I-Biograge
NgoNovemba 10, 1483, umfana owamaka emlandweni njengomuntu ovelele, umsunguli weProthestani eJalimane, isazi semfundiso yenkolo - uMartin Luther wazalwa emkhayeni weSaxon Rudolaol. Lo muntu udume njengomhumushi wemibhalo engcwele yobuKristu (IBHAYIBHELI), umsunguli wezindlela zolimi lwezincwadi zomphakathi, ukuhlolwa kwe-African American Baltic Pransler - uMartin Luther King.
Uyise kaMartin, uHans Luther, wahlukaniswa ngokuzikhandla, wafuna ukuhlinzeka umndeni wakhe zonke izinzuzo ezibalulekile ezibonakalayo, okwakunzima kakhulu kuye. Ekuqaleni, kwakuwumlimi ojwayelekile edolobhaneni laseMera, kodwa, ehamba efuna impilo engcono e-Iceleben, uthole umsebenzi ezimayini zasendaweni. Lapho uMguquko wesikhathi esizayo enezinyanga eziyisithupha ubudala, lo mndeni wawuhlala eMansfeld, futhi lapho uHans wathola isimo se-burger ecebile.
Eminyakeni engu-7, uMartin wokugcina kwadingeka athole ubunzima bokuqala ababalulekile. Ababelethi bathumela indodana yakhe ukuba itadishe esikoleni sedolobha, "enikele" uLuther ngokuhlaziswa njalo nokujeziswa. Uhlelo lwemfundo yalesi sikhungo aluzange luvumele ingane enethalente yathola ulwazi olufanelekile, futhi iminyaka engu-7 yokuqeqeshwa kwakhe lapha uMartin wafunda kuphela ukufunda, ukubhala, wafunda imikhuleko embalwa nemiyalo eyishumi.
Eminyakeni engu-14 (1497), uLuther osemusha wangena esikoleni saseFranciscan eMagdeburg, kodwa ngonyaka owedlule wahunyushelwa e-Eisena. Imali yayinganele, uMartin akavumelani, kanye nabangane bakhe wacula ngaphansi kwamafasitela ezakhamizi ezithile, ezama ngandlela thile. Lapho-ke le nsizwa yaqala ukucabanga ngemiholo ezimele ezimayini, njengoYise, kepha ikusasa layalela ngenye indlela.
Le ntombazane yahlangana ngengozi umfazi womhlali ocebile wase-Eisena. Owesifazane ogama lakhe lingu-Ursula wanquma ukusiza umfana, amemeze emzini wakhe indawo yokuhlala isikhashana kunalokho avule uMartin umgwaqo omusha.
Ngo-1501, uLuther uthweswe iziqu esikoleni wangena eNyuvesi yase-Erfurt (ubuhlakani befilosofi). UMartin wasukuma phakathi kontanga ngememori enhle, emunca amandla, njengolwazi olusha lwesiponji, izinto ezisetshenziswa kalula futhi ngokushesha waba isikhungo sokunakwa kwenani lonke eyunivesithi.
Njengoba usuthole iziqu ze-bachelor's (1503), umLuther omncane wamenywa ukuba afunde izinkulumo zabafundi ngefilosofi. Ngokufana, wafunda izisekelo zebhizinisi elisemthethweni ngesicelo sikaYise. UMartin waqamba ngokuphelele, kepha wakhombisa intshisekelo enkulu yemfundiso yenkolo, funda umsebenzi kanye nemisebenzi yoFata beSonto Elikhulu.
Ngesinye isikhathi, ngemuva kokuvakashela umtapo wezincwadi waseyunivesithi, iBhayibheli langena ezandleni zikaLuther, ukufundwa kwalo kwaphenduka umhlaba wangaphakathi.
Ngemuva kokuthola iziqu eyunivesithi, uMartin Luther wanquma ngezinga eliphakeme elingekhona muntu obelindelwe kuye. Isazi sefilosofi saya esigodlweni sezindela ukuba sikhonze uNkulunkulu, silahla impilo yezwe. Enye yezizathu kwakuwukufa okungazelelwe komngane womfanisi uLuther nokwazi kwakhe isoni labo.
Impilo Esigodlweni Sezindlu
Endaweni engcwele yezazi ezisencane zenziwa yimisebenzi ehlukahlukene: Ngikhonze ezindabeni, ngasebenza umsebenzi we-GAGLELEEPER, waqala iwashi le-tower, waletha igceke lesonto njalonjalo.
Efuna ukusindisa umfana emqondweni wokuziqhenya kwabantu, izindela zathumela ngezikhathi ezithile uMartin edolobheni - ukuqoqa izipho. ULuther weza ngenkomba ngayinye, wasebenzisa i-AskSA ekudleni, okokugqoka, ukuphumula. Ngo-1506, uMartin Luther wamukela ubuchwepheshe, kwathi ngonyaka - ubupristi, waba uMfoweth 'u-Augustine.
