I-Biograge
UGabriel Garcia Marquez ungumbhali waseColombian, omele indawo eyiqiniso yomlingo ezincwadini.
UGabriel Garcia Marquez wazalwa ngo-06.03.1927 edolobheni lase-Arachatka, eColombia. Kungekudala ngemuva kokuzalwa kwengane, uBaba Marquez uthole okuthunyelwe kosokhemisi futhi wathuthela nomkakhe ukuba abe ngunkosikazi wakhe (idolobha elisenyakatho laseColombia), eshiya "Gabibito" e-Arachatka ukukhulisa umkhulu nogogo wakhe.
Ebusika bango-1936, uyise wathatha uGabriyeli nomfowabo eShinz, kwathi ezinyangeni ezimbalwa kamuva, lo mndeni wathuthela eSucre, lapho uYise wabalobi besikhathi esizayo avule khona ekhemisi. Kodwa-ke, ukukhuliswa komkhulu wakhe kanye nogogo wakhe bathinte kakhulu impilo nokubukwa komhlaba kweGarcia Marquez.
Umkhulu wakhe, uNicolas Ricardo Marquez Mexius, umfana obizwa ngokuthi "uPapilelo", wayengumakadebona weMusha neqhawe lenkululeko yaseColombia. UNicholas, uGabriel obize umhlangano wakhe "umbili we-umbilical umlando ngomlando neqiniso," wayengumthengisi wezindaba omuhle kakhulu. Umkhulu wayevame ukukhuluma nabazukulu bakhe abancane: "Ngeke ucabange ukuthi umuntu ofile unesisindo esingakanani," ekhumbuza ukuthi akusekho umthwalo ukwedlula ukubulawa komuntu. Le micabango kaGarcia Marquez kamuva ihlanganiswe emisebenzini yakhe.
Ugogo womfana, uDona Tranquilina Iguaran Kotes, naye wadlala nendima enkulu ekubeni uhlobo lwengane. UGabriel waphefumulelwa ukuthi "wakhuluma kanjani njengento engajwayelekile njengento yemvelo ngokuphelele." Endlini yabo, izindaba eziphathelene nezipoki kanye no-Omen babevame ukukhala, okuyi-colonel enganakwa ngenkuthalo. UGabriel wakuthanda ukuthi ngisho nezindaba ezinhle kakhulu noma ezimangalisayo zikakonisi wakhe zinciphise sengathi ziyiqiniso elingenakuphikwa. Lesi sitayela esingenakuphazanyiswa 'sibonakaliswe kamuva emisebenzini ethile edumile yombhali.
Esikoleni, uGarcia Marquez wayeyingane enamahloni, eyayithanda ukubhala izinkondlo ezihlekisayo kanye nokudweba amahlaya. Ingane eqinile ethule eyayingenandaba nemidlalo nemidlalo, ofunda nabo ababizwa nge- "El Viejo" ("Omdala").
Eminyakeni yokufunda ekolishi eSan José, uGarcia Marquez washicilela izinkondlo zakhe zokuqala ejenali yesikole. Kamuva, ngenxa ye-Gabriel Scholarship enikezwe nguHulumeni, uGabriel wathunyelwa ekolishi lamaJesuit eSipakira, idolobha eliseduze neBogota, lapho le nsizwa yeLicea Nacional Zipaququirá Team ngezindlela ezintathu: Ibhola , i-baseball nokugijima.
Ngemuva kokuphothula esikoleni ngo-1947, uGarcia Marquez waba ngumfundi weNational University of Columbia - ukukhetha kwezomthetho kwenziwa kuthandwe nguyise. Kodwa-ke, uGabriel waqhubeka ephupha ngokubhala, efuna ukudala imisebenzi, efana nesitayela sezindaba zikayisemkhulu wakhe.
Lapho iNyuvesi ivala inyuvesi ngemuva kokuthi iBogotaso ehlomile, uGabriel wadluliselwa e-University of Cartagena, lapho le nsizwa yaqala ukusebenza njengentatheli yephephandaba lendawo. Ngo-1950, uGarcia Marquez uthathe isinqumo sokugxila ngokuphelele kobuntatheli, abuyela emuva eBarranquil futhi ahlele ezungeze isiphequluli nentatheli ephephandabeni "el Heraldo".
Into yokufunda
Impilo kanye nokuqomisana okusha eBarlanquil kwaba umthombo ocebile wolwazi ezincwadini ezisezingeni lomhlaba. Kwakulapha lapho uGarcia Marquez ayenokubhekwa okukhethekile emasikweni amazwe aseCaribbean akhiwa.
