I-Biograge
U-Oliver Cromwell - umkhuzi wesiNgisi kanye ne-Univerman yamakhulu eminyaka we-XVI-XVII. Waba yinhloko yeBritish Revolution, wabhekisa ukunyakaza kwabazimele owahlukana nePuritan, kwathi eminyakeni eyalandela yomsebenzi wakhe wezepolitiki, wabamba isikhundla seNkosi JELGENT
I-Oliver Cromwell's Biography yaqala ngo-Ephreli 25, 1599 edolobheni laseHuntingdon. Abazali bakhe babempofu amaNgisi - Umphathi ka-Elizabeth noRobert Cromwell. Lokhu kwagcina kwakuyindodana encane emndenini, ivela eThomas Cromwell (inkosi eseduze yeHenry VIII, nomsizi wayo oyinhloko ekusetshenzisweni kwezinguquko). Ngesikhathi sokubusa kwale King, amadlozi ka-Oliver Cromwell athuthuke ngesimo ngenxa yokuthathwa kwesonto nasemazweni anobuntu.
Imfundo eyinhloko ka-Oliver yathola esikoleni sasekhaya sedolobha lakubo. Esikhathini esivela ku-1616 kuya ku-1617, wafunda eSydney Sussex College ungowase-University of Cambridge. Leli kolishi layaziwa ngoMoya Puritan. UCromell-Jr. Waqala ukuqeqeshwa ekhasini lomthetho, kodwa ngokushesha wanquma ukushiya izifundo zakhe washada nendodakazi yomakhelwane.
Ukufa kukaYise kwaqubuka esigabeni sika-Oliver: Kwakufanele alahle imfundo yokusiza umama nodade. Ngalesi sikhathi, wahola ipulazi, njengoba kufanele atshintshe: ubhiya ubhiya, ushizi olungiselelwe, wathengisa isinkwa noboya.
Ipolitiki
Ngo-1628, uCromell wazama ukuqala isivumelwano sezepolitiki. Wakwazi nokunqoba iPhalamende edolobheni laseHuntingdon. Inkulumo yokuqala ka-Oliver egunyeni eliphakeme lamandla okushaya umthetho weNgilandi yenzeka ngoFebhuwari 1629. Kwazinikelwa ekuvikelweni kwabashumayeli basePuritan. Kepha ngoMashi wawo lowo nyaka, iKing Karl yachitha iPalamende, kanti uCarlera Cromwell waphela, akazange abe nesikhathi sokuqala.
Eminyakeni eyishumi nanye eyalandela, uCromell waphinda wahola impilo yomninindlu ojwayelekile. Esikhathini esivela ku-1636 kuya ku-1638, wahlanganyela ekutholeni ukuvikela amalungelo omphakathi wabalimi. Eminyakeni embalwa, u-Oliver Cromell waphinde wavela enkundleni yezepolitiki yezwe lakhe: ngo-Ephreli nangoNovemba 1640 waqokwa ePhalamende elifushane nelonde, ngokulandelana. UCromell waba yiphini elivela eCambridge. Ezinkulumo zakhe, yena, ikakhulukazi, wavikela izintshisekelo zeNew Orbelity kanye nonxiwankulu.
Ukuguqulwa kwesiNgisi
Ngo-Agasti 1642, i-British Revolution yaqala (impi yombango yesiNgisi). Amabutho amakhulu aphikisayo phakathi kwale Revolution ayeyiNkosi uCharles I nePhalamende. U-Oliver Cromwell walwa ohlangothini lwebutho lePhalamende, lapho ahumushele khona esimweni sokaputeni.
Unqume ukuqasha amasosha hhayi ngokuphoqelela - esikhundleni salokho, wayefuna ukuthola amavolontiya amahhashi, okulwa nobulungiswa baphezulu nenkosi eyayinezinkulumo zakhe. U-Oliver Cromwell uthole izikhonzi ezinje "ezingokwezomlando" ebusweni bezina eziphilayo - uYomen owayehlala e-E Nad England.
Babengama-maritans futhi benza ngokuvimbelani ngokuphikisana nakuma-oda we-feudal. Ibutho leCromwell, elakhiwa laba ngabalimi, lalihlushwa yiZheleznobonga nge-Religinal yalo ekhethekile kanye nokumelana.
