I-Biograge
Indoda enesibindi neyengengezi labesifazane uJulius Caesar - umphathi omkhulu wamaRoma noMbusi, odume ngokuxhashazwa kwamasosha, kanye nomlingiswa, ngenxa yalokho igama lombusi aphakamisayo. UJulius ungomunye wababusi abadumile ababenamandla eRoma lasendulo.
Usuku oluqondile kulo muntu alaziwa, izazi-mlando zibhekwa njengokukholelwa ukuthi uGuy Julius Caesar wazalwa ngo-100 g. BC. Okungenani usuku olunjalo lusetshenziswa izazi-mlando zamazwe amaningi, yize kuthiwa eFrance kukholakala ukuthi uJulius wazalwa ngo-101. Isazi-mlando saseJalimane esasihlala ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19 sasinethemba lokuthi uKhesari wazalwa ngo-102 BC, ukucatshangelwa kukaTheodore Mammeren akusetshenziswa ezincwadini zesimanje zomlando.
Ukungaboni ngaso linye kwezingodoso zezimbali kubangelwa yimithombo yamabanga aphansi yakudala: Ososayensi basendulo baseRoma nabo bavumelane nosuku lwangempela lokuzalwa kukaKhesari.
UMbusi WaseRoma nomphathi babevela eluhlobo olubalulekile lwePatrician Juliyev. Izinganekwane zilandisa ukuthi lobu bukhosi baqale nge-eney, okuthi, ngokwezinganekwane zasendulo zamaGreek, zaziwa empini yeTrojan. Futhi abazali be-ENEA basuka ekufuneni kohlobo lwe-Dardan Kings Ankhis nonkulunkulukazi wobuhle nothando lwe-Aphrodite (ngokwezinganekwane zaseRoma zikaVenus). Indaba yemvelaphi yaphezulu kaJulia yayazi iRomabiith, ngoba le ndaba yahlukaniswa ngempumelelo yizihlobo zombusi. UKhesari uqobo, ecaleni elikahle, ethandwa ukukhumbula ukuthi kwakukhona onkulunkulu emndenini wakhe. Ososayensi babeka ama-hypotheses aqhubekela phambili uMbusi WaseRoma avela kuGugesyuli yuliyev, ababeyimpahla ebusayo ekuqaleni kokusungulwa kweRiphabhulikhi yaseRoma e-V-IV Centries BC.
Ososayensi baphinde babeka phambili ukucatshangelwa okuhlukahlukene mayelana nesidlaliso sombusi "UKhesari". Mhlawumbe omunye wohlobo lweYuliy uzalwe ngesigaba seCesarean. Igama lenqubo yenzeka kusuka egameni le-CAESAREA, okusho ukuthi "Ubukhosi". Ngomunye umbono, omunye wohlobo lweRoma wazalwa enezinwele ezinde futhi ezi-sloppy, ezabekwa ngegama elithi "Caeserius".
Umndeni wenqubomgomo yesikhathi esizayo waphila ngokuchuma. Uyise kaKhesari Guy Julius wasebenza endaweni yombuso, futhi umama waqhamuka enohlobo oluhle lweCott.
Yize umndeni we-Commander ucebile, uKhesari wachitha endaweni yaseRoma e-Subura. Le ndawo yayigcwele abesifazane bokuziphatha okulula, futhi futhi ihlala lapho ngobukhulu. Izazi-mlando zasendulo zichaza i-subiur njengendawo engcolile neluhlaza, ezingenalo ubuhlakani.
Abazali bakaKhesari babefuna ukunika indodana yakhe imfundo emfundo emihle: umfana wafunda ifilosofi, izinkondlo, izinkondlo, futhi wathuthukisa ngokomzimba, wafunda ezemidlalo enobuhlakani. Usosayensi uMark Anthony Gniffon wafundisa izincwadi ezincane zikaKhesari kanye nenhlonipho. Insizwa yabandakanyeka ecaleni elibucayi futhi linembile, njengezibalo kanye nejometri, noma umlando nohambo - abasebenza ngezezithombe zokufunda. UGuy Julius Caesar uthole imfundo yamaRoma, kusukela ebuntwaneni uMbusi wesikhathi esizayo wayeyi-patriot futhi akazange athintwe yisiko lemfashini lamaGreek.