Ngo-1955, indaba yokuqala kaGarci Marquez "amahlamvu alungile" nge-colonel yakudala yashicilelwa - efuna umshicileli, umlobi wathatha iminyaka eyi-7. Ngesinye isikhathi, uColombia waphawula lokho okulotshwe kulo lonke kusukela ngo-1973, "amahlamvu aphaphathekile" ayengumsebenzi wakhe amthandayo, ngoba kwakuyinto evelele futhi eqotho. "
Eminyakeni eyisithupha kamuva, indaba yesibili yombhali "uColonel akekho obhala" mayelana neColonel eneminyaka engama-75 ekwenziweni, umlobi wempi yaseMuskoy. Umbhalo ongokoqobo wendaba waphawulwa yithonya le-Ernest Hemingway.
Kulezi zinto ezimbili, kanye neminye imisebenzi yakamuva, uGarcia Marquez angathola izikhombo kuLa viivansia, impi yombango enonya phakathi kwamaqembu e-columbia anenkululeko angu-1950. Izinhlamvu 'zezandla' zibhekene nezimo ezahlukahlukene ezingalungile, njengesikhathi sokufika ekhaya, amaphephandaba angaphansi komhlaba kanye nokubalwa kwabaphrisini. Kunezinkomba ezifanayo nakwinoveli yokuqala ethi "ihora eline-nedeful" (1962), kepha umbhali wanquma ukungasebenzisi umsebenzi wakhe njengeplatifomu yenkulumo-ze yezepolitiki.
Uma imisebenzi yokuqala kaGarcia Marquez yabhalwa ngohlobo "lwangempela", bese kuba ngumlobi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi umbhali uzama izinkomba zendabuko ezingaphansi. Ngakho-ke, isitayela senoveli "iminyaka eyikhulu yesizungu" (1967), owaletha uGabriel World inkazimulo, ebizwa ngokuthi "ubuqiniso bemilingo", futhi isibonelo esivelele kakhulu sesimo esinqunyiwe sokuthi umfazi omuhle kakhulu, olengiswe ngaphansi Intambo, icoca ngokuzumayo futhi ifeze umoya.
Ngo-1972, uGarcia Marquez wajwayela umphakathi ngemisebenzi yakhe yokuqala, wanyathelisa iqoqo "ngamehlo enja eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka - - Kuhlanganisa izindaba zakuqala ezenziwe phakathi kuka-1947 no-1955 futhi zanyatheliswa okokuqala emaphephandabeni endawo. Ezindabeni ezincane, uGarcia Marquez, engakanqunywa ngokuphelele ngesitayela, wazivumela ngesibindi ukuba azame, kepha njalo ahlala eyisisu sendaba yakhe.
Ngasekupheleni kwawo-1960s, uGarcia Marquez, ophefumulelwe ukundiza komashiqela weVenezuela uMarcos Peresa Jimenez, waqala ukubhala inoveli efanelekile "i-Autumn Patriarch". Umsebenzi kule ncwadi wahlala iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-7, kuze kube ngu-1975, lapho inoveli ekugcineni yashicilelwa. Ngokusho kukaGarcia Marquez, le noveli "yinkondlo ngesizungu samandla." Lesi sakhiwo salezi zincwadi siqala ngochungechunge lwamahlaya mayelana nemisebenzi kanye nezinqubomgomo zempilo ezibonakala zingahlelekile ngokulandelana kwezikhathi.
Ngo-1981, kwashicilelwa udaba olusha ngohlobo lwe-Chronicle lokuzibulala. Umsebenzi obhalwe ngesitayela se-pseudo-palistic, eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, wabeka isisekelo sefilimu eqondiswe nguFrancesco Rosie.
NgoDisemba 8, 1982, uGarcia Marquez wanikezwa umklomelo kaNobel ezincwadini "ukuze kube nemisebenzi lapho kuhlangana khona okucebile futhi okungokoqobo emhlabathini ocebile okucabangayo okubonisa izingxabano nokuphila." Inkulumo yombhali yayinelungelo lokuthi "isizungu seLatin America." UGarcia Marquez waba yi-Colombian yokuqala kanye ne-Latin American yaseLatin, wanikeza umklomelo kaNobel ezincwadini.
Ngo-1985, uGarcia Marquez wakhipha enye incwadi, eyaba ngumthengisi - "uthando phakathi nalesi sifo." URoman uhlola uthando ngezindlela ezingenakubalwa, "elungile" futhi "zilimaze." Le ncwadi yayisekwe emlandweni onzima wobudlelwano babazali bomlobi, uLouise noGabriel. Ubaba wentombazane, lo mkhulu, akazange akuvumele ukukhetha kukaLouise - uCavalier wakhe wezwakala ngumuntu waseMnati odumile. UGabriel-Okweqiniso kudingeka abhale amakhulukhulu ezinkondlo nezincwadi ngaphambi kokuba abazali uLouise bavumele umshado omncane.
Eminyakeni emine kamuva, i-biography kaGarcia Marquez yagcwaliswa ngenoveli "Jikelele kwi-labyrinth yakhe". Uhlobo lomsebenzi kunzima ukuhlukanisa - imibono yabagxeki kuleli mpikiswano. Igama elithi "I-New Orical Romance" nayo lahlongozwa - uhlobo oluhlanganisa i-Latin American Boom, i-post-boom kanye ne-postmodernnism.