Ukudla kwasemini, iNkosi nesimo sikampristi akuzange kube umkhawulo wokuqhubeka nokuqeqeshwa kanye nentuthuko kuMartin. Ngo-1508, i-Vicar General yancoma uLutherta njengomfundisi weWittenberg University. Lapha waqeqesha abalimi abasebasha abasebasha, i-physics. Ngokushesha wathola iziqu zebhayibheli ze-bachelor, ezenza ukuba zikwazi ukufundisa abafundi imfundiso yezenkolo. ULuther wayenelungelo lokuhumusha imibhalo esebhayibhelini, futhi ukuze adale kangcono incazelo, waqala ukutadisha izilimi zakwamanye amazwe.
Ngo-1511, uLuther wavakashela eRoma, lapho abameleli bakhe be-oda engcwele bethunyelwa khona. Lapha wahlangana namaqiniso aphikisanayo lobuKatolika. Kusukela ngo-1512 wabamba isikhundla sikaProfesa wase Therology, funda izintshumayelo, wenza izibopho zomnakekeli ezindela ezifundazweni eziyi-11.
Ukwakhiwa kabusha
Naphezu kokusondelana okubonakalayo kuNkulunkulu, uMartin Luther wayehlala ezizwa ebonakalisa ezinye, azibheka njengesono futhi ebuthakathaka ezenzweni zakhe ngaphambi kokuphezulu. Inkinga yengqondo yaba ukuqala kokucabanga kabusha kwenkulumololo yenkolo yezwe elingokomoya nangendlela yokuguqula.
Ngo-1518, uPapal Bulla wadedelwa, wagxekwa ngokubuka kukaMartin. ULuther wadumazeka ngokuphelele ekuvivinyweni kwamaKatolika. Isazi sefilosofi nezazi zemfundiso yenkolo sabhala imizwa yazo engama-95, okuyinto esempandeni ephikisa ama-postulates esonto lamaRoma.
Ngokwesebano lwe-LUTER, umbuso akufanele uncike kwabefundisi, futhi lokhu okulandelayo akubophekile ukuba asebenze njengomlamuli phakathi kwendoda neNkosi yazo zonke izinto. UMartin akazange asamukele izimangalo nezimangalo maqondana nokungaqondakali kwabamele ngokomoya, wabhubhisa igunya lezinkambiso zikababa. Izenzo ezinjalo zokuguqula izinguquko zaqashelwa emlandweni nakungaphambilini, kepha isikhundla sikaLuther sashaqisa impela futhi sinesibindi.
I-Theses Martin yamukele ukuthandwa emphakathini, amahlebezi ngemfundiso entsha efinyelele kakhulu upapa, owayemema ngokushesha inkantolo yakhe (1519). ULuther akafanga ukuza eRoma, bese uPontifik wanquma uku-Enathema (ukugcwala kusuka kumasakramente angcwele).
Ngo-1520, uLuther wenza isenzo sokudala - esishisa esidlangalaleni inkunzi yepapa, izingcingo kubantu ukuze balwe nokubuswa kwepapa futhi banciphise ama-sana kaKatolika. NgoMeyi 26, 1521, ngokusho kukaSorshi Edicut, uMartin uthola icala lokuhlubuka, kepha abasekeli bemibono esemqoka yeLeuteracte basiza ukubalekela umama wabo, basho ukuthwala kwakhe. Eqinisweni, uLuther wabekwa enqabeni yeWartburg, lapho ayenza khona ukuhunyushwa kweBhayibheli kwiJalimane.
Ngo-1529, ubuProthestani uMartin Luther uthole ukwamukelwa okusemthethweni ngumphakathi, okukholelwa ukuthi ungenye yemijikelezo yobuKatolika, kodwa ngemuva kweminyaka embalwa 'ekamu' lakhe kwakukhona ezinye izinsuku ezimbili kwakukhona ezinye izinsuku ezimbili;
UJean Calvin waba owesibili ngemuva kwe-Luther i-Reformer enkulu, umbono oyinhloko wokuthi yikuphi okwakuyisisekelo okuphelele kwekusasa lomuntu.
Umbono NgamaJuda
Isilinganiso sikaMartin Luther kumaJuda sashintsha impilo yakhe yonke. Ekuqaleni, wakusola ukushushiswa kwabamele ubuzwe balesi sizwe, kunconywe ukubaphatha ngokubekezelelana.
UMartin wayekholelwa ngobuqotho ukuthi umJuda, owazizwa izintshumayelo zakhe, nakanjani uzonquma ukubhapathizwa. Ephethini lakhe "ukuthi uKristu wazalwa enomJuda" izazi zemfundiso yenkolo zagcizelela imvelaphi kaKristu yamaJuda futhi wasekela abantu basendulo ekuzibazeleni ukulandela "ubuhedeni bamaphasi".
Ngemuva kwe-Reformer, wayeqiniseka ukuthi amaJuda awahlose ukulandela izimfundiso zakhe, futhi ngasikhathi esithile kwalungiselwa ukuba yinzondo kubo. Kubhalwe incwadi kaLuther kulo MHLANGANISA kwakunesimo esilwa namaJuda ("kumaJuda nangamanga awo", "izingxoxo zawo", njll.).