Cishe ama-85g. BC. UJulius ulahlekelwe nguyise, kanjalo noKhesari, njengowukuphela komuntu, waba ngumnakekeli ophambili.
Ipolitiki
Lapho umfana eneminyaka engaba ngu-13 ubudala, ikusasa le-Commander likhethwe kubaphristi bakaNkulunkulu omkhulu ezinganekwaneni zaseRoma kaJupiter - Lesi sihloko singenye yezikhala eziphambili zesigameko. Kodwa-ke, akunakwenzeka ukuthi usho leli qiniso ngezinzwa ezihlanzekile zensizwa, ngoba udadewabo kaKhesari, uJulia, wayeshade neMariem, umphathi wezepolitiki wasendulo nosopolitiki.
Kepha ukuze avuleleke, ngokomthetho, uJulius kwakufanele ashade, nenhloko yezempi kaKorliki Qinna (waphakamisa umfana indima yompristi) ukhethe ukuxabana - indodakazi yakhe uCornilli.
Ngo-82, kudingeka ukuba kube nokuphunyuka eRoma. Imbangela yalokhu kwakuwukuvulwa kwenqubekela phambili kaKorlia Sulla Felix, owaqala posterivial nezamagazi. USulla Felix wethule isisa ehlukanisa nonkosikazi wakhe uCorneliya, kepha umbusi wesikhathi esizayo wenqaba kunokuvusa ulaka lwe-Commander. Futhi uMuy Julius waxoshwa eRoma, ngoba wayeyisihlobo somphikisi uLucius Cornelia.
UKhesari wancishwa isihloko seFlamina, kanye nokunikeza abafazi kanye nempahla yabo. Efihlwe ezingutsheni ezimpofu, uJulia kwadingeka ukubalekela uMbuso omkhulu.
Abangani nezihlobo bacele uSulla ukuthi anciphise uJulia, futhi ngenxa yesicelo sabo, uKhesari wabuyiselwa ezweni lakubo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uMbusi WaseRoma akazange ayibone ingozi ebusweni bukaJulia futhi wathi uKhesari ufana noMari.
Kepha impilo engaphansi kobuholi baseSulla Felix yayingabekezeleleki kwabaseRoma, ngakho-ke, uGuy Julius Caesar waya esifundazweni saseRoma eMalaya Asia ukuba afundele ubuciko bezempi. Lapho, waba inselelo yomngane wethemu, wahlala eViphinia naseKizicia, futhi wahlanganyela empini yokulwa nedolobha laseGrisi le-methylene. Ukubamba iqhaza ekubanjweni kwedolobha, uKhesari wasindisa isosha, athola ngalo umklomelo wesibili ngobukhulu - umqhele wezakhamuzi (i-wreath ye-Oak).
Ngo-78 BC Abaphikisayo ngemisebenzi ye-sulla, izakhamuzi zase-Italy zazama ukuhlela ukuvukela umashiqela wegazi. Umsunguli kwakuyi-warlord futhi uConsul uMark Emily Lepid. UMark wacela uKhesari ukuba ahlanganyele ekuvukeleni uMbusi, kepha uJulius waphendula ngokwenqaba.
Ngemuva kokufa kombukisi WaseRoma, ngo-77 kuze kube sesikhathi sethu, uKhesari uzama ukuheha ama-animishini amabili kaFeliksi emhlanganweni wokwahlulela: GNETA Cornelia Dolabella kanye noGenen Anthony Gambid. UJulia wavela phambi kwamajaji ngenkulumo ekhalayo, nokho, izisulu zakwazi ukugwema isijeziso. Ukumangalelwa kukaKhesari kwabhalwa emibhalweni yesandla futhi kwaphambuka eRoma yasendulo. Kodwa-ke, uJulius wakubheka kunesidingo sokuthuthukisa amakhono othwele futhi waya eRhode: uthisha weCicero, umlimi u-Apolloni Molon, wahlala esiqhingini.
Endleleni eya eRhode Caesar yabanjwa ngabaphangi bendawo abafuna ukuhlengwa kumbusi wesikhathi esizayo. Ukubanjwa, uJulius wayengesabi abaphangi, kodwa, kunalokho, ehlehliswe nabo futhi watshela izinkondlo. Ngemuva kokukhishwa kwabathumbi, uJulius uhlomele iqembu futhi waqala amaPirates. Inkantolo yabaphangi ukuthi inikeze uKhesari wehlulekile, ngakho-ke wanquma ukukhipha abenzi bokubi. Kepha ngenxa yokuthamba komlingiswa, uJulius waqala wabayala ukuba ababulale, bese bebethela esiphambanweni ukuze abaphangi bangahlukumezi.
