chiang wamthanda wabazali bakhe, futhi bavuma ukushada. Ehlobo lika-1953, iKing noCortet bashada nendlu kanina yentombazane. UMartin King Senior wahamba uMartin.
Ekwindla ngo-1954, umndeni wamaKhosi uthuthela esimweni sika-Alabam waya edolobheni laseMontgomery, lapho kuqala khona imisebenzi kaMartin Luther.
Ukushona
NgoFebhuwari 1968, edolobheni laseMemphis, uTennessee wahlela isiteleka sikaGarmen wase-Afrika waseMelika. Abasebenzi bebengajabule ngokungakhokhelwa kwemali ekhokhwayo, kanye nemibandela kanye nezimo zengqondo zabaphathi, ezazifana nokwehlukaniswa: I-White yayinamalungelo amaningi futhi ayinakusebenza ngenxa yesimo sezulu esibi, ngokungafani nayo Qoqa udoti ngisho nasekudumeni.
Abantu banxuse umlimi ngamalungelo kaMartin Luther King, okuwukuphela kwe-defender yezingxenye ezinemibala yabantu.
Ngo-Ephreli 3, iKing yaphinde yaya eTennessee, kodwa ezepolitiki kwadingeka zishintshe indiza, njengoba indiza yathola usongo lokuqhuma. Edolobheni, isibalo sikahulumeni sabhuka igumbi lama-306 eMotel "Lorein".
Ngosuku olulandelayo, uMartin Luther King wema phezu kwekhamera yegumbi, kanti ubugebengu beBelokeleli uJames Ray wahlose kwezombusazwe ezihlotsheni. UJames wadutshulwa kanye: inhlamvu yawela emhlathini uMartin Luther King. UPolitician ushonele esibhedlela saseSt Joseph ngo-19: 5. Ngobusuku bokufa, uMartin washo inkulumo ethi "ngangisesiqongweni sentaba." Izilaleli zikhumbula isicaphuna ezivela kwinkulumo:
"Njenganoma ikuphi, ngithanda ukuphila impilo ende. Isikhathi eside kakhulu. Kepha angicabangi ngakho manje. Ngifuna ukufeza intando yeNkosi. "UJames wabamba amaphoyisa: insizwa yabhala ukuqashelwa ngobuqotho. Lo mfanyana wayekholelwa ukuthi isijeziso sizothanjiswa. Enkantolo, isigebengu sanikezwa iminyaka engama-99 ejele. Ngemuva kwalokho uRay washo ukuthi akazange abulale, kepha inkantolo yagcizelele icala lommangalelwa.
Kodwa-ke, endabeni yeNkosi inkosi, kunezimo eziningi ezingacacile nezinhle. Isibonelo, lalihlala lingaziwa, yiluphi ithuluzi lokubulala elalisebenzisa i-sniper, futhi abukho ubufakazi obucacile bokubandakanyeka kukaJames emzameni weNkosi. Unkosikazi kaMartin waphenduka engajabuli ngesinqumo senkantolo, ngoba, ngombono wakhe, ekufeni komyeni wakhe, isigebengu asiphunyulanga ejele, futhi sizuze uzungu lwezepolitiki. Ngakho-ke, amaCortet abonile izindaba ngokufa kukaRay, okuwukuphela kofakazi.
Ngubani owabulala uMartin King, futhi lapho isibhamu siyimfumbe, esaxazululwa.
Ekukhumbuleni isibalo sezepolitiki eMelika, njalo ngoMsombuluko wesithathu kaJanuwari nguSuku Lombuso "uMartin Luther King". Ekugcineni, iholide selisekelwe ngo-2000 kuphela.
Futhi kwimemori Martin, amafilimu abhalwe phansi atshela ngemisebenzi yawo. Ithuna litholakala emnyuziyamu wezwe lonke uMnyuziyamu uMartin Luther King.
Amacaphuna
UMartin Luther King udume ngezitatimende hhayi ngamalungelo abantu kuphela, kodwa futhi nangendlela yokuziphatha. Isibindi, isibindi, ukuphikelela kanye nobility - mhlawumbe, ingxenye encane yezimpawu ezenziwa ngusopolitiki waseMelika.
- Uthando ukuphela kwamandla akwazi ukuguqula noma yisiphi isitha sibe ngumngane.
- Uma umuntu engatholanga okuthile akulungele ukuzifela, akakwazi ukuphila ngokugcwele
- Ukube ngatshelwa ukuthi kusasa kuze kube sekupheleni komhlaba kuza, namhlanje ngitshala isihlahla.
- Izifundo zesayensi zathola ukuthuthuka ngokomoya. Siphathe amarokhethi kanye nabantu abangalawulwa.
- Isilinganiso somkhawulo wamanani abantu akuyona indlela aziphatha ngayo ngenduduzo yewashi nokusebenziseka kalula, kodwa indlela agcina ngayo ngesikhathi sokulwa nokuphikisana.
- Ubugwala buyabuza - ngabe kuphephile? Isici siyabuza - Ingabe kuhlakaniphile? I-Vanity ibuza - ingabe iyathandwa? Kepha unembeza uyabuza - kulungile? Futhi isikhathi sifika lapho udinga ukuthatha isikhundla esingesiphephile noma esihlakaniphile, noma esidumile, kepha sidinga ukuthathwa, ngoba silungile.