Ngebutho lakhe, umkhuzi wawulwa nokulwa okuningi, kancane kancane ukuthola amazinga amaningi aphezulu. Ngo-1644, wanikezwa isihloko sikaLieutenant General. Ukubaluleka okuningana kobuciko baka-Commander wakhe kwakusempini yeMartone Moore, eyenzeka ngoJulayi 2, 1644, nasempini kaNeuzby, eyayinendawo yokuba ngoJuni 14, 1645. Lezi zimpi zanquma emlandweni wenguquko yesiNgisi, futhi ngaphandle kobuhlakani obuhleliwe ka-Oliver Cromwell, bangadlula ngenye indlela.
Umlando weNgilandi ngemuva kokuphumelela kwePhalamende empini yokuqala yombango uhambele indlela eya ekushintsheni kwenhlangano yomthethosisekelo kusuka ngokuphelele. Ubushiqela beNkosi, ekunqumeni kuphela ukuthi inqubomgomo yezwe izokhula kanjani, yangena esikhathini esedlule. Ngasikhathi sinye, kungamakhono enhlangano namandla angabikho ka-Oliver Cromoll, eqiniseka ukuthi ulwa nelungelo, eliholele empumelelweni yePhalamende lapho ebhekene nenkosi.
Kungekudala ngemuva kokuphothulwa kwe-British Revolution, uCromell wafuna ukuguqulwa kwebutho loMbuso. Ngo-1645, waba nomthelela ekwakhiweni kwebutho lesampula elisha ngokususelwa ekuhlangeni kukaZheleznobi. UCromell wasebenzisa isipiliyoni esitholwe eminyakeni eminingi yempi ukudala ibutho elisebenzayo.
Impi yezikhali
Ngokuqondile ngesikhathi sempi yombango yaseBrithani, u-Oliver Cromell wamelela amandla entando yeningi yentando yeningi. Kepha ngemuva kokuthi iPhalamende lahlula amabutho enkosi, umkhuzi wanquma ukuthuthela esimweni sezepolitiki esilinganiselwe ngokwengeziwe futhi wenqaba ukubukwa kwentando yeningi. Ngenxa yalokhu, waba nengxabano nabathengisi, ababengagculisekile ngenxa yenguquko yesiNgisi futhi bafuna ukuqhubeka kwezimpi.
Ngo-1647, u-Oliver Cromwell waphenduka amabutho amathathu abucayi: Inkosi, amabutho kanye nabamele amaPresbyterism ePhalamende, ababenovote iningi. Esimweni esinjalo esivela kumholi wezempi onesibindi nogqozi, uCromwell waphenduka waba yiphutha nenqubomgomo ethule, esekelwe emabuthweni amabutho namasosha aphethwe ngonya enkundleni eyimfihlo nenkosi.
Ngo-1647 ofanayo, ibutho lathatha inkosi yathumba. U-Oliver Cromwell wazama ukulungisa lesi simo nenkosi ukhuluma ngezimo lapho inkosi ethile igcinwa khona. U-Levellera, usafuna izinguquko ezinkulu, wabona ukukhaphela kulokhu. Futhi ake wazama usopolitiki ukuhlanganisa amaqembu alwayo, ukuvimba impi yombango yesibili, eyaqala ngo-1648, wehluleka.
Ngokuhamba kwalesi singuquko, u-Oliver Cromwell ophikisana nobukhosi futhi aqinise amabutho akhe, wavuma ubunye ababondiselela. NgoSepthemba nango-Okthoba 1648, walwa namaRoyal eScotland nasenyakatho yeNgilandi. Ekuqaleni kuka-Okthoba, ukuboshwa kwakhe wajoyina i-Edinburgh, lapho kwasayinwa khona isivumelwano sokuthobeka sokuthula. Ezinyangeni ezilandelayo, umphathi, efikile eLondon kanye nebutho lakhe, azuze ukuhlanza kwendlu yama-Comlweni avela kubasekeli bamabukhosi.
Ngo-1649, uCromell wavuma ukubulawa kweNkosi, ukubhujiswa kobukhosi kanye nesimemezelo seNgilandi ngeRiphabhulikhi. "Ama-Silink" azimele waba yi- "Silika", walibangisa u-Oliver Cromoll. Wazibonisa ukuthi ungumbusi oqinile: wacindezela noma yimiphi imizamo yokuvukela, ukusungula uhambo lwamasosha anegazi, lapho isosha lakhe alinandaba nokuthi u-Ireland wafunda ngonya, waqhubeka nothando lwabaRoyali lwabaholi bebuhle.