Ngakho-ke, isazi sefilosofi esidumile saseJalimane sadumaza abantu abangamaJuda, abaphambukisane neNguquko ehlongozwe nguLuther. Kamuva, iSonto lamaLuthere laba ngumthombo wokuphefumulelwa kwama-anti-semiates, futhi izikhundla zalo kwakufanele zidale inkulumo-ze ngokumelene namaJuda eJalimane, ngokumelene nalo.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
ULuther wayekholelwa ukuthi iNkosi ayikwazanga ukwenqabela wonke umuntu ngaphandle kokuqeda abantu ukuthi baphile othandweni futhi banwebe uhlobo lwabo. Ngokwamaqiniso asuka e-biography kaMartin, umhlengikazi wangaphambili owamzali wamzalela emshadweni wezingane ezi-6.
UKatharina von BorU wayeyisigodlo sezindela esenza intando yabazali bakhe - izicukuthwane ezimpofu. Lapho le ntombazane ineminyaka engu-8 ubudala, yanikeza isifungo sokungacabangi. Imfundo yesonto, isiyalo kanye ne-tatarine catharine catharine ye-amukeli yenze umlingiswa kankosikazi kaLuther surov nokwezwi, okwaboniswa ngokukhanyayo ebudlelwaneni babalingani.
Umshado kaMartin noKet (ngakho-ke babizwa ngokuthi yintombazane uLuther) kwenzeka ngoJuni 13, 1525. Ngaleso sikhathi, iProthestani lalineminyaka engama-42 ubudala, futhi umlingani wakhe omuhle uneminyaka engama-26 kuphela. Isigodlo esilahliwe sase-Augustine sakhetha indawo yakhe yokuhlala ehlanganyelwe. Izinhliziyo ezinothando zaziphila ngendlela elula, ngaphandle kokulimaza noma iyiphi impahla. Indlu yabo ibilokhu ivulekile kubantu abadinga usizo.
Ukushona
Ekufeni kukaMartin Luther wasebenza kanzima, inkulumo ifundwe, yashumayela, yabhala izincwadi. Indoda enamandla futhi esebenzayo emvelweni, wayevame ukukhohlwa ngokudla nephupho elinempilo. Kuyo yonke le minyaka, lokhu kwaqala ukuzibonakalisa ngesiyezi, ukuhlukunyezwa okungazelelwe. ULuther waba ngumnikazi wesifo esibizwa ngokuthi yisayithi esamdambisa ukuhlukunyezwa okuningi.
Ukuphikisana kahle "okuqinisiwe" nokungabaza ngokomoya. UMartin endleleni yakhe yokuphila wavuma ukuthi ebusuku uDeveli weza kuye, ebuza imibuzo eyinqaba. Umsunguli wobuProthestani wathandazela uNkulunkulu ukuba afe, abe esesimweni esibuhlungu iminyaka eminingi.
ULuther washona ngoFebhuwari 1546 ngokuzumayo. Isidumbu sakhe singcwatshwe ngokuqinile egcekeni lesonto lesigodlo, lapho kwabelwa khona izikejana ezingama-95 ezidumile.
Ngo-2003, ukukhumbula umuntu ongumlando, u-Eric Tilllem, ifilimu yedrama ye-biographical ebizwa ngokuthi uLuther, ikhombisa impilo yesikhonzi esingcwele kusukela ekuqaleni komsebenzi wakhe wokuguqula nokufa uqobo.
Amacaphuna
"Nokuzonda, njengoba kuvulwa isimila somdlavuza othile esinqwabelana nomuntu ongumuntu futhi sithathe wonke amandla." "Uma umuntu engatholanga okuthile akulungele ukufa, akakwazi ukuphila ngokugcwele." "Ngaphandle komkami, akunakwenzeka futhi ukuthi uphile, ungakwenza kanjani ngaphandle kokudla neziphuzo. Uzalwe noFeddown ngabesifazane, saphila impilo yabo futhi sangenalo ithuba lokunweba kubo. "I-Bibliography
- IBenleburg Bible
- Izinkulumo Emlayezweni KwabaseRoma (1515-1516)
- 95 Theses mayelana nokuzitholela (1517)
- Kubunye ubukhosi bobuKristu besizwe saseJalimane (1520))
- Mayelana nokudingiselwa kweBabiloni leBandla (ngo-1520)
- Incwadi MulpPfort (1520)
- Uhlamvu oluvulekile lwe-Pape Lero X (1520)
- Enkululeko kaChristianine
- Ngokumelene nomphikukristu onamafutha
- Inkulumo eRormian Reichstage Ephreli 18, 1521
- Mayelana nobugqila (1525)
- Mayelana nempi yokulwa neTurkey (1528)
- Ikhathekizimu enkulu nencane (1529)
- Incwadi yokuhumusha (1530)
- Musini Adume (1538)
- Mayelana namaJuda namanga abo (1543)