I-Biograge
Imisebenzi yombhali wesiNgisi, uMdali wezinhlamvu zamahlaya kaCharles Dickens ubhekwa njengezinto zakudala zezincwadi zezwe. Ubuqambi bokugxeka okukhanyayo kwezenhlalo kubhekisele ekwakhekeni kwamaqiniso, kepha emisebenzini yayo, izici ezinhle, ezinemizwa nazo ziboniswa.
Abazali beDickens ngentando yesikhathi sokukugcina abakwazanga ukunikeza izingane eziyisishiyagalombili zempilo ekhululekile. Ubuphofu obubi, izikweletu ezingapheli ezazithinta umbhali osemncane ngemuva kwalokho zavezwa ngemisebenzi yakhe.
NgoNovemba 7, 1812, izwe likaJohn landport no-Elizabeth Dickens bazalwe ingane yesibili. Ngalesi sikhathi, inhloko yomndeni isebenze emcimbini wasebukhosini (wasolwandle wase-Naval), yabamba isikhundla sesikhulu. Ngemuva kweminyaka emithathu, uJohn wadluliselwa enhlokodolobha, futhi ngokushesha wathunyelwa eChatham (County Kent). Lapha uCharles uthole imfundo yesikole.
Ngo-1824, uyise wodokotela wezinto ezivelele wawela esikweletini esibi, imali emndenini yayintulwa ngokubi. Ngokusho kwemithetho yezwe yase-UK yalesosikhathi, ababolekisi bathumela abakweleta ejele elikhethekile, lapho uJohn Dickens athola khona. Unkosikazi kanye nezingane njalo ngempelasonto wabanjelwa endaweni yokuphetha, abakholelwa ezincekwini zesikweletu.
Izimo zempilo zaphoqa umlobi wesikhathi esizayo ekuseni aye emsebenzini. Efektri yeVacaga, umfana uthole inkokhelo encane - ama-shillings ayisithupha ngesonto, kepha iFortana yamoyizela emndenini we-dickens.
UJohn wakuthola njengefa impahla yesihlobo eside, esenze ukuthi sikwazi ukukhokha isikweletu. Uthole umhlalaphansi ovumayo, wasebenza njengentatheli ephephandabeni lendawo.
Ngemuva kokukhululwa kukababa uCharles waqhubeka nokusebenza efektri futhi wafunda. Ngo-1827 waphothula iziqu eWellington Academy, kwathi ngemuva kokuthatha ehhovisi lezomthetho ukuze kuthunyelwe uMabhalane oseJunior (amaholo 13 ngeviki). Lapha umfana wasebenza unyaka wonke, futhi, enze kahle i-stenograph, wakhetha intatheli yamahhala.
Ngo-1830, umsebenzi wombhali osemusha waya entabeni, futhi wamenyelwa kumhleli we "Monling CHMIALIL".
Into yokufunda
Intatheli ye-novice yadonsela ukunakwa komphakathi ngokushesha, abafundi babonga amanothi aphefumulelwe ama-dickens ekubhaleni okukhulu. Izincwadi ziye zaba yincazelo yempilo kaCharles.Ngo-1836, imisebenzi yokuqala yemvelo echazayo - yokuziphatha yanyatheliswa, ibizwa ngokuthi "ama-Essays of Boz" nguBrovelist. Izingoma zemibhalo zavela ukuthi zihlobene nesimo senhlalo yentatheli kanye nezakhamizi eziningi zaseLondon.
Izithombe zengqondo zabamele izingxoxo ezincane eziphrintiwe emaphephandabeni futhi bawavumela ukuba badumise nokwamukelwa kumlobi wabo osemusha.
I-FODOR DOSTOVSKY ngumlobi waseRussia, obizwa nge-Dickens incwadi yokubhala, ekhombisa iqiniso lakamuva. Isikweletu se-prosac of the Xix saba yinoveli "Picklie Club PoshthNown Amanothi" (1837). Incwadi iqukethe imidwebo yohlobo ichaza izici zeBrithani, intukuthelo yazo enhle, enesifiso esihle. Ithemba futhi kalula lapho ufunda umsebenzi kaCharles waheha inani elandayo labafundi.