Iminyaka Yokugcina Yokuphila
Njengoba impilo ka-Oliver Cromwell iqhutshwa elangeni, ukubusa kwakhe kwathola izici eziningi zokugcina. Umvikeli owake waba nobubi, waqala ubutha ekufisweni kwezihloko zokusungula intando yeningi, ngezidingo zabo zenhlalo. Ngo-1650, waba yiNkosi-Jikelele yeRiphabhulikhi, okungukuthi, induna - induna yawo wonke amabutho ayo ahlomile, okwakuhlose ukusetshenziselwa ukukhomba ubushiqela bomuntu siqu.
Ngo-1653, umphathi wamukele uMthethosisekelo omusha, owabizwa ngokuthi "Isikhali Sokuphatha". Lo mbhalo wamnika isimo 'soMvikeli WeNkosi' eNgilandi, e-Ireland naseScotland. Ukuziphatha kwenqubomgomo yangaphakathi yoMbuso kwakunzima kuye: Kuleli lizwe, kwamukelwa ubunzima bezomnotho, izinkinga zenhlalo ezinamandla zahlala zingalungiswa. Ngasikhathi sinye, uCromell waphumelela empondweni yakwamanye amazwe, ethwebula iJamaica, esayina isivumelwano sokuhweba neSweden futhi aphethe ukuthula neHolland nge-England.
Yize ngesikhathi sokuphila kuka-Oliver Cromell, iRiphabhulikhi ayizange ichithekile, futhi amandla akhe awangabazeki, inqubomgomo yangaphakathi yangaphakathi ye-Commander yalethela kuphela ukubuyiselwa kwenkosi. Ngemuva kokushona kwakhe ngo-1658, indodana yakhe uRichard yalandela umvikeli weNkosi, ngesikhathi esifushane elahlekile amandla.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Ukuphela kowesifazane uCromell kwakungu-Elizabeth uqhuma, ashada naye, eshiya izifundo zakhe eyunivesithi.
Izingane eziyisishiyagalombili zazalwa kulo mshado: Amadodana o-Oliver, uHenry noRichard, kanye namadodakazi uFrancis, uMaria, u-Elizabeth noBridget.
Ukushona
U-Oliver Cromwell washona ngoSepthemba 3, 1658, imbangela yokufa yaba yisisu sesisu kanye nemalaleveva. Umngcwabo wesiholi soMbuso wadlula amahle kakhulu, kodwa ngokushesha nje ngemuva kokuthi iziphithiphithi zaqala ezweni, isiphithiphithi kanye nokungacabangi, ongumlandeli wazo ongakwazi ukubhekana nazo nendodana yakhe endala uRichard.
Ngo-1659, amasekela, abiza isihlalo sobukhosi sikaCharles II (Karl Indodana, isivumelwano sokubulawa kuka-Oliver Cromwell ake wanikeza), akhiphe isidumbu somkhuzi ngamacala okubulawa kwamacala. Umzimba wenza amahora ambalwa emilonjeni, ngemuva kwalokho ikhanda lakhe labekwa esigxotsheni esiseduze naseWestminster Palace.
Amaqiniso athakazelisayo
- Kunenganekwane yokuthi ebuntwaneni uCromell uCromell omncane wahlangana nontanga kaKarl I, owamiselwe ukuba abe yinkosi yaseNgilandi. Ngesikhathi somdlalo, abafana beza, futhi cromell bephule ikhala lakhe.
- Ngo-1970, ifilimu elingokomlando elithi "Cromell" lasuswa, umahluko wendima eholayo lapho uRichard Harris - ethola indumiso evela kubagxeki ifilimu ukuze bahlolisise umlingisi.
- Ebuntwaneni obusebancane, u-Oliver wayenabafowethu ababili, kodwa bafa ebuntwaneni. Ngenxa yalokho, umfana wazungeza odade abayisithupha, abuthola ubuhlobo obufudumele.
- Kuze kube sekuneminyaka engama-41 ubudala, uCromell akazange azizwe ekhethekile ngemisebenzi yokuguqula. Kuphela lapho kuphela lapho ethola i-zheznobiki ngemali yakhe, lolu thando lwezepolitiki luvuke kulo kanye nesifiso sokuqeda umlando wezwe lakhe.
- NgoSepthemba 3 kwaba yisikhathi esibi kakhulu ekufezeni kuka-Oliver Cromwell. Kwakukulolu suku anqoba ngalo amabutho amaScotland eDenbar, ibutho lamaCharles I emsebenzini, kwaba ngoSepthemba 3, futhi kamuva kwaqala ukugujwa njengoSuku Lokubonga. U-Oliver Cromwell ubuye washona ngoSepthemba 3.