I-Biograge
"Inqobo nje uma abantu bejabulela izinzuzo zikagesi, bayohlala bekhumbula igama likaFaraday," kusho iHerman Helmmolts.UMichael Faraday ungumbaphi we-English we-Physicist ohlola, usokhemisi, uMdali wokuzivocavoca emkhakheni we-electromagnetic. Kuvule ukungeniswa kwe-electromagnetic, okuyisisekelo sokukhiqizwa kwezimboni zikagesi kanye nezicelo ezimeni zanamuhla.Ubuntwana nentsha
UMichael Faraday wazalwa ngoSepthemba 22, 1791 eBatts eNewington, hhayi kude neLondon. Ubaba - James Faraday (1761-1810), kuzinkunga. Umama - uMargaret (1764-1838). Ngaphezu kukaMichael, uRobert nodadewethu u-Elizabeth noMargaret bakhula emkhayeni. Bahlala kabi, ngakho-ke uMichael akazange aziqinisekise esikoleni futhi waya emsebenzini esitolo sezincwadi eneminyaka eyi-13.
Imfundo yehlulekile. Ukufundwa kwezincwadi ku-physics kanye namakhemikhali kwanelisekile ngolwazi lolwazi lwezincwadi esitolo sezincwadi ngaphezulu. Le nsizwa yaqonda izivivinyo zokuqala. Wakhe umthombo wamanje - "I-Leiden Bank". Ubaba nomfowethu basekele uMichael ekudonselweni kokuhlola.
Ngo-1810, insizwa eneminyaka engu-19 yaba yilungu lefilosofi Club, lapho kwakufundwa izinkulumo ze-physics kanye nesayensi yezinkanyezi. UMichael wabamba iqhaza engxabanweni yesayensi. Insizwa enesiphiwo idonsela ukunaka komphakathi wesayensi. Umthengi wesitolo sezincwadi uWilliam Dance wethule uMichael Isipho - ithikithi lokuvakashela izinkulumo eziningi ku-Chemistry kanye ne-physics ye-sedrochechemistry, i-calcium, sodium, barium, boron) .
Usosayensi wesikhathi esizayo, wabona izinkulumo zikaGemphri Davy, wabopha futhi wathumela uprofesa, ehambisana nencwadi ezothola umsebenzi othile eRoyal Institute. UDavy wabamba iqhaza ekufeni kwale nsizwa, futhi ngemuva kwesikhashana, ama-FarAries aneminyaka engu-22 athola umsebenzi welebhu ngelabhoratri yamakhemikhali.
Isayensi
Ukwenza izibopho zomsizi welebhu, amaFatadays awazange aphuthelwe ithuba lokulalela izinkulumo, ekulungiseleleni okwabamba iqhaza. Futhi, ngesibusiso sikaSolwazi Davy, insizwa ethile yaqhuba izivivinyo zayo zamakhemikhali. Unembeza nobuciko bomsebenzi womsebenzi nomsizi welebhu bakwenza kwaba umsizi njalo uDavid.
Ngo-1813, uDavy wathatha unobhala weFaraday ohambweni oluneminyaka emibili lwaseYurophu. Ngesikhathi sohambo, usosayensi osemusha uhlangane namaLuminaries of World Science: Andre-Marie Ampera, Joseph Louis Gay-Loussak, Alessandro Volta.
Lapho ebuyela eLondon ngo-1815, uFaraday uthole okuthunyelwe komsizi. Ngokufana, into eyintandokazi yaqhubeka - yabeka owakhe izivivinyo. Impilo yeFaraday, kwakukhona izivivinyo ezingama-30,000. Emibuthanweni yezesayensi yokusebenza ngezinyawo nokuzikhandla, wathola isihloko se- "King of Platements". Incazelo yokuhlangenwe nakho ngakunye ilahlekelwe ngokucophelela yaba idayari. Kamuva, ngo-1931, lezi zinhlobonhlobo zishicilelwa.