Ku-73 g BC BC UJulius waba yingxenye yekolishi eliphakeme labaphristi, owayeke waphatha umfowabo kaMama kaKesari guy Aubreli Cotta.
Ku-68 BC, uKhesari weshabalalela iPompei, isihlobo somlingani, bese kuba nesitha esibi kakhulu se-gaya julia u-julia u-juyar GNETA Pompey. Ngemuva kweminyaka emibili, uMbusi wesikhathi esizayo uthola isikhundla semantshi yaseRoma futhi wenza ngcono inhloko-dolobha yase-Italy, ahlele imikhosi, asiza abampofu. Futhi, lapho sesithole isihloko seSenator, sivela kuma-Frings wezepolitiki kunokuthandwa. UKhesari ubambe iqhaza eMthonjeni ye-Fruntarie ("isinkwa sezembozo"), lapho inani labantu lithola isinkwa ngentengo encishisiwe noma litholwe mahhala, kanye naseminyakeni engu-49-44 BC. UJulia waqhutshwa izinguquko eziningi
Ukulwa
IMpi E-Gallic ngumcimbi odume kakhulu emlandweni weRoma yasendulo ne-biography of guy julia Caesar.
UKhesari waba yi-prososul, ngalesi sikhathi u-Italy waba yisifundazwe saseNarbonic Gallium (indawo yeFrance yamanje). UJulius waya ezingxoxweni nomholi weCeltic Tribe eGenis, ngoba uGelviet waqala ukunyakaza ngenxa yokuhlaselwa kwamaJalimane.
Ngenxa ye-Ormory of Art, uKhesari wakwazi ukuncenga umholi wesizwe ukuthi angangeni esigabeni soMbuso WaseRoma. Kodwa-ke, uGelviet wanyatheliswa eMiddle Gallium, lapho u-Edu, ama-Allies aseRoma ahlala khona. Ukuphishekela isizwe sakwaCeltic uKhesari kwaphuka amabutho abo. Ngasikhathi sinye, uJulius wawina odokotela baseJalimane abahlasele ama-GALLEAN nama-Gallean atholakala endaweni yomfula iRhine. Ngemuva kwempi, umbusi wabhala indatshana mayelana nokunqotshwa kwe-GALIA "amanothi ngempi enamandla."
Ngo-55 BC, umphathi wamaRoma wahlulwa yizizwe zaseJalimane eza, kamuva, uKhesari wanquma ukuvakashela insimu yamaJalimane.
UKhesari ungumkhuzi wokuqala weRoma yasendulo, owenza umkhankaso wamasosha ezweni laseReina: Ukuqunjelwa kukaJulia kwakuhamba ebhulohweni lamamitha angama-400 elakhiwe ngokukhethekile. Kodwa-ke, endaweni yaseJalimane, amabutho omkhuzi wamaRoma akazange aboshwe, futhi wazama ukwenza umkhankaso wezimpahla zaseBrithani. Lapho, i-warlord yanqoba ukunqoba okuningana okuchobozekile, kepha isikhundla sebutho lamaRoma sasingazinzi, futhi uKhesari kwadingeka abuyele emuva. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngo-54 BC. UJulius uphoqeleka ukuthi abuyele eGallia, ukuze acindezele ukuvuselelwa: UGallas wedlula inani lebutho lamaRoma, kodwa wahlulwa. Ngo-50 BC, uGuy Julius Caesar wabuyisela izindawo ezingowoMbuso WaseRoma.
Ngesikhathi belithuthu, uKhesari wakhombisa izimfanelo ezinhle, nobuciko bombuso, wayazi ukuthi angakukhohlisa kanjani abaholi be-Gallic futhi bagqugquzele ukungqubuzana okukuwo.