Ngaphezu kwezincwadi, uGarcia Marquez wabandakanyeka emhlabeni we-cinema. Wabhala izimo zamafilimu angaphezu kwama-25 kanye nama-serials, futhi ngesisekelo semisebenzi yakhe, kudutshulwe amafilimu ayi-17.
Ngo-2000, iphephandaba elithi "La Marioneta" eMexico Chevabaster uJohnny Wales lashicilelwa ephephandabeni "La Republica" ePeru. Ngokwezinye zezizathu ezithile, ukubhaliswa kwevesi kwathiwa ku-garcia marquez. Kwaqala ukusakaza amahemuhemu ashukumisayo ukuthi imigqa eguqukayo iyincwadi yokuvalelisa yombhali ogula kakhulu. Izinsuku ezimbili le nkondlo yakhulelwa ngentshiseko eziteshini zomsakazo, umbhalo wasakazeka ngokushesha kwi-Intanethi, kodwa kwavela kungekudala ukuthi akukho okuhlobene nokushicilelwa kwe-Garcia Marquez.
Umsebenzi wokugcina emsebenzini weColumbian waba yindaba ethi "Ukhumbula Omfebe Abadabukisayo", enyatheliswa ngo-2004 ngeSpanishi. Le ncwadi yaba ukubhala kokuqala kobuciko kombhali ngemuva kwekhefu elide. Ngo-2011, le ncwadi yabiwa ngumqondisi waseDenmark Henning Karlsen.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
UGarcia Marquez uhlangane nonkosikazi wesikhathi esizayo uMercedes Barcha, lapho eseseyinto yesikole. Ukuphetha umshado, abantu abasha kwadingeka balinde ukuba kuqubuke. Abathandi bashada ngo-1958 bathuthela eCaracas. Ngonyaka olandelayo, indodana yabo yokuqala uRodrigo Garcia yazalwa, eyaba ngumqondisi wethelevishini nefilimu.
Ngo-1961, iChet yahamba ngengxenye eningizimu ye-United States yagcina yahlala eMexico City. Umlobi ubelokhu ephupha ngokubona eSouth States, ngoba wahlaba umxhwele amaNcwadi "aseningizimu" e-William Falkner.
Ngemuva kweminyaka emithathu, uGabriel wazalwa indodana yesibili, uGonza, manje osebenza njengoMklami eMexico City.
Ukushona
Ngo-1999, umbhali watholakala ene-lymphoma. UGarcia Marquez wadlula inkambo ye-chemotherapy emtholampilo waseLos Angeles wangena esimweni sokuxolelwa. Lo mcimbi ukhiphe i-Colombia ukuqala ukubhala ama-memoirs:
"Ngilethe ukuxhumana nabangane.Ngo-2012, umfowabo wombhali, uJaime, umemezele ukuthi uGarcia Marquez uhlushwa ukuwohloka komqondo. Eminyakeni emibili kamuva, entwasahlobo, uGabriel wangeniswa esibhedlela enesifo esinamandla - wathola ukutheleleka ephepheni lomchamo namaphaphu. Ngo-Ephreli 17, 2014, uGarcia oneminyaka engama-87 uGarcia Marquez wabulawa yiPneumonia.
Umzimba womlobi wawususwe emcimbini womndeni eMexico City. Ngo-Ephreli 22, amakhanda aseColombia neMexico avakashela umkhosi osemthethweni. I-Funeral Tuple ne-Urn enomlobi womlobi yasuka endlini lapho uGarcia Marquez waphila khona iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-30, esandisweni sobuciko obuhle (Palacio de Bellas Artes). Izakhamizi zedolobhana lombhali, u-Arachatasi, laqhuba umngcwabo ongokomfanekiso.
Amacaphuna
- "Uma uhlangabezana nothando lwakho lweqiniso, khona-ke ngeke lihambe noma kuphi kuwe - ngemuva kwesonto, hhayi ngenyanga, akekho ngemuva konyaka."
- "Le yinhlanhla enkulu empilweni - ukuthola umuntu onjalo ukuze kube kuhle ukubheka, kuyathakazelisa ukulalela, ngentshiseko ukutshela, ungabe usabalale futhi ubheke phambili emhlanganweni olandelayo . "
- "Kungcono ukufika ngesikhathi kunokulinda izimemo"
- "Ngizokwazi ukwazisa ukuthi ngubani ngaphandle kwakho ngaphandle kwakho, futhi ungazingeli labo abajabule ngaphandle kwakho!"
- "Indlela ebi kunazo zonke yokuphuthelwa ngumuntu ukuba naye futhi aqonde ukuthi akasoze abe ngowakho."
- "Umhlaba wonke ufuna ukuhlala ezintabeni, ngaphandle kokuqonda ukuthi injabulo yangempela yindlela esikhuphuka ngayo intaba."