Uhlelo lokuqala lokuphrinta lweFaraday lwashicilelwa ngo-1816. Ngo-1819, imisebenzi engama-40 yanyatheliswa. Amacala anikelwe kumakhemikhali. Ngo-1820, kusuka ekuhlolweni okuningana okunama-alloys, usosayensi osemusha wathola ukuthi i-alloy yensimbi ngokungezwa kwe-nickel ayinikezi i-oxifation. Kepha imiphumela yokuhlolwa idlulile ama-metalurgists. Ukuvulwa kwensimbi engenasici kwahlelwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Ngo-1820, uFaraday waba yi-caulier yezobuchwepheshe ye-Royal Institute. Ngo-1821, washintshela ePhysics kusuka kumakhemikhali. IFarodays yenziwa njengososayensi okhona, isisindo emphakathini wezesayensi. Kushicilelwe i-athikili ngomgomo wemoto kagesi, eyayibeka ekuqaleni kobunjiniyela bogesi bezimboni.
Inkambu ye-electromagnetic
Ngo-1820, uFaraday wathwalwa ngohlolo ekuxhumaneni kukagesi kanye namandla kazibuthe. Ngalesi sikhathi, imiqondo ye- "DC Source" (A. VOLT), "I-Electromysis", "i-arc kagesi", "I-Electromagnet" itholwe. Ngalesi sikhathi, ama-electrostatics kanye ne-electrodynamics athuthukiswe, izivivinyo ze-bio, savara, i-lapcer ekusebenzeni ngogesi kanye namazibuthe kwashicilelwa. A. Ampere ku-electromagnetism kwashicilelwa.
Ngo-1821, ukukhanya kwabona umsebenzi weFaraday "kokunye okusha kwe-electromagnetic ukunyakaza kanye nemibono kazibuthe". Kuyo, usosayensi wethule izivivinyo ngomcibisholo kazibuthe ujikeleza esinye isigxobo, okungukuthi, kwenza ukuguqulwa kwamandla kagesi kube yimishini. Eqinisweni, wawethula eyokuqala emhlabeni, yize imoto yasendulo, kagesi.
Intokozo yokutholwa konakalise isikhalazo sikaWilliam Vollarston (yavula iPalladium, i-Rhodium, yakha i-refraccometer kanye ne-goniometer). Esikhaleni kuSolwazi Davy, usosayensi wasola uFaraday emibonweni yokweba ngomcibisholo kazibuthe ojikelezayo. Indaba yahlasela. UDavy uthathe isikhundla seVollaston. Umhlangano womuntu siqu kuphela ososayensi ababili futhi ucacisa isikhundla sabo ngoFaraday wakwazi ukulungisa izingxabano. UVollarston washiya izimangalo. Ubudlelwano beDavy noFaraday balahlekelwe ukwethembana kwabo kwangaphambili. Yize okokuqala kuze kufike izinsuku zokugcina bebengakhathali ukuphindaphinda ukuthi i-FarARADAys ingukutholwa okuyinhloko okwenze.
NgoJanuwari 1824, uFaraday waqokwa yilungu leRoyal Society London. UProfessor Dady wavotelwa.
Ngo-1823 waba yilungu elihambisanayo leParis Academy of Science.
Ngo-1825, uMichael Faraday wathatha indawo kaDavida njengomqondisi welebhu ye-physics kanye ne-chemistry yeRoyal Institute.
Ngemuva kokutholwa kuka-1821, usosayensi akazange ashicilele umsebenzi. Ngo-1831, waba nguSolwazi Vuljah (ezempi yezempi), ngo-1833, uprofesa e-Chemistry of the Royal Institute. Wenza izingxabano zesayensi, ezifundwa emihlanganweni yesayensi.