Ukubusa ngokuphoqelela
Ngemuva kokuthathwa kwamandla amaRoma, uJulius waba ngumashiqela futhi wasithanda leso simo. UKhesari washintsha ukwakheka kwesenethi, futhi waguqula ukwakheka kwezenhlalo yombuso: Amakilasi aphansi amisa ukucula eRoma, ngoba umashiqela ukhanselwe ukukhokhwa koxhaso kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwesinkwa okuncishisiwe.Futhi, ekubeni ngaphansi kweposi, kwakhiwa uKhesari: Kwakhiwa isakhiwo esisha seKhesari eRoma, lapho kwakuqhutshwa khona umhlangano weSenethi, futhi isithombe somvikeli wothando nobuhlakani bakaJuliyav, unkulunkulukazi waseVulile, kwakhiwa esigcawini esimaphakathi senhloko-dolobha yase-Italy. UKhesari waqanjwa igama lokuthi lombusi, izithombe zakhe kanye nemifanekiso ehlotshise amathempeli nemigwaqo yaseRoma. Igama ngalinye le-Roman Commander lilinganiswe nomthetho.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Ngaphezu kukaCornilla noPompeii Sulla, uMbusi WaseRoma waba nabesifazane abaningi. Unkosikazi wesithathu, uJulia, waba ama-calpornia pinhonesis, aqhamuka emndenini omuhle we-Plebei futhi wayesihlobo esikanye naye noMama uKhesari. Washada nomkhuzi intombazane yakhishwa ngo-59 BC, isizathu salo mshado sichazwa yizinhloso zezepolitiki, ngemuva kwendodakazi yomshado, uBaba Calpurnia uba yi-Consul.
Uma sikhuluma ngempilo yocansi lukaKhesari, khona-ke umahluko waseRoma wawunothando futhi waxhumana nabesifazane eceleni.
Kubhekwa futhi ukuthi uJulius Keesari wayengokoqobo futhi wangena enjabulweni yenyama namadoda, izazi-mlando zikhumbula ubuhlobo bobutsha nakwaNikomi. Mhlawumbe izindaba ezinjalo zazingenxa yokuthi uKhesari wazama ukunyundela.
Uma sikhuluma ngemikhuba yezepolitiki edumile, khona-ke inkonzo ohlangothini lwe-Commander kwakuyinkonzo - unkosikazi womkhiqizo weJuni Brute kanye noMlobokazi wesibili we-Consul of the Silan osemusha.
UKhesari wayelungele ukuthanda ukukhonza, ngakho ngazama ukufeza izifiso zendodana yakhe uBrut, okwenza kwaba ngomunye wabantu bokuqala eRoma.
Kepha umfazi odume kakhulu kaMbusi WaseRoma uyiNdlovukazi yaseGibhithe Cleopatra. Ngesikhathi somhlangano noHulumeni, owayeneminyaka engama-21, uKhesari wayeneminyaka engamashumi amahlanu: umhlaba wakwaLaurel wambozwa nguLysin, nemibimbi yayisebusweni. Ngaphandle kweminyaka, uMbusi WaseRoma wanqoba lobu buhle, ukuba khona kwenhlanhla kwabathandi kwaqhubeka iminyaka eyi-2,5 futhi kwaphela lapho kubulawa uKhesari.
Kuyaziwa ukuthi uJulia Caesar wayenezingane ezimbili: indodakazi yomshado wokuqala kaJuliya nendodana, izalwe nguCleopatra, uPtolemy Caesarion.
Ukushona
UMbusi WaseRoma ushone ngoMashi 15, 44 kuya enkathini yethu. Imbangela yokufa iyinhlangano ye-seeters ebithamela ngenxa yombuso weminyaka emine. Abantu abangu-14 babamba iqhaza endle, kepha into esemqoka ibhekwa njengoMarku, iBrut, indodana yenkonzo, inkosikazi ye-Emperor. UKhesari wayelithanda kakhulu iBlueut futhi wamethemba, wabeka insizwa esesikhundleni esiphakeme nasekubizeni ubunzima. Kodwa-ke, umsizi woMarku, uMarku, ngezinhloso zezepolitiki, wayekulungele ukubulala umuntu omkhawulele ngokungapheli.
Izazi-mlando zasendulo zazikholelwa ukuthi uBrut wayenendodana kaKhesari, njengoba uchungechunge lwalunobuhlobo bothando nomkhuzi ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa kwe-conpirator yesikhathi esizayo, kepha lo mbono awukwazanga ukuqinisekiswa ngemithombo ethembekile.
Ngokusho kwenganekwane, usuku olwandulela uzungu kuKhesari, umkakhe uCalpirbia wabona iphupho elibi, kodwa umbusi waseRoma wayethembele kakhulu, futhi waze wazibona nge-fatalist - okholelwa ekuhleleni imicimbi.
Ama-Conscurators ahlangana esakhiweni lapho kwenzeka khona amaqoqo we-senate, eduze kweshashalazi pompeii. Akekho owayefuna ukuba ngumbulali we-Julia kuphela, ngakho kwanqunywa ngenxa yezigebengu wonke umuntu angafaka isicelo kubushiqela kubushiqela ekudleni okukodwa.
Isazi sesazi sasendulo saseRoma saseSvetoniy sabhala ukuthi lapho uJulius Caesar ebona uBruta, wabuza: "Futhi wena, umntwana ungowami?", Futhi encwadini yakho, uShakespeare ubhala isicaphuna esidumile: "Nawe, Brut?"
Ukufa kukaKhesari kwasheshisa ukuwa koMbuso WaseRoma: izakhamizi zase-Italy, ezazisa uhulumeni kaKhesari, zathukuthela ngenxa yokuthi leli qembu laseRoma labulala umbusi omkhulu. Ngamangala amakhambi, uKhesari waqanjwa ngokuthi yiPhilifa kuphela - Guy Octavian.
Amaqiniso athakazelisayo
Impilo uJulia Caesar, kanye nezindaba eziphathelene nomkhuzi, ziningi emaqinisweni athakazelisayo nama-MGILS:
- Inyanga ngo-july yaqanjwa ngemuva kombusi waseRoma;
- Abantu besikhathi sikaKhesari baphikisana ngokuthi umbusi wayehlaselwa yisifo sokuwa;
- Ngesikhathi sokulwa kwe-gladiator, uKhesari njalo wabhala okuthile emashidini ephepha. Lapho umbusi ebuza ukuthi waphathwa kanjani ukufeza amacala amabili ngasikhathi sinye? Lokho akuphendula kuthi: "UKheyari ungenza izinto ezintathu ngasikhathi sinye: ubhale, ubukele, ulalele." Le nkulumo isiphenduke inamaphiko, kwesinye isikhathi uKhesari ahlekisa umuntu othathwe ngasikhathi sinye amacala ambalwa;
- Cishe yonke imidwebo yezithombe uGuy Julius Caesar uvela phambi kwezilaleli e-Laurel Wreath. Ngempela, empilweni, umkhuzi wayevame ukugqoka le nhloko yekhanda lokunqoba, ngoba kwaqala ukubalekela;
- Cishe amafilimu ayi-10 ahlungwa yinduna enkulu, kepha akuwona wonke umuntu ophilayo. Isibonelo, ochungechungeni lwe-TV "IRoma", umbusi uyakhunjulwa ukuvukelwa kweSpartacus, kodwa abanye ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi umkhuzi owodwa ubopha kuphela iqiniso lokuthi babephila kuphela kwawo;
- Inkulumo ethi "yafika, yanqoba, yaphumelela" ingeyakaGai Julia Caesar: Umkhuzi washo ngemuva kokuthatha iTurkey;
- UKhesari wasebenzisa i-cipher ukuthola izincwadi eziyimfihlo nomkhuzi. Yize i-cipher kaKhesari ingumuntu wokuqala: Le ncwadi eseZwini yathathelwa indawo uphawu elakwangesobunxele noma kwesokudla ngezinhlamvu;
- Isaladi esidumile "UKhesari" akaqanjwanga ngemuva kombusi waseRoma, kodwa ukuhlonipha umpheki osungula iresiphi.
Amacaphuna
- "Ukunqoba kuncike kubuhlakani beLetho."
- "Lapho umuntu ethanda eyodwa - uyibiza ngendlela ofuna ngayo: ubugqila, uthando, inhlonipho ... kodwa lokhu akulona uthando - uthando luhlala luphindisiwe!"
- "Phila ukuze ujwayele abe yisidina lapho ushona."
- "Akukho ukunqoba okuzoletha okuningi njengokunqotshwa okukodwa kungasusa."
- "Impi inikeza ilungelo lokunqoba ukubikezela ukunqotshwa kwanoma yiziphi izimo."