Izincwadi ezinhle kakhulu
Izindaba ezilandelayo, izindaba, amanoveli aseCharles Dickens aphumelela. Ngesikhathi esincane, ubuciko bezincwadi zomhlaba. Nazi ezinye zazo:
- "Adventures of Oliver twist" (1838). Encwadini, umlobi wenza umuntu ongumuntu, ekhombisa amandla okuhle nokuthembekile, ephikisana nobunzima obubalulekile. Iqhawe eliyinhloko lenoveli ngumfana oyintandane ohlangana endleleni yawo yabantu abehlukene (ehloniphekile nesigebengu), kepha ekugcineni uhlala ethembekile kwizimiso ezikhanyayo. Ngemuva kokungena uphawu lwale ncwadi kuma-dickens, isikwele sezinto ezinamahlazo kanye nezinyathelo ezivela kubaphathi bakaLondon, lapho kwakusetshenziswa khona izingane.
- "I-Pawn Yezinto Zasendulo" (1840-1841). Inoveli iphakathi kombhali wombhali odumile. Indaba ye-nell encane, i-heroine yale ncwadi, futhi namuhla yenzeka kulabo abafuna ukwenziwa ngcono embonweni wabo wokuphila. Umugqa womsebenzi ugcwele umzabalazo waphakade phakathi kokuhle nokubi, lapho owokuqala ephumelela njalo. Ngasikhathi sinye, ukuhlinzekwa kwalokhu kwakhiwa nge-bias ehlekisayo, elula yokubona.
- "Umlando kaKhisimusi" (1843). Indaba enhle ephefumulelwe kumqondisi we-2009 uRobert Zeakesisis ukususa ividiyo yezingane - Ikhathuni inganekwane emsebenzini we-English Classic, eyayishaya izilaleli i-animation, ifomethi enezici ezintathu, iziqephu ezikhanyayo. Incwadi lenza umfundi ngamunye acabange ngokujulile ngempilo ephilayo. Ezindabeni zabo zikaKhisimusi, ama-dickens ayaphika izembatho zomphakathi ovelele ebudlelwaneni nabantu ababencishwe amathuba.
- UDavid Copperfield (1849-1850). Kulesi sihloko somuntu onovali, amahlaya alandelwa kancane futhi ngaphansi. Umsebenzi ungabizwa ngokuthi i-autobiography of English Society, lapho ababhikishi bezakhamizi abamelana khona nobusozi belandelwa ngokugqama, futhi isimilo kanye namanani omndeni afika ehlelweni lokudumisa. Abagxeki abaningi nezincwadi ezigunyaziwe ezibizwa ngokuthi le noveli umsebenzi omkhulu kakhulu wabadiki.
- "Indlu ebandayo" (1853). Umsebenzi ngukuqala kwesishiyagalolunye kweCharles. Lapha i-classic isivele inezimfanelo zobuciko ezivuthiwe. Ngokusho kwe-biography yombhali, wonke amaqhawe akhe afana kakhulu naye. Incwadi ikhombisa izici ezingafani nemisebenzi yakhe yokuqala: ukungabi nabulungisa, ukungabi namandla, ubunzima obunobudlelwano bezenhlalo, kepha amandla wabalingisi ababhekane nabo bonke ubunzima.
- "Inganekwane yamadolobha amabili" (1859). Inoveli eyingqophamlando yabhalwa ngabakwaDickens ngesikhathi sokuhlangenwe nakho kwakhe kwenkolo yenkolo. Ngokufana, umbhali uphakama mayelana nenguquko. Zonke lezi zici zihlanganiswa kahle, ziyethula kubafundi emfanekisweni wezikhathi ezithokozisayo ngokwezinhloso zenkolo, idrama kanye nonke.
- "Ngiyethemba ithemba" (1860). Lesi sakhiwo sale ncwadi sikhethekile futhi siseshashalazini emazweni amaningi, okubonisa ukuthandwa kanye nempumelelo yomsebenzi. Kahle futhi ngasikhathi sinye sivinjezelwa ngumlobi we-Gentlemen (ama-Aristocrats) ngokumelene nesizinda sokuba khona kwezisebenzi ezilula.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Uthando lokuqala lukaCharles Dickens lwaluyindodakazi yeMenenja yaseBhangengodla - uMaria Bidnell. Ngaleso sikhathi (1830), umfana osemusha wayeyintatheli elula, engamdali indawo evela emndenini ocebile weBidnells. Idumela lokonakaliswa nguYise womlobi (owayeyisiboshwa sangaphambili) futhi baqinisa isimo esingesihle kuMkhwenyana. UMariya wafunda eParis, wabuyela kwabanye abapholile futhi omunye umuntu.
Ngo-1836, isazi sezinto ezinothando sashada nendodakazi yentatheli yakhe. Le ntombazane yabizwa ngokuthi uCatherine Thomson Hogarth. Waba ngumfazi othembekile walama-Classics, wabeletha izingane eziyishumi emshadweni, kepha izingxabano zazivame ukwenzeka phakathi kwabalingani. Umndeni usuphenduke umbhali womthwalo, umthombo wokukhathazeka kanye nokuhlukunyezwa okungapheli.
Ngo-1857, ama-dickens athandana futhi. Okhethiweyo wakhe kwakungu-Actress osemusha oneminyaka engu-18 u-Ellen terrnan. Ugqugquzelwe yi-prossais asuswe efulethini ngesithandwa, lapho kwakubanjwa khona izinsuku zabo ezimnene. Inoveli phakathi kwalaba bobabili yahlala kuze kube sekufeni kukaCharles. Le filimu, yadutshulwa ngo-2013, yanikezelwa ebudlelwaneni obuhle bobuntu bokudala - "umfazi ongabonakali." U-Ellen Ternan wayesengukuphela kwendlalifa eliyinhloko yedickens.
Ukushona
Ukuhlanganisa impilo yomuntu siqu enesivunguvungu nomlobi ojulile, impilo yabakwaDickens yaphenduka engathandeki. Umlobi akazange anake izifo eziphazamisayo futhi waqhubeka nokusebenza ngenkuthalo.
Ngemuva kokuhamba emadolobheni aseMelika (ukuvakasha ngokwezemibhalo kwangezwa. Ngo-1869, umlobi ngezikhathi ezithile wathatha imilenze nezandla zakhe. NgoJuni 8, 1870, kwenzeke umcimbi omubi estate kaGaidshill ngesikhathi sobukhosi - uCharles waba nesifo sohlangothi, futhi ngakusasa i-Grand Classic ayizange.
UCharles Dickens - umlobi omkhulu kunabo bonke ungcwatshwa eWestminster Abbey. Ngemuva kokushona kwenkazimulo kanye nokuthandwa kwe-Novelist kwaqhubeka kukhula, futhi abantu bamshumayele esithombeni sezincwadi zesiNgisi.
Izingcaphuno ezidumile, izincwadi ezidumile, namuhla zingena ekujuleni kwabafundi bakhe, ukuphoqa isiphetho sokucabanga ngezimanga.
Amaqiniso athakazelisayo
- Ngokwemvelo yako, ama-dickens ayengumuntu ohlelwe ngenkolelo-ze. ULwesihlanu ubheka usuku olujabulisa kunazo zonke, luvame ukuwela eTrance, wahlola uDeja.
- Ngemuva kokubhala imigqa engama-50 yomsebenzi wayo ngamunye, bekuqinisekile ukuphuza amahlaya amaningi amanzi ashisayo.
- Ngobudlelwano nomkakhe, uCatherine wakhombisa ukuqina futhi wakhombisa owesifazane enjongweni yakhe yangempela - ukubeletha izingane futhi angaphikisi umyeni wakhe, kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi waqala ukudelela lowo oshade naye.
- Enye yokuzijabulisa okuthandwa ngumlobi okuthandayo kwakuwukuvakasha kweParis MORGA.
- Udokotela we-Noselist akazange aqaphele isiko lokuphakanyiswa kwezikhumbuzo, ngesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe kwenqatshelwe ukwakha imibala efanayo.
Amacaphuna
- Izingane ezazazisa, azizizwa zibuhlungu kakhulu njengokungabi nabulungisa.
- UNkulunkulu ubona, siseyize sihlazisa izinyembezi zethu, - zithanda imvula, zivuse uthuli olunamanzi, zilungisa izinhliziyo zethu.
- Ungakubona ngokudabukisayo ukubona umona ongajulile kuma-sages amakhulu nabeluleki baleli zwe. Sengivele ngiqonda ngobunzima kunabantu abaqondiswa - futhi mina uqobo ngisezentebeni.
- Kulomhlaba, uzuzisa wonke umuntu osiza umthwalo womunye umuntu.
- Amanga, uFrank noma u-Evasive, avezwa noma cha, ngaso sonke isikhathi ahlala amanga.
I-Bibliography
- Amanothi we-Pickwick Club ama-pothem
- Ukufika kwe-Oliver Twist
- UNicolas Niklby
- Isifunda sezinto zakudala
- I-Barneby Raj.
- UKhisimusi
- UMartin Ceselelvit
- Ukuhweba Indlu I-Dombey neNdodana, ukuhweba okuthe xaxa, izitolo nokuthengisa
- UDavid Copperfield
- Indlu ebandayo
- Izikhathi ezinzima
- Ingane durrit.
- Inganekwane yamadolobha amabili
- Amathemba amakhulu
- Umngani wethu
- Imfihlakalo Edwina Drudy