Emuva ngo-1820, uFaraday wayenesifiso sokuhlangenwe nakho kukaHans Erstera: Ukuhamba okuhambisana nesifunda samanje sikagesi kubangele ukunyakaza komcibisholo kazibuthe. I-Electric yamanje yabangela ukwenzeka kwezibuthe. UFaraday uphakamise ukuthi, ngokufanele, uWagnetism angadala amandla kagesi. Ukushiwo okokuqala ngombono kwavela kudayari yososayensi ngo-1822. Iminyaka eyishumi yokuhlola yaya emngceleni wezimfihlo zokungeniswa kwe-electromagnetic.
Ukunqoba kwafika ngo-Agasti 29, 1831. Idivayisi, evumela i-Faturay ukwenza ukutholakala okuhle kakhulu, okubandakanya indandatho yensimbi kanye nesethi yokujika kocingo kusuka kunxeba. Kuchungechunge lwengxenye eyodwa yendandatho, ucingo oluvaliwe, kwakuwumcibisholo kazibuthe. Ukuvela kwesibili okuxhumeke ebhethri lamandla. Lapho kwakhiwa okwamanje, umcibisholo kazibuthe wenza ukuguquguquka kwendlela eyodwa, futhi lapho ucishwa komunye. UFaraday waphetha ngokuthi uzibuthe uyakwazi ukuguqula ubuthakathaka bube amandla kagesi.
Isimo "ukuvela kukagesi kwamanje esisekelweni esivaliwe ngoshintsho ekushintsheni kazibuthe okudlula ngalo" kwabizwa ngokuthi ukungeniswa kwe-electromagnetic. Ukutholwa kokungeniswa kwe-electromagnetic kwavula indlela umthombo wamanje we-generator kagesi.
Ukutholwa kumake ekuqaleni kokusonteka okusha kwezithelo zososayensi ezinikeze izwe "ucwaningo lokuhlola ngogesi". I-FarArays enolwazi ifakazele isifaniso esilodwa sokuvela kwamandla kagesi, azimele ngendlela, lapho kubangelwa khona amanje kagesi.
Ngo-1832, i-physics yanikeza indondo ye-copli.
UFaraday waba ngumlobi we-transformer yokuqala. Ungowomqondo we- "dielectric njalo". Ngo-1836, ngokwezivivinyo eziningi, wafakazela ukuthi inkokhiso yamanje inomthelela kuphela kwi-Cocrull Shell, ishiye izinto ngaphakathi kwayo ingenangqondo. Encwadini esetshenzisiwe, idivaysi eyenziwe ngomgomo walesi simo ibizwa ngokuthi iseli laseFaraday.
Ukutholwa nemisebenzi
Ukuvula uMichael Faraday akunikelwa hhayi kwi-physics kuphela. Ngo-1824, iBenzene ne-ashobitlelene bazivulele. Usosayensi waletha ukwakheka koketshezi kwe-chlorine, i-hydrogen sulfide, i-carbon dioxide, i-ammonia, i-ethylene, i-nitrogen dioxide, yathola ukuhlanganiswa kwe-hexahloran.
Ngo-1835, uFaraday ngenxa yalesi sifo waphoqeleka ukuba enze ikhefu leminyaka emibili emsebenzini. Imbangela yalesi sifo yasolwa ukuthi ixhumana nososayensi phakathi kwezivivinyo nge-Mescury Couples. Ngohambo olufushane ngemuva kokululama, ngo-1840, uprofesa waphinda wakuzwa kabi. Ukuphikelela ubuthakathaka, kwakukhona ukulahleka kwememori yesikhashana. Isikhathi sokutakula sabambezeleka iminyaka emi-4. Ngo-1841, lapho kugcizelelwa odokotela, usosayensi wahamba ephuma eYurophu.
Umndeni wawuphila cishe ebuphofini. Ngokusho kobufakazi be-biograph fataday John Tyndal, usosayensi wathola impesheni yamaphawundi angama-22 ngonyaka. Ngo-1841, uNdunankulu uWilliam Lam, inkosi uWilleam Lam, ngaphansi kokucindezela umphakathi wasayina umyalo oqoka i-Fature yempesheni yombuso ngenani lamakhilogremu angama-300 ngonyaka.
Ngo-1845, usosayensi omkhulu wakwazi ukuheha ukunakwa komphakathi wezwe nabanye okutholakele: Ukutholwa koshintsho endizeni yokukhanya kwamandla kazibuthe (umphumela we- "faladay") kanye ne-diamagnetism "(ubukhulu bento amandla kazibuthe angaphandle asebenza kuwo).
Uhulumeni waseNgilandi akazange abuze ukuthi uMichael Faraday asiza ukuxazulula izinkinga ezihlobene nezinkinga zobuchwepheshe. Usosayensi waba nohlelo lwemishini yama-Linzway, izindlela zokulwa nokubhujiswa kwemikhumbi, eyenziwa yisazi sokwahlulela. Ukuba yimvelo indoda enesimo esihle nokuthula, yenqaba ngokuphelele ukubamba iqhaza ekwakhiweni kwezikhali zamakhemikhali zempi neRussia eMpini Yezerimeya.
Ngo-1848, iNdlovukazi uVictoria yaletha indlu ngakwesobunxele seThames, inkantolo yeHampton. Indlovukazi yaseBrithani ikhokhile izindleko kanye nentela ezungeze indlu. Usosayensi nomndeni wakhe bathuthela kuye, bashiya leli cala ngo-1858.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
UMichael Faraday wayeshade noSara Barnard (1800-1879). USarah - udadewethu uFaraday. Isiphakamiso sesandla nezinhliziyo zentombazane eneminyaka engama-20 ubudala azange zisheshe - usosayensi osemusha kwadingeka awe. Umshado othule wenzeka ngoJuni 12, 1821. Eminyakeni eminingi kamuva, uFaraday wabhala:"Ngashada - umcimbi ongaphezu kokunye okuba nomthelela enjabulweni yami emhlabeni nasesimweni sami esiphilile somoya."Umndeni wakuFaraday, njengomndeni kankosikazi wakhe, amalungu omndeni wamaProthestani "Sendmian". UFaraday wenza umsebenzi we-Lndon Community's Deacon, wawukhethwe kaningi umdala.
Ukushona
UMichael Faraday wayegula. Ngezikhathi ezimfushane, lapho isifo sibuyela emuva, wasebenza. Ngo-1862, wabeka phambili i-hypothesis mayelana nokuhamba kwemigqa yamandla kazibuthe. Qinisekisa ukuthi umbono wakwazi kuPeter Zeeman ngonyaka we-1897, lapho ngo-1902 wathola umklomelo kaNobel. UFaraday Zeman wabiza uMlobi walo mbono.
UMichael Faraday ushonele edeskithophu ngo-Agasti 25, ngo-1867 eneminyaka engama-75. Ungcwatshwe eceleni komkakhe e-Higgate Cemetery eLondon. Usosayensi ubuze ngaphambi kokushona kwakhe ngomngcwabo onesizotha, ngakho-ke kwafika kuphela izihlobo. EGransSterone, igama lososayensi neminyaka yokuphila liqoshwe.
Amaqiniso athakazelisayo
- Usosayensi we-physist akazange akhohlwe ngezingane. Izinkulumo zezingane "umlando wekhandlela" (1961) ziphrintwe kuze kube namuhla.
- I-Portait yeFaraday ibekwa kuMthethosivivinywa waseBrithani wamakhilogremu angama-20 we-1991-1999.
- Kwakunamahemuhemu athi uDavid akazange aphendule uFaraday esicelweni somsebenzi. Ngesinye isikhathi, ukulahlekelwa okwesikhashana ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kwamakhemikhali, uProfesa wakhumbula insizwa ephikelelayo. Njengoba esesebenze njengonobhala wesosayensi, le nsizwa yathuthumela kangaka uDavy ngokuqanjwa kwayo ukuthi waphakamisa uMichael asebenze elabhorethri.
- Ngemuva kokubuya e-European Tour nomndeni kaDavie Faradays, elinde indawo yomsizi eRoyal Institute Kwakukhona isitsha sokugeza izitsha